The Syliogisms Diagrammed Forms in this document: EIA EIE Ell EIO Each form includes figures 1 through 4. ©2018 Mark AndrewsThe Syllogisms Diagrammed Each page describes one of the 256 syllogisms. Here is the page format. Name of form: AAA, EIO, OOE, &c. Figure: 1,2, 3,4 Premises as stated: Venn diagram showing what the premises say Purported conclusion: Venn diagram showing what the premises claim to say. Relation of premises to conclusion. Intended to describe how the content of the premises and the statement in the conclusion logically relate to each other. Used in only a few examples. Validity. The syllogism is valid. Superfluity. The premises prove more than the conclusion states. Subcontariety. The premises and conclusion can be true together, but they cannot be false together. Irrelevance. The content of the premises is unrelated to the conclusion. Insufficiency. The premises lack sufficient information to show the truth of the conclusion. Contrariety. The premises and conclusion can be false together, but they cannot be true together. Contradiction. The premises and conclusions directly contradict each other. If one is true, the other is false. The Syllogisms Diagrammed (©2018 Mark Andrews 1Distribution This section is intended to create a system in which each syllogism has a unique code. In each premise, there are three numbers to indicate the subject, the predicate, and the middle term. Each term is assigned a one or a zero. For the subject and predicate, one means the term is distributed; zero means that the term is undistributed. These meanings also apply in the conclusion. For the middle term in each premise, one means that the predicate is the middle term; zero means that the subject is the middle term. Example. EIO in the first figure says: No M are P; Some S are M; thus Some S are not P. The full code is 110/001/01 The major premise is 110; the subject is distributed, the predicate is distributed, and the middle term is the subject. The minor premise is 001; the subject and predicate are both undistributed, and the predicate is the middle term. The conclusion is 01; the subject is undistributed but the predicate is. Rules This section lists the rules that define a syllogism. Each rule is stated, followed by the name for the violation of that rule. The symbol One indicates that the syllogism follows the rule; Zero indicates that the syllogism violates the rule; and a Dash indicates that the rule is irrelevant to that particular syllogism. The Syllogisms Diagrammed ©2018 Mark Andrews 2EIA Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion ie & m mn Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: — Validity _ ‘Superfluity Major premise:_No ave P = ‘Subcontrariety — Minor premise: Some Save = AN S an P x Major Minor Conclusion Rules: oO a 2 Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) . \f minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (atfirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrews athEIA Purported Conclusion & on Relation of premises to conclusi Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise:_No Pave = ‘Subcontrariety = Irrelevance Minor premise: Sere Save MV = Insufficiency ‘Contrariety Conclusion: _ AN S ae Po Contradiction Distribution: Major Miner Conclusion s PM S$ PM Ss P LiF 224/129 Rules: ; | | Middle term distributed in at least one premise “(undistributed middle). = If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the © Premise (illicit major). _© if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the 7 Bremise (illicit minor). _1_ The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). O_ if one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative "_ (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative = (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Foraat (¢) 1989 Mark Andrews s[4[% ahiEIA Purported Conclusion Ss P ~ Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: _—_ __Validity a Superfluity Major premise: Ne (ove = subeontrariety = Irrelevance Minor premise:_ Sern M™ ave S = Cinsufficieney eer a Contrariety Conclusion: ANS ae P = Contradiction Rules: LL I |i lol=teh Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor) The syilogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1969 Mark Andrews s/s ariaEIA Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion es G& m m Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: — Validity = Superfluity Major premise:__Ne Pan OM = subcontrariety TTT = WZrrelevance Minor premise: Gems (\ ave 9 = Insufficiency — —contrariety AVS an P va Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules: I Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). = _ If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the Veg Premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) . lnlilol- Format (c! 1989 Mark Andrews cL Hf aftrETE I Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion | . ) (ey o on Relation of premises to conclusion: eee Mair promise: No Mave P ve See Minor premise:_Seme Save PM Sintra” Ne San A) = ontradiction ee Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). ! Middle term distributed in at least one premise | (undistributed middle) . —— If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) © if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). —L The syitogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. | (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative | (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). Fornat (c) 1989 Mark Andrews $|'t|% s)heETE 2 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss ; & 2 ” Text: = ‘Superfluity Major premise: Ne P ave _A\ — Subcontrariety Zz Irrelevance Minor premise: Sem Save ™ =e Insufficiency = ‘Contrariety Conelusion:__N2_S_ are P z Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion iddle term distributed in at least one premise Premise (illicit major) If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal pret (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the a | i | es (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews Pele shalELIE 2 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s & P s & P Oy) m Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo ' Text: _ Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise: Neo (are P = ‘Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: Some Mare S = Insufficiency am ‘Contrariety Conclusion:___Ne Save P = ‘Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion s Pp L | idle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1999 Mark Andrews Jefe aflPremises As Stated Purported Conclusion cy Major premise:_Ne P are CV Minor premise:_ Sense Mare S Conclusion: Neo S an P > le |_ Middle term distributed in at least one premise | {undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). © if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the 7] Bremise (licit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. | (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative | (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Fornat (¢) 1969 Mark Andrew fel ahels?Purported Conclusion @ 6 m Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise: Ne ave P = Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise:__S2me S are M™. = Insufficiency Contrariety Conclusion: __Semx_S avs P vy Contradiction stribution: Major Minor Conclusion PoM s oP 29, oH I> Ie a Il) loll Lil- idle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (ce) 1989 Mark Andrews s/i¢[ 9° ofr/17Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion & & = ™ Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: _ alidity at uperfluity Meee one Nem (ameter ay = ‘Subcontrariety == irrelevance Minor premise: 2m S are ™ = Insufficiency > ‘Contrariety Conclusion:__Sere_S ave P ae Contradiction uti Major Minor Conclusion Ss oP M S P M Ss oP [1 4, 996,990 / ules: / i ip Middle term distributed in at least one premise _ (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) . = If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the {Premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. © (exclusive premises). i \f one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (¢) 1989 Hark Andrews 5) 90 afielsEL Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion &@ & i ™ ition _of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Mute errs Ws fal oa ie = Sirrelevence” Mn eee eS ee cry Conclusion: __Sems Save P ZZ Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules | Middle term distributed in at least one premise - (undistributed middle) {if major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the =| Premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). |_ The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). © If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1969 Mark Andrews sit} ap-/soEL Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s & P Ss & P ty) m Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Validity Superfluity Major premi ‘Subcontrariety No Pan Minor premise: 22m _% are S Conelusion:__Seme S av Po LETTE Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion M Ss oP oM Ss oP 22H; OO Rules: / a | Middle term distributed in at least one premise — (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the — premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the ] Premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. © (exclusive premises). on If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). / Format (¢) 1989 Mark Andres 20 a)rls7EIO Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s & P S CS oy m Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Vv __validity Gans No a = TS superfluity Major premise: N° are P = sehrontraiety Minor pranise:_S=he 5 ae = Dentrerieyy” Conclusien:__Sems Save od P — —Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion s POM Ss oP M Ss P Lim, 29m OL Rules: 2 ! b idle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . | if major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negat (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). KI-I-ED | Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews spl sp° Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion e &) © oa Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo y Tex a Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise: No Pave = Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: Seme Save ™ = Wnsufficiency = Teontrariety Conelusion:_Sene 5 ow wl 7 = ‘Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules: idle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the Premise (illicit major). \f minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the Premise (illicit minor) . The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises) If one ise i jative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c} 1909 Hark Andrews f/ar jl?”ERE) Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion & GS (an ~ Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo V Text: Validity ‘Superfluity Major premise: No (\ ave P ‘Subcontrariety Minor premise: 2% WMn ove 5 Conelusion:_Seme S ave wi P Major Minor Conclusion ie Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). I-EEIE I IR Format (c) 1969 Mark Andrews 3) [jp afe)7Pret ises As Stated oy ny Relation of premises to conclusi Exist Hypo x Nalidity Superfluity ‘Subcontrariety irrelevance Insufficiency ‘Contrariety Contradiction Distribution: Purported Conclusion Ss & P m Text No Pia. Minor premise: Seme (are S Conclusion: Sem S ove wl P Major premise: Major Minor Conclusion Ss oP M Ss oP OM SP tie 2goty ol Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the If major t premise (illicit major). If minor term is istributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative I I T) premise (illicit minor). aa (negative premises). If the syllogism has a pai ular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews S fe] split