Q1. Describe the two categories of Image segmentation.

In digital image processing and computer vision, image segmentation is the process of
partitioning a digital image into multiple image segments, also known as image
regions or image objects (sets of pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change
the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyze.[1][2] Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves,
etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every
pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics.

Two types of image segmentation exist:

• Semantic segmentation. Objects shown in an image are grouped based on

defined categories. For instance, a street scene would be segmented by
“pedestrians,” “bikes,” “vehicles,” “sidewalks,” and so on.
Q2.

Briefly explain the different approaches for image segmentation.

Q3. Illustrate the segmentation methods based on points, lines and edges
q5. Describe any one algorithm used for edge detection.

6. Define thresholding and explain the various techniques of thresholding in detail.

Image thresholding is a simple form of image segmentation. It is a way to create a binary image
from a grayscale or full-color image. This is typically done in order to separate "object" or
foreground pixels from background pixels to aid in image processing.

Image thresholding is the easiest way to separate image background

and foreground. Also, this image thresholding can be identify as
image segmentation. To apply thresholding techniques, we should
use a gray scale image. When thresholding, that grayscale image will
be converted to a binary image. In this article, we will discuss about
different types of digital image thresholding techniques.
Truncate Thresholding …

In this method, the destination pixel will be set to the threshold

value. Pixel values which are greater than the threshold value will be
set to threshold value. Other values are remaining same.
q7. Discuss the different region based image segmentation techniques.

Region-Based Segmentation

In this segmentation, we grow regions by recursively including the

neighboring pixels that are similar and connected to the seed pixel. We use
similarity measures such as differences in gray levels for regions with
homogeneous gray levels. We use connectivity to prevent connecting
different parts of the image.
There are two variants of region-based segmentation:
• Top-down approach
• First, we need to define the predefined seed pixel. Either
we can define all pixels as seed pixels or randomly chosen
pixels. Grow regions until all pixels in the image belongs to
the region.
• Bottom-Up approach
• Select seed only from objects of interest. Grow regions
only if the similarity criterion is fulfilled.
• Similarity Measures:
• Similarity measures can be of different types: For the
grayscale image the similarity measure can be the
different textures and other spatial properties, intensity
difference within a region or the distance b/w mean value
of the region.
• Region merging techniques:
• In the region merging technique, we try to combine the
regions that contain the single object and separate it from
the background.. There are many regions merging
techniques such as Watershed algorithm, Split and merge
algorithm, etc.
• Pros:
• Since it performs simple threshold calculation, it is faster
to perform.
• Region-based segmentation works better when the object
and background have high contrast.
• Limitations:
• It did not produce many accurate segmentation results
when there are no significant differences b/w pixel values
of the object and the background.
9. Define image feature? How are the features classified?

Features are parts or patterns of an object in an image that

help to identify it.

Feature extraction is a process of dimensionality reduction

by which an initial set of raw data is reduced to more

manageable groups for processing. A characteristic of

these large data sets is a large number of variables that

require a lot of computing resources to process.

Feature Extraction is an important technique in Computer

Vision widely used for tasks like:

• Object recognition

• Image alignment and stitching (to create a panorama)

• 3D stereo reconstruction

• Navigation for robots/self-driving cars

Classification
There are several types of classification:
Type of Description Example
Classification

Categorical Classification of That thing is a dog.

(Nominal) entities into That thing is a car.
particular
categories.

Ordinal Classification of You are stronger than

entities in some him.
kind of ordered It is hotter today than
relationship. yesterday.

Adjectival or Classification based That car is fast.

Predicative on some quality of She is smart.
an entity.

Cardinal Classification based He is six feet tall.

on a numerical It is 25.3 degrees
value. today.

1)Character level features: Computerized handwriting identification

consist of two type of handwriting features macro and micro. Macro

features are gray scale based , contour based, slope stroke-width, slant

and height.

2) The structural features representing the coarser shape of the

character capture the presence of corners, diagonal lines, and vertical

and horizontal lines in the gradient image.

3) The concavity features capture the major topological and geometrical

features including direction of bays, presence of holes, and large

vertical and horizontal strokes.

4) Micro features (GSC) are found to be discriminating for the writers.

Furthermore, they found ’G’, ’b’, ’N’, ’I’, ’K’, ’J’,’W’, ’D’, ’h’, ’f’ are the 10

most discriminating characters.

10. Discuss the classification of feature extraction in Image processing

Image Feature Ex t ract ion c l ass work

Part 2

11. Define Representation. Explain two types of Image representation with an example.
Abstract—Image Representation is the process of generating descriptions from the visual contents
of an image. There is a wide range of image representation methods which have been proposed in
the past few decades. Some of these methods are designed for specific application areas while
others are more generalized and can be applied in various fields. Each of the image representation
methods is unique in its own way and has its advantages and drawbacks. This paper does a brief
review on different existing two dimensional image representation methods by focusing its
approach, advantages, limitations and applications. The analysis shows that most of the
representations is based on machine perception model which cannot be understandable by a human
being just by looking through his eyes. The paper ends with the suggestion of introducing a
representation which can understandable by both a human and machine.

III. CLASSIFICATIONS ON IMAGE REPRESENTATIONS Image Representation is the foundation of good

performance of various image processing tasks. To represent each image effectively a large number
of image representation methods have been proposed over the time [8]. And these image
representation methods can be classified on the basis of three parameters: (1) Based on level of
processing (2) Based on level of abstraction (3) Based on image features.

3. Region based representations: Also known as superpixel representation. Here the regions are not
rectangular and it is formed by grouping similar and connected pixels. The adjacency information
between regions is represented usually as RAG(region-adjacency graph) or combinatorial map. The
representation is used for object detection and segmentation, but different unions of multiple
regions have to be considered [9]

12.Explain Chain Code with an example.

13.Discuss Fourier Descriptors of the boundary. What are the properties of Fourier Descriptors?

Fourier descriptors A method used in object recognition

and image processing to represent the boundary shape of
a segment in an image. The first few terms in a Fourier
series provide the basis of a descriptor. This type of object
descriptor is useful for recognition tasks because it can be
designed to be independent of scaling, translation, or
rotation.

14.Write short notes on Image representation:

a. Using boundary descriptors b. Using regional descriptors

BOUNDARY DESCRIPTORS

Simple Descriptors ● Length of a Contour By counting the number of pixels along the contour. For a
chain coded curve with unit spacing in both directions, the number of vertical and horizontal
components plus 21/2 times the number of components give the exact length of curve

. ● Boundary Diameter It is defines as Diam (B) = max [D(pi , pj)] i, j where D is the distance measure
which can be either Euclidean distance or D4 distance. The value of the diameter and the orientation
of the major axis of the boundary are two useful Descriptors.

BOUNDARY DESCRIPTORS ● Curvature It is the rate of change of slope. Curvature can be determined
by using the difference between the slopes of adjacent boundary segments at the point of
intersection of the segments. Shape Numbers Shape number is the smallest magnitude of the first
difference of a chain code representation. The order of a shape number is defined as the number of
digits in its representation. Shape order is even for a closed boundary.

REGIONAL DESCRIPTORS Simple Descriptors Area, perimeter and compactness are the simple region
Descriptors Compactness = (perimeter)2/area Topological Descriptors ● Rubber-sheet Distortions
Topology is the study of properties of a figure that are unaffected by any deformation, as long as
there is no tearing or joining of the figure. ● Euler Number Euler number (E) of region depends on
the number of connected components (C) and holes (H). E = C − H A connected component of a set is
a subset of maximal size such that any two of its points can be joined by a connected curve lying
entirely within the subset.

https://www.ecb.torontomu.ca/~gnkhan/Computer-Vision/Lectures/Image-Rep.pdf link