Plasticity and

Deformation Process
Strain calculations in plastic deformation
Solution of Plastic Deformation Problems

We combine the yield criterion, the stress-strain relations, and the material model to solve for the deformations
in a plastic deformation process utilizing proportional loading

Recall that the generally applicable yield criterion for plastic materials is von Mises’:

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥 + 6 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝜎𝑦
2

The multiaxial stress state should be translated into the effective stress and compared with the yield strength of
the material to find the plastic deformation and the dynamic material properties that are dependent on the
plastic strains

𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓

1 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 1
𝜈= − − 𝜈𝑒
2 𝐸 2

𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐺𝑝 =
2(1 + 𝜈)
Procedure to obtain the secant modulus form a best fit curve representing the uniaxial stress-strain curve:
Basically the curve should be considered as a set of points each of which is a stress and corresponding strain.

• Calculate value of 𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 corresponding to the given multiaxial stress state

• Determine 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 analytically by interpolation of the stress values from a table of stress-strain data pairs or
from the best fit curve equation.
• Use 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 and the variable 𝜈 in the stress-strain relations to calculate the strains for the specified 𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓
• The strains 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝜀𝑧 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦 , 𝛾𝑦𝑧 , 𝛾𝑧𝑥 that are given below are the answers we are looking for, not 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 that can
be obtained directly from the curve.
1
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜎 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

1
𝜀𝑦 = 𝜎 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦

1
𝜀𝑧 = 𝜎 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑧

𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
𝐺𝑝
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝛾𝑦𝑧 =
𝐺𝑝
𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝛾𝑧𝑥 =
𝐺𝑝
Material Model Equations

Material model equations enable analytic calculation of the secant modulus using a best fit curve to the uniaxial
stress-strain diagram

There are five model equations to represent the stress-strain curves of common strain-hardening materials:
1. Linear strain hardening
2. Power-law
3. Ramberg-Osgood
4. Nadai
5. Nadai-Jones

These models cover more than one class of strain-hardening materials in addition to the non-strain hardening
elastic-perfectly plastic and rigid-perfectly plastic curves.

The least number of parameters to describe elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain behavior is 2: E and 𝜎𝑦

At least three parameters will be needed to approximate non-linear stress-strain behavior using these models.
1. Linear strain-hardening model is the simplest of all non-linear stress-strain curve models. It consists of two
straight lines with different moduli:

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝜀 ≤ 𝜀𝑦
𝜎 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀 𝜀 > 𝜀𝑦

It becomes the elastic-perfectly plastic model when 𝐸1 = 0 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑦 ,

and the linear elastic model when 𝐸1 = 𝐸 and 𝜎1 = 0

Three parameters are necessary to determine the strains as functions of stress: 𝐸 , 𝐸1 , 𝜎𝑦

The elastic and the first moduli are determined graphically from the secant modulus:

𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸 𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑦
𝜎
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑦
𝜀

The stress at yielding is written by the use of the equation of a straight line y=mx+b:

𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀𝑦

The stress-strain behavior of many materials can be represented roughly with this model.
Philip’s model is a mathematical extension of the linear strain-hardening model which consists of multiple straight
line segments.

𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸 𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑦
𝜎
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑦
𝜀
𝜎1
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = + 𝐸2 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑚
𝜀
…

The more line segments that exist, the better the measured stress-strain behavior can be modeled.
However the mathematical difficulty increases with the addition of each line segment as more parameters are
introduced in the model equation.
2. Power-law model

The general form of power-law stress-strain curve model has the following equation

𝜎 = 𝐴𝜀 𝑛

n is the strain hardening coefficient, A is the constant which are adjusted to best fit measured stress-strain data.

The value of n should be in the range 0-1 in order to model concave-downward behavior.

The stress-strain curve has an infinite slop at the origin and the equation is not good for low stress levels.
Instead the following form is used to account for elastic deformations:

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑦

𝜎 = 𝐴𝜀 𝑛 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑦
An alternative form is
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 − 𝐴𝜀 𝑛

Only three stress-strain curve parameters are needed for this equation: E, A, n

It is valid until the maximum stress-strain point corresponding to 𝜀𝐿

1
𝐸 𝑛−1
𝜀𝐿 =
𝐴𝑛

Power-law model is used extensively because of its mathematical simplicity, however only certain types of stress-
strain behavior can be modeled with it.
3. Ramberg-Osgood Model

The general form of Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain curve equation is

𝜎 𝜎 𝑛
𝜀= +𝐾
𝐸 𝐻

The first part in the right hand side is the elastic strain and the second is the plastic strain

K is a constant depending on the plastic modulus H and n

n is the inverse of strain hardening coefficient and it is found from two data points from the non-linear part of the
stress-strain diagram:
1 log 𝜎2 𝜎1
=
𝑛 log 𝜀2 𝜀1

H, the plastic modulus is obtained again from a stress-strain relationship at the non-linear part:
𝜎1
𝐻= 1𝑛
𝜀1

The equation becomes the following form when we take the off-set yield point as our data point
𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
𝜀 = + 0.002
𝐸 𝜎𝑦

n can also be determined by iteration during curve-ftting

 𝑛−1
𝜎 𝜎
𝜀= 1 + 0.002
𝐸 𝜎𝑦

Three parameters are needed to determine the Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain curve: E, 𝜎𝑦 and n

The model equation is continuously curved, there is no definitive elastic region followed by a yield stress.
It approaches elastic-perfectly plastic behavior as n gets larger
4. Nadai Model

The behavior of elastic-plastic materials like aluminum and its alloys are represented well with a linear elastic
region ended by a well defined yield stress and a gradual bending over of the concave downward stress-strain
curve.
Nadai model equation represents this behavior:
𝜎
𝜀= 𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑦
𝐸
𝜎 𝑛
𝜀 = + 𝐾 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑦
𝐸

Where K is constant dependent on the fitting parameter n, the off-set yield strain 𝜀𝑜𝑦 = 0.002, and the stress at
the off-set yield point:
−𝑛
𝐾 = 𝜀𝑜𝑦 𝑝 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑜𝑦

The off-set yield strain at 0.002 is determined from the permanent strain
for materials like steel and aluminum where the behavior deviates from elasticity.

𝑛
𝜎 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜀 = + 𝜀𝑜𝑦 𝑝
𝐸 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑜𝑦

Nadai model needs four parameters above the yield stress: E, 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑜𝑦 , n
The model equation is similar to the Ramberg-Osgood equation
5. Nadai-Jones Model

The concept of Nadai stress-strain curve model is extended to cover plastic materials with two distinctly different
regions of nonlinear behavior. Nadai-Jones equation is the same until an upper stress where a second highly
nonlinear region is reached:
𝜎
𝜀= 𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑦
𝐸

𝜎 𝑛
𝜀 = + 𝐾 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎2 ≥ 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑦
𝐸

𝜎 𝑛 𝑚
𝜀 = + 𝐾 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑦 + 𝐽 𝜎 − 𝜎2 𝜎3 ≥ 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎2
𝐸

Where K and J are constants that depend on upper stresses 𝜎2 and 𝜎3 ,the corresponding plastic strains 𝜀2 𝑝 and
𝜀3 𝑝 and the curve fitting constants n and m

−𝑛
𝐾 = 𝜀2 𝑝 𝜎2 − 𝜎𝑦
−𝑛
𝐽 = 𝜀3 𝑝 𝜎3 − 𝜎𝑦
Example - Analyze the uniaxial deformation of an aluminum alloy using different models and determine the
strains when it is loaded in plane stress condition with normal stresses in the x and y direction of 70 MPa and 40
MPa, and with shearing stress of 30 MPa
Example – Nickel deforms plastically above a yield strength of 185 MPa. Its E=207 GPa and 𝜈 = 0.31. The
deformation of the material can be represented by power law model with A= 700, n=0.4.
Obtain the secant modulus using the power law model for an effective stress of 500 MPa.

𝜎=𝐴𝜀ⁿ
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐=(𝜎𝑦+𝐴𝜀ⁿ)/ 𝜀𝑇
𝑛 𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜀𝑇 = + 𝜀𝑦
𝐴
Case Study - Consider an aluminum sheet with sides 1 meter long and that is negligibly thin in the z direction so
that plane stress condition is valid

The loads applied to the material are tensile stress in the x direction and a shear stress, tensile stresses in both
axes and shear in the plane.

Let’s apply the deformation theory and use three material models linear hardening, power law, ramberg-osgood
models, to find the strains in each case
𝜎
Linear hardening equations 𝜎 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜀 > 𝜀𝑦
𝜀
𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀𝑦

𝜎𝑦 +𝐴𝜀 𝑛
Power law equations 𝜎 = 𝐴𝜀 𝑛 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎𝑦
𝜀𝑇
𝑛 𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜀𝑇 = + 𝜀𝑦
𝐴
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝜎 𝜎 1 1 0.3 𝜎
Ramberg-Osgood equation𝜀 = 1 + 0.002 = 1+ for aluminum
𝐸 𝜎𝑦 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐸 0.7 𝜎0.7
Most deformation processes involving thin plates of material are approximated to the plane stress conditions

Plane stress is a state of stress in which the normal stress 𝜎𝑧 , and the shear stresses 𝜎𝑥𝑧 , 𝜎𝑦𝑧 directed
perpendicular to the x-y plane are assumed to be zero

The geometry of the body is that of a plate with one dimension much smaller than the others. The loads are
applied uniformly over the thickness of the plate and act in the plane of the plate as shown.

The plane stress condition is the simplest form of behavior for continuum structures and represents situations
frequently encountered in practice
The effective stress resulting from loading of the material is calculated as

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥 + 6 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2

For plane stress condition

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 + −𝜎𝑥 + 6 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2

The secant modulus will be obtained from the material model equations and the corresponding poisson’s ratio
and shear modulus will be calculated using
1 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 1
𝜈= − − 𝜈𝑒
2 𝐸 2

𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐺𝑝 =
2(1 + 𝜈)
Loading state on the aluminum sheet is 𝐹𝑥 = 70000 𝑘𝑁, 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑘𝑁, 𝐹𝑥𝑦 = 40000 𝑘𝑁

The effective stress

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 70 − 0 + 0 + 70 + 6 402 = 98.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2

Substitute the effective stress into the material model equation

𝜎
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀𝑦 𝜀 > 𝜀𝑦
𝜀

𝜎1 = 30 − 5000 ∗ 0.00043 = 27.85 MPa

98.5 − 27.85
𝜀= = 0.0141
5000

The secant modulus, plastic shear modulus and the poisons ratio become
27.85
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = + 5000 = 6971 MPa
0.0141
1 6971 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.485
2 70000 2
6971
𝐺𝑝 = = 2347 MPa
2(1+0.485)
The strains are accordingly calculated as
1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.485 0 + 0 = 0.01
6971
1
𝜀𝑦 = 0 − 0.485 70 + 0 = −0.00487
6971
1
𝜀𝑧 = 0 − 0.485 70 + 0 = −0.00487
6971
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.017
2347
For the power law material model the secant modulus is obtained as

30+500𝜀0.5
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = 5173 MPa 𝜎 ≥ 30 Mpa
0.01919

0.5 98.5 − 30
𝜀= + 0.00043 = 0.01919
500

The shear modulus and the poisson’s ratio become

1 5173 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.474
2 70000 2
5173
𝐺𝑝 = = 1754.75
2(1 + 0.474)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.474 0 + 0 = 0.0135
5173
1
𝜀𝑦 = 0 − 0.474 70 + 0 = −0.0066
5173
1
𝜀𝑧 = 0 − 0.474 70 + 0 = −0.0066
5173
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.023
1754.75
For the Ramberg-Osgood model the secant modulus becomes

1 1 0.3 98.5 5−1

= 1+ , 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 4178.7
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 70000 0.7 40
1 4179 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.491
2 𝐸 2

The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

4179
𝐺𝑝 = = 1401
2(1 + 0.491)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.491 20 + 0 = 0.01675
4179
1
𝜀𝑦 = 20 − 0.491 70 + 0 = −0.00823
4179
1
𝜀𝑧 = 0 − 0.491 70 + 20 = −0.00823
4179
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0286
1401

Comparing the results for the three models:

𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Linear hardening strains 0.01 -0.00487 -0.00487 0.017
Power law 0.0135 -0.0066 -0.0066 0.023
Ramberg-Osgood 0.01675 -0.00823 -0.00823 0.0286
When the loading state on the aluminum sheet is 𝐹𝑥 = 70000 𝑘𝑁, 𝐹𝑦 = 20000 𝑘𝑁, 𝐹𝑥𝑦 = 40000 kN
The effective stress

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 70 − 𝜎𝑦 + 20 + 70 + 6 402 = 93.27 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2

Substitute the effective stress into the material model equation

𝜎
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀𝑦 𝜀 > 𝜀𝑦
𝜀
𝜎1 = 30 − 5000 ∗ 0.00043 = 27.85 MPa
93.27 − 27.85
𝜀= = 0.0131
5000

The secant modulus, plastic shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

27.85
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = + 5000 = 7128 MPa
0.0131
1 7128 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.4847
2 70000 2
7128
𝐺𝑝 = = 2400 MPa
2(1+0.4847)
The strains are accordingly calculated as
1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.4847 20 + 0 = 0.00846
7128
1
𝜀𝑦 = 20 − 0.4847 70 + 0 = −0.00195
7128
1
𝜀𝑧 = 0 − 0.4847 70 + 20 = −0.00612
7128
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0167
2400
For the power law material model the secant modulus is obtained as

30+500𝜀0.5
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = 4904 MPa 𝜎 ≥ 30 MPa
0.01644
0.5 93.274 − 30
𝜀= + 0.00043 = 0.01644
500

The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

1 4904 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.4895
2 70000 2
5173
𝐺𝑝 = = 1662 MPa
2(1+0.474)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.4755 20 + 0 = 0.0123
4904
1
𝜀𝑦 = 20 − 0.4755 70 + 0 = −0.0027
4904
1
𝜀𝑧 = 0 − 0.4755 70 + 20 = −0.0087
4904
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.02407
1662
For the Ramberg-Osgood model the secant modulus becomes

1 1 0.3 93.274 5−1

= 1+ , 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 5120
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 70000 0.7 40
1 5120 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.489
2 𝐸 2

The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

5120
𝐺𝑝 = = 1719
2(1 + 0.489)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 =
70 − 0.489 20 + 0 = 0.01176
5120
1
𝜀𝑦 = 20 − 0.489 70 + 0 = −0.00278
5120
1
𝜀𝑧 = 0 − 0.489 70 + 20 = −0.0086
5120
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0233
1719
Comparing the results for the three models:
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Linear hardening strains 0.00846 -0.00195 -0.00612 0.0167
Power law 0.0123 -0.0027 -0.0087 0.023
Ramberg-Osgood 0.01176 -0.00278 0.0086 0.0233
Consider a multiaxial stress state on the same material with all 6 normal and shear stresses
𝜎𝑥 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑧 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
All normal forces are tensile

The effective stress

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 70 − 30 + 30 − 50 + 50 − 70 + 6 402 + 302 + 102 = 94.87 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2

Substitute the effective stress into the material model equation

𝜎
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀𝑦 𝜀 > 𝜀𝑦
𝜀
𝜎1 = 30 − 5000 ∗ 0.00043 = 27.85 MPa
94.87 − 27.85
𝜀= = 0.0134
5000
The secant modulus, plastic shear modulus and the poisons ratio become
27.85
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = + 5000 = 7078 MPa
0.0134
1 7078 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.4848
2 70000 2
7078
𝐺𝑝 = = 2383 MPa
2(1+0.4848)
The strains are accordingly calculated as
1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.4848 30 + 50 = 0.0044
7078
1
𝜀𝑦 = 30 − 0.4848 70 + 50 = −0.004
7078
1
𝜀𝑧 = 50 − 0.4848 70 + 30 = 0.000214
7078
40 30 10
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0168 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 0.0126 𝛾𝑧𝑥 = = 0.0042
2383 2383 2383
For the power law material model the secant modulus is obtained as

30+500𝜀0.5
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = 4986.4 MPa 𝜎 ≥ 30 MPa
0.0177
0.5 94.87 − 30
𝜀= + 0.00043 = 0.01726
500

The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

1 4986.4 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.4893
2 70000 2
4986.4
𝐺𝑝 = = 1674 Mpa
2(1+0.489)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.489 30 + 50 = 0.00619
4986
1
𝜀𝑦 = 30 − 0.489 70 + 50 = −0.00576
4986
1
𝜀𝑧 = 50 − 0.489 70 + 30 = −0.00021
4986
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0239
1674
30
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 0.0179
1674
10
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = = 0.006
1674
For the Ramberg-Osgood model the secant modulus becomes
1 1 0.3 94.7 5−1
= 1+ , 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 4807.6
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 70000 0.7 40
The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become
4808
𝐺𝑝 = = 1619
2(1 + 0.49)
1 4808 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.49
2 70000 2
The strains are accordingly calculated as
1
𝜀𝑥 = 70 − 0.49 30 − 50 = 0.0064
4808
1
𝜀𝑦 = 30 − 0.49 70 − 50 = −0.006
4808
1
𝜀𝑧 = 50 − 0.49 70 − 50 = 0.00021
4808
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0247
1619
30
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 0.0185
1619
10
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = = 0.0062
1619
Comparing the results for the three models:
𝜀𝑥 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑧𝑥
Linear hardening strains 0.0044 -0.004 0.0002
0.0168 0.0126 0.0042
Power law 0.0062 -0.0058 -0.0002
0.024 0.018 0.006
Ramberg-Osgood 0.0064 -0.006 0.00021
0.0247 0.0185 0.0062
For the case of tensile and compressive normal stresses the deformations change
𝜎𝑥 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = −30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑧 = −10 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The effective stress
2
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 20 − −30 2 + −30 − −10 2 + −10 − 20 2 + 6 402 + 302 + 102 = 98.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2

Substitute the effective stress into the material model equation

𝜎
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1 + 𝐸1 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝐸1 𝜀𝑦 𝜀 > 𝜀𝑦
𝜀
𝜎1 = 30 − 5000 ∗ 0.00043 = 27.85 MPa
98.5 − 27.85
𝜀= = 0.01413
5000
The secant modulus, plastic shear modulus and the poisons ratio become
27.85
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = + 5000 = 6971 MPa
0.01413
1 6971 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.485
2 70000 2
6971
𝐺𝑝 = = 2347 Mpa
2(1+0.485)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 20 − 0.485 −30 − 10 = 0.0057
6971
1
𝜀𝑦 = −30 − 0.485 20 − 10 = −0.005
6971
1
𝜀𝑧 = −10 − 0.485 20 − 30 = −0.00074
6971
40 30 10
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.017 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 0.0128 𝛾𝑧𝑥 = = 0.00426
2347 2347 2347
For the power law material model the secant modulus is obtained as

30+500𝜀0.5
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = 5172.8 MPa 𝜎 ≥ 30 MPa
0.0196
0.5 98.5 − 30
𝜀= + 0.00043 = 0.0192
500

The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

1 5173 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.489
2 70000 2
4986.4
𝐺𝑝 = = 1737 MPa
2(1+0.489)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 20 − 0.489 −30 − 10 = 0.007647
5173
1
𝜀𝑦 = −30 − 0.489 20 − 10 = −0.00674
5173
1
𝜀𝑧 = −10 − 0.489 20 − 30 = −0.001
5173
40
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.023
1737
30
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 0.0173
1737
10
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = = 0.0058
1737
For the Ramberg-Osgood model the secant modulus becomes
1 1 0.3 98.5 5−1
= 1+ , 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 4178.7
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐 70000 0.7 40
1 4179 1
𝜈= − − 0.35 = 0.491
2 70000 2

The shear modulus and the poisons ratio become

4179
𝐺𝑝 = = 1407
2(1 + 0.491)

The strains are accordingly calculated as

1
𝜀𝑥 = 20 − 0.491 −30 − 10 = 0.0095
4179
1
𝜀𝑦 = −30 − 0.491 20 − 10 = −0.0084
4179
1
𝜀𝑧 = −10 − 0.491 20 − 30 = −0.00122
4179
40 30 10
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 0.0284 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 0.0213 𝛾𝑧𝑥 = = 0.0071
1407 1407 1407

𝜀𝑥 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑧𝑥

Linear hardening strains 0.0057 -0.005 -0.00074
0.017 0.0128 0.00426
Power law 0.00765 -0.0067 -0.001
0.023 0.0173 0.0058
Ramberg-Osgood 0.0095 -0.0084 -0.0012
0.0284 0.0213 0.0071
Overall comparison
Stress state 𝐹𝑥 = 70000 𝑘𝑁, 𝜎𝑦 = 0 𝑘𝑁, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40000 𝑘𝑁
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Linear hardening strains 0.01 -0.00487 -0.00487 0.017
Power law 0.0135 -0.0066 -0.0066 0.023
Ramberg-Osgood 0.01675 -0.00823 -0.00823 0.0286
𝐹𝑥 = 70000 𝑘𝑁, 𝐹𝑦 = 20000 𝑘𝑁, 𝐹𝑥𝑦 = 40000 kN
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Linear hardening strains 0.00846 -0.00195 -0.00612 0.0167
Power law 0.0123 -0.0027 -0.0087 0.023
Ramberg-Osgood 0.01176 -0.00278 0.0086 0.0233

𝜎𝑥 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑧 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜀𝑥 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑧𝑥
Linear hardening strains 0.0044 -0.004 0.0002
0.0168 0.0126 0.0042
Power law 0.0062 -0.0058 -0.0002
0.024 0.018 0.006
Ramberg-Osgood 0.0064 -0.006 0.00021
0.0247 0.0185 0.0062
𝜎𝑥 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = −30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑧 = −10 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑥 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜀𝑧 𝛾𝑧𝑥
Linear hardening strains 0.0057 -0.005 -0.00074
0.017 0.0128 0.00426
Power law 0.00765 -0.0067 -0.001
0.023 0.0173 0.0058
Ramberg-Osgood 0.0095 -0.0084 -0.0012
0.0284 0.0213 0.0071
Exercise Question

An aluminum rectangular prism, with sides 60x80x100 cm long and that are oriented parallel to the
the x, y, z axes, is subjected to normal forces in three dimensions with Fx= 80000 kN, Fy= -12000
kN, Fz= -24000 kN. The material undergoes plastic deformation as its yield strength is 30 MPa and
E= 70GPa, ν= 0.35. The stress-strain curve of aluminum is approximated by the power law model
with the equation 𝜎 = 500 ∗ 𝜀 0.5