THE UNDERLYING

PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES

AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO
LEARNING MATHEMATICS

Presented by :
DR. MARY LOE G. SINGSON
Teaching Principles in Mathematics

Principle 1: While the ability to explain and

solve a problem is evidence in good
understanding of mathematical ideas, teaching
mathematics requires more than this.

Principle 2: Mathematics must be real to

students and therefore, mathematics teachers
should be mindful of students contexts an when
teaching mathematics.
Teaching Principles in Mathematics

Principle 3: Mathematics is best learned when

students are actively engaged.

Principle 4: Mathematics can never be learned in an

instant, but rather requires lots of work and the right
attitude.

Principle 5: All students regardless of gender,

culture, socio0economic status, religion, and
educational background have the right and be
taught good and correct mathematics.
Teaching Principles in Mathematics

Principle 6: Assessment must be an integral

part of the mathematics instruction.

Principle 7: Mathematics as a field continues to

develop and evolve. Therefore, the teaching if it
must keep up with development in the field.
Teaching Principles in Mathematics

• Principle 8: Technology plays an important role in

the teaching and learning of mathematics.
Mathematics teachers must learn to use and
manage technological tools and resources well.

• Principle 9: Mathematics teachers must never

stop learning.
Learning Principles in Mathematics

• Principle 1: Being mathematically competent

means more than having the ability to compute
and perform algorithms and mathematical
procedures.

• Principle 2: The physical and social dimension

of a mathematical environment contribute to
one’s success in learning mathematics.
Learning Principles in Mathematics

• Principle 3: Mathematics is best learned when

students are actively engaged.

• Principle 4: A deep understanding of

mathematics requires a variety of tools for
learning.
Learning Principles in Mathematics
• Principle 5: Assessment in mathematics must be
valued for the sake of knowing what and how
students learn or fail to learn mathematics.

• Principle 6: Students’ attitudes and beliefs about

mathematics affect their learning.

• Principle 7: Mathematics learning needs the

support of both parents and other community
groups.
Learning Principles and Theories

• Experiential and Situated Learning

• Reflective Learning
• Constructivism
• Cooperative Learning
• Discovery and Inquiry-based Learning
Experiential and Situated Learning

• Experiential learning as advocated by David

Kolb is learning that occurs by making sense of
direct everyday experiences.
• Experiential learning theory defines learning as
"the process whereby knowledge is created
through the transformation of experience. “
• Knowledge results from the combination of
grasping and transforming experience"
(Kolb, 1984, p. 41).
Experiential and Situated Learning

Situated learning, theorized by Lave and

Wenger, is learning in the same context on
which concepts and theories are applied.
Experiential and Situated learning

• Ask students to record the time it takes them to

travel from home to school in minutes for one week.
• Tabulate the results
• Ask students to make interpretation
▫ Which days took the longest time? Why is this so?
▫ Which days took the shortest time? Why is this so?
• Open google maps and see how many kilometers is
the distance from your house to school.
• What is the average time required to get to school?
• How many minutes per kilometer does it take you to
travel?
Experiential and Situated learning
• Watch your favorite cartoons.
▫ Count all the words being said in the cartoons.
▫ How long is the cartoon in minutes?
▫ If the time of the cartoon is doubled, can you predict
the number of words that can be mentioned?
• If you talk in the telephone for a 10 minutes, what is
the estimated number if words you can use?
• If you need to tell your friend an important message
with 50 words, how much time will it require you to
tell him/her?
Experiential and Situated learning
• Measure how much volume can your bathroom
pail contain water.
• Determine the time it takes you to fill the pail.
• If you double the size of your pail, how much
time will you fill it?
• Take the time in consuming the one pail of water
when taking a bath. How many pails do you
consume?
• Given the pails of water you consume, estimate
how long you take a bath.
Experiential and Situated learning
• Ask students to collect their own data such as:
▫ weight of children in their barangay,
▫ number of people working in the community
▫ Students who had fever over the last month
▫ Number of households where things are stolen
• Summarize the data by reporting the:
▫ Histogram, line graph
▫ Mean, Median, mode
▫ Standard deviation, range, quartile deviation
• Ask students to make interpretation
Experiential and Situated learning
• Count the number of people who joined
“hueteng” in your community.
• Compute the chance of winning for each person.
• Judge whether there is a big chance of winning.
• Estimate the number of people who joins the
lotto each day.
• Compute the chance of winning for each person.
• Which game will give you a greater chance of
winning?
Experiential and Situated learning
• Count the set of pants and set of shirts you have at
home.
• Compute the number of combinations that you can
make each?
• Report how many days can you wear each
combination.
• Take a picture of each combination and put it in a
portfolio. Plan when you will wear each pair.
• When you ran out of combination how many pairs
do you still need to buy for the rest of the occasion
you need to wear a new set.
Reflective Learning
Reflective learning refers to learning that is
facilitated by reflective thinking. It is not
enough that learners encounter real-life
situations.

Deeper learning occurs when learners are able to

think about their experiences and process these
allowing them the opportunity to make sense and
meaning of their experiences.
Reflective Learning
• Use google maps and estimate the kilometers
from your house to where your father is working.
• Ask for the total amount spent when
commuting.
• Ask for the total amount spent when driving
your won car.
• Show your data to your father and recommend
which mode of transportation is better.
Reflective Learning
• Get the weight of each of your family members.
• Determine their ages and check who is
underweight and overweight.
• Given your data make recommendations on the
following:
▫ Money spent onfood
▫ Menu for the week
▫ Exercise activities for the family
Reflective Learning
• Keep a journal and take note of all your travels
via plane.
• Jot down in the journal the time you spent in the
plane and the places you went.
• Summarize the following:
▫ What places took the longest plane ride? Why?
▫ What places took the shorted plane ride? Why?
▫ What is the relationship between time and
distance?
Reflective Learning
• Get the square meter of your land area.
• How much does your land cost?
• Get the square meter of other land areas.
• How much do they cost?
• Get the square meter of residential lands in the city.
How much do they cost.
• Compare the cost of equal land areas in the city and
in the province?
• Is there a difference? Why is this so?
• What do you need to do if you want to live in the
city?
 Reflective Learning
• Count the total number of days your parents
played for the lotto. Compute how much money
did they spend for it?
• If they have not won anything, how much could
they have saved if they had not joined?
• Where could this money be spent?
• Provide a set of recommendations for your
parents given your predictions.
Reflective Learning
• Get a graph of the Philippine’s GDP from 2000
until 2013.
• What years is the GDP high? Years it is low?
• What inferences can you make about the present
situation compared to the past years?
• What events made the GDP high in those years?
• What events made the GDP low in those years?
• What projects should be engaged in order to
increase the GDP again?
Constructivism

Constructivism is the theory that argues

that knowledge is constructed when the
learner is able to draw ideas from his own
experiences and connects them to new
ideas that are encountered.
Constructivism
• Students will identify a problem in their community in
the following areas:
▫ Waste management
▫ Overcrowding
▫ Increased air temperature
• Collect data to serve as evidence to these problems by:
▫ Measure the weight of garbage produced by each
household each day for 4 weeks
▫ Count the number of people living in each household
and the floor area of their house. Report the ratio.
▫ Get the temperature each day and tabulate it.
• Provide recommendations given the severity of the
problem (reflective learning)
Constructivism
• What type of body pains did you experience as the
most painful? Why did you had such pain?
• List them down.
• For each pain indicate how painful it is using a scale
from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very painful)
• Ask your classmates to rate the list of pain you have.
• Get the average of the rating for each pain.
• Report the standard deviation.
• Given the SD are you all having a similar feeling for
each pain? (reflective learning)
Constructivism
• Measure the temperature for the months of April
and May.
• Go to the malls and ask some sales person which
types of clothes are bought and the quantity.
• Tabulate the number of purchases for each type
of clothes for each day and the temperature?
• What does the temperature got to do with the
type of clothes sold?
Constructivism
• What type of body pains did you experience as the
most painful? Why did you had such pain?
• List them down.
• For each pain indicate how painful it is using a scale
from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very painful)
• Ask your classmates to rate the list of pain you have.
• Get the average of the rating for each pain.
• Report the standard deviation.
• Given the SD are you all having a similar feeling for
each pain? (reflective learning)
Constructivism
• Make your own portfolio of the clothes you will
wear this summer.
• Which of these clothes is your favorite?
• Go to the malls and ask some sales person which
types of clothes are bought and the quantity.
• Tabulate the number of purchases for each type
of clothes. Report into percentage.
• Make a pie chart.
 Constructivism
• Which model of cell phone do you have?
• What do you think is the best cell phone model?
• List down different cell phone models and count
the number of people in your community who
has it.
• Make a bar graph for each model of cell phone?
• Which one is the most in demand?
Cooperative Learning

Cooperative Learning puts premium on

active learning achieved by working with
fellow learners as they all engage in a
shared task.
Cooperative Learning
• Form a group and each one will be assigned to a
place to take the air temperature for 7 days.
• Compare the temperature for each person.
• Why is there variation in the temperature?
• Report the findings.
Cooperative Learning
• Students form three groups and are assigned to
measure the floor area of the classroom.
• One group will only use a one inch paper clip.
• One group will use an 8 inches pencil.
• One group will use a 15 inches long stick.
• Which group do you think will measure the floor
area the fastest? Why?
Discovery and Inquiry-based learning

The mathematics curriculum allows for

students to learn by asking relevant questions
and discovering new ideas.

Discovery and Inquiry-based learning (Bruner,

1961) support the idea that students learn
when they make use of personal experiences
to discover facts, relationships and concepts.
Discovery and Inquiry-based

• Students will ask their parents at home the

different tools they use to measure length of
objects.
• The students will bring this material and
demonstrate to their classmates how the tools
are used.
Discovery and Inquiry-based

• Self-study on the procedure to convert oC to oF.

• Show how it is done in class
Discovery and Inquiry-based

• Self-study on the procedure to compute for the

mean, median and mode.
• Show how it is done in class
Reference:

Teaching and Learning Framework in Mathematics

Carlo Magno, PhD
De La Salle University, Manila

https://www.gov.ph/documents/20147/233614/MATHEMATIC
S-K-12-Curriculum-Guide-Grades-1-and-7.pdf/1edaba14-d41f-
48f9-1e5b-55a6bfaaffd4