UNIT 1: EARTH

AND SPACE
MODULE 1: PLATE
TECTONICS
BASES OF THE SCIENTISTS IN
DIVIDING EARTH’S
LITHOSPHERE
2. DESCRIBE
1. THE
LOCATE THE DISTRIBUTION
EPICENTER
3. DETERMINE THE SCIENTIFIC
OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES,
AN EARTHQUAKE USING
BASES OF SCIENTISTS IN
EARTHQUAKE’S
TRIANGULATION
DIVIDING EARTH’S
EPICENTERS
METHOD; AND MAJOR
LITHOSPHERE
MOUNTAIN BELTS; AND
WHAT I KNOW?
REFER TO PRE-ASSESSMENT (GOOGLE FORM)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

•Geology the science that studies Earth

•Crust the outer portion of the earth
•Earthquake vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of Energy
•Fault a break in a rock along which movement has occurred
•Magma a mass of molten rock formed at depth, including
dissolved gases and crystals.
•Plates rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit
•Plate tectonics a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust
•is made up of plates that interact in various ways, thus producing earthquakes,
mountains,
•Primary (P) wave the first type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic
station
•Rocks consolidated mixture of minerals
•Secondary (S) wave second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a
seismic station
•Seismogram a record made by a seismograph
WHAT’S IN?
LAYERS OF THE EARTH

• COMPOSITIONAL
LAYERS

• MECHANICAL
LAYERS
ACCORDING TO THE PLATE TECTONICS MODEL, THE
ENTIRE LITHOSPHERE OF THE EARTH IS BROKEN INTO
NUMEROUS SEGMENTS CALLED PLATES

https://www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html
Figure 2. Map of Plate boundaries
MOUNTAINS/VOLCANOES
VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECTS
WHAT WILL IMMEDIATELY
HAPPEN IF THE PLATES MOVE?
EARTHQUAKE!!
REFRESH!

•earthquake releases three types of seismic waves; Primary

(P-waves), Secondary (S-waves), and Long surface waves
(L-waves).
•These waves travel at different velocities; thus, do not arrive at
a seismic recording station at the same time.
•The farther the recording instrument is from the focus, the
greater the difference in arrival times of the first P-wave
REFRESH!

?
?
The difference in the ??
arrival time will tell us the
distance of the
earthquake’s focus from Seismic station

the seismic recording

station. However, it does
not tell in which direction ?
it came from.
TRIANGULATION METHOD

https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/triangulation-locate-earthq
uake
WHAT’S NEW?
 TASK 1.GUESS THE WORD

MICSIES SEVAW
1. Energy release in the Earth’s crust when rocks
move in any direction along a fault. SEISMIC WAVES
MGAAM
2. A molten rock below the Earth’s surface. MAGMA

VCNOOLA
3. A vent in the Earth’s crust through which molten
VOLCANO
rock flows.
IGSTLOMOIESS SEISMOLOGIST
4. A scientist who studies earthquakes.
QUASEKRTHEA
5. The vibrations in the ground that result from
EARTHQUAKE
movement along breaks in the Earth’s lithosphere.
TASK 2. PICTURE ANALYSIS

••Have you personally been to Tagaytay?

Volcanic eruption is not new in
Have you actually seen Taal Volcano?
the
HavePhilippines
you ever seenanda livewe’ve had
volcanic
eruption? How did that make you feel? If
several eruptions in the past
you haven’t, wouldn’t you want to see an
decades. Whyin do
erupting volcano a number
full view of
or at least
see a real volcano in person?
a particular type of volcanoes Have you
remembered the latest eruption of the
exist in the
Taal Volcano? Philippines?
WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY #1:
A: FIND THE CENTER
B: LET’S MARK THE
BOUNDARIES
MATERIAL:
•hypothetical records of earthquake waves
•Philippine map
•drawing compass and ruler
•downloaded video clips
•Worksheet 1 : Bases of the Scientist in dividing Earth’s Lithosphere
A. FIND THE CENTER

• (Refer to Grade 10- Science Learner’s Module pp.8-10)

•Changes of Data:
•Time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave:
•Locations:
•A. Batangas - 33.1 s

•B. Puerto Princesa - 40.5 s

 TIME
DIFFERENCE
LOCATION OF COMPUTED SCALED
(TD) IM THE
THE SEISMIC EPICENTRAL DISTANCE IN
ARRIVAL TIME
STATION DISTANCE CM
OF P WAVES
AND S WAVES

BATANGAS 33.1 s

PUERTO
40.5 s
PRINCESA

DAVAO 26.7 S
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:
•1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?
•2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from
two recording stations?
•3. What is the distance of the epicenter from the seismic station?
•4. What do you think is the importance of determining the
epicenter of an earthquake?
SEISMOGRAPHS
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content
&view=article&id=44&Itemid=300083
B. LET’S MARK THE
BOUNDARIES
EARTHQUAKE DISTRIBUTION
•How are earthquakes distributed on the map?
•Where are they located?
•3. Why is it important for us to identify areas which are prone
to earthquakes?
•4. How are volcanoes distributed?
•5. Where are they located?
•6. Compare the location of majority of earthquake epicenters
with the location of volcanoes around the world.
B. LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

•What do you observe with the

distributions and location of
earthquake, volcanoes and mountain
formation?
What’s More?
ACTIVITY 3. ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Objectives:
•Identify the different active volcanoes in the
Philippines.
•Locate the active volcanoes in the Philippines.
•Describe the distribution of active volcanoes.
•Materials:
• Philippine Map -Marking pens (two colors,if possible)

• Map of Volcanoes in the Philippines -Paper

• 2 pieces of plastic sheet used for book cover, same size as a book page
•Procedure:
•Get a piece of plastic sheet. Trace the outlines of the volcano from figure 6.
•Identify the active volcanoes that you found in the figure. Locate the active
volcanoes by placing the traced outline over the Philippine map. Enter the
Table 1. Active volcanoes in the Philippines
and their location.
Name of Volcano Location
   

   

   

   

   

   

   
Guide Questions:
1. What is volcano?
2. What are the different active
volcanoes here in the Philippines?
3. In what areas are these active
volcanoes be found?
4. In what part of the Philippines has
the least number of active volcanoes?
most number?
ACTIVITY 4. EARTHQUAKE

Directions: Use the table below to answer

the questions that follow.

Distance to epicentre Difference in arrival time of P- and

(in km) / location S- waves (in sec.)
80- Albay 30
150 – Quezon 50
220 – Batangas 70
350- Manila 90
600- Bulacan 110
Guide Questions:
 

Questions:
1. Which place will be greatly affected by an earthquake?
2. Which place is the farthest from the earthquake's
epicenter?
3. Which place is closely affected when Albay is damaged
by an earthquake?
4. Which wave will be detected first at the Seismic Station?
5. In what region could the epicenter of the earthquake be?
ACTIVITY 5. MOUNTAIN RANGE
•Directions: Use a world map to see the following mountain
range. Spot which continent and countries they are located.
Complete the table below.
MOUNTAIN RANGE CONTINENT COUNTRY/COUNTRIES

Himalayas    
Alps    
Andes    
Appalachian    
Atlas    
What I Have
Learned?
1. You need at least 3 seismic
stations to locate the epicenter.

2. The P and S waves help determine

where the epicenter is located.
•Where all three circles meet Is the
location of the epicenter.

•The farther you are from the epicenter,

the greater the S-P interval
•Taal Volcano is considered as one of the active
volcanoes in the Philippines.

•It is important to identify areas which are prone to earthquakes

so that necessary precautions could be done if ever you are
living in one of those places.

•Mountain ranges are found in places where

volcanoes and earthquake epicenters are located.
PLATE
TECTONICS THEORY
• - the outer shell of the earth.
Plates

•The word, , refers to the

tectonic

deformation of the crust as a

consequence of plate interaction.
What Can I
Do?
At this point, we are quite aware that our
country is susceptible to different disasters
such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
tsunamis. Therefore, it is a must for us to
prepare and ensure our safety and survival
when these disasters strike.
For this activity, your goal is to help your
family prepare for an impending
emergency. Your task is to prepare an
emergency kit for the whole family. Decide
what items should be in your emergency kit
and be ready to present it in class.
APPLICATION
Assessment
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
• Make a brochure that will help promote awareness to your family, friends, and
community the Do’s and Don’ts before, during and after the disaster. You can
cut out pictures from old newspaper or magazine.

Category 4 3 2 1
Content Use of facts and the Use of facts and Use of facts and Use of facts and
quantity of quantity of quantity of quantity of
information is information is very information is good information is
exceptional. good. but not consistent. present but limited.
Design        
Creativity Shows exceptional Some of the content Most of the content The content is not
degree of creativity are common and are common and the original idea of
of the student based on the work of based on the work of the student
others others
Effort Great effort is evident Effort is evident Student did some Lack of effort
effort
WHAT ARE TECTONIC PLATES MADE OF?

• Plates are made of rigid

lithosphere.

The lithosphere is made up of

the crust and the upper part
of the mantle.
 Three types of plate boundary
• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform
 •2. Do plates
constantly move?
•Plates are in constant motion. As they interact
along their margins, important geological
processes take place such as the formation of
mountain belts, earthquakes and volcanoes.
•3. How to locate the
epicenter of an
earthquake?
 a. Obtain data from three different seismic
stations.
b. Determine the time interval between the
arrival of the P and S-waves.
c. Solve for epicentral distance from the
stations.
d. Use triangulation method to locate
earthquake’s epicenter by drawing circles to
represent each distance on a map.
The radius of each circle corresponds to the
epicentral distance for each recording station.
What are the bases of the
scientists in dividing
Earth’s lithosphere into
several plates?
BASES OF SCIENTIST IN DIVIDING THE
LITHOSPHERE

• a. Seismicity ( occurrences of
earthquake)
• b. Volcanism (volcanic action or activity)
• c. mountain formation
•1. How to ensure preparedness
before, during and after an
earthquake?
•2. Make a list of the do’s and
don’ts when earthquake strikes.