Sense of Security

VoIP Security Testing Training

Fatih Ozavci
Christos Archimandritis
8 August 2015

Compliance, Protection & Business Confidence

Sense of Security Pty Ltd

Sydney Melbourne
Level 8, 66 King Street Level 10, 401 Docklands Drv T: 1300 922 923 [email protected]
Sydney NSW 2000 Docklands VIC 3008 T: +61 (0) 2 9290 4444 www.senseofsecurity.com.au
Australia Australia F: +61 (0) 2 9290 4455 ABN: 14 098 237 908

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 Agenda

• Network Infrastructure
• VoIP Server Security
• Signalling Security
• Media Transport Security
• Cloud VoIP Solutions Security
• VoIP Client Security

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 Introduction

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 Trainers’ Background

• Fatih Ozavci, Principal Security Consultant

• Interests
• VoIP & *Phreaking
• Mobile Applications
• Network Infrastructure
• Embedded Devices
• Hardware and IoT Hacking
• Author of Viproy VoIP Penetration Testing Kit
• Public Speaker and Trainer
• Blackhat, Defcon, HITB, AusCert, Troopers, Ruxcon

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 Trainers’ Background

• Chris Archimandritis – Senior Security

Consultant
• Interests
• VoIP and IMS Infrastructure
• Mobile Applications
• SAP Environment and Applications Security
• Hardware Hacking
• Network Infrastructure

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 The Art of VoIP Hacking Test Lab

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 The Art of VoIP Hacking Test Lab

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 Current Threats and Attacker Skills

General assumptions:
• The VoIP Networks are isolated
• Hacking VoIP requires detailed knowledge
• Attacks target only privacy and toll fraud
• Pretending VoIP services are configured well
Real life:
• Broken physical security, weak network auth
• After Viproy, no knowledge required anymore
• How about client attacks, intelligence and APT
• Default passwords, obsolete systems…

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 Pen-Test for UC, IMS and NGN

• VoIP Infrastructure, design and protocol analysis

• Authorisation and authentication analysis
• Signalling security analysis for SIP and H.248
• Advanced analysis of business functionality
• Transport encryption analysis
• Media streaming and MITM analysis
• Analysis of essential and supportive services
• Management services and protocol analysis
• Hosted/cloud services analysis
• Call centre analysis

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 Viproy VoIP Pen-Testing Toolkit

• Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit

• Testing modules for Metasploit Framework
• SIP & Skinny libraries for the module development
• SIP custom header and authentication support
• Trust analyser, SIP proxy bounce, MITM proxy, Skinny
• Modules
• SIP Options, Register, Invite, Message
• SIP Brute Forcer, Enumerator
• SIP trust analyser, SIP proxy, Fake service
• Cisco Skinny analysers
• Cisco CUCM/CUCDM exploits
• MSRP Support, Fuzzing for SIP and SDP

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 How Viproy Helps Fuzzing Tests
• Skeleton for Feature Fuzzing, NOT Only SIP Protocol
• Multiple SIP Service Initiation
• Call fuzzing in many states, response fuzzing
• Integration With Other Metasploit Features
• Fuzzers, encoding support, auxiliaires, etc.
• Custom Header Support
• Future compliance, vendor specific extensions, VAS
• Raw Data Send Support (Useful with External Static Tools)
• Authentication Support
• Authentication fuzzing, custom fuzzing with authentication
• Less Code, Custom Fuzzing, State Checks
• Some Extra Features (Fuzz Library, SDP, MSRP)

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 Network Infrastructure

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 Corporate VoIP Infrastructure

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 Unified Communications Services

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 Hosted/Cloud VoIP Services

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 Plan & Goals

Plan
• Identifying the network design issues
• Unauthorised access to the Voice LAN/WAN
• Attacking network services
• Persistent access

Goals
• Persistent unauthorised network access
• Mass compromise of clients and services
• Eavesdropping
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 A Recipe for Network Attacks

• Discover VoIP network configuration, design

and requirements
• Find Voice VLAN and gain access
• Gain access using PC port on IP Phone
• Understanding the switching security for
• Main vendor for VoIP infrastructure
• Network authentication requirements
• VLAN ID and requirements
• IP Phone management services
• Persistent access

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 Understanding the VoIP Service

• Client Types
• Soft phones (IP Communicator, Android/iOS Apps)
• IP phones and handsets (Cisco 7945, Yealink)
• Video conference equipment (Cisco Presence)
• External meeting services (Webex, GoMeeting)
• Service Purpose
• International/National landline/Cell endpoints
• Call centre (commercial vs Open Source)
• Commercial VoIP services (mobile, hosted)
• Internal usage (VLAN, conference rooms)
• VoIP protocols (Skinny, SIP, RTP, IAX, H.323)

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 LAN and WAN Design for VoIP

• Local Area Network

• Voice VLAN usage (protected, authenticated)
• Network segmentation (computers vs VoIP)
• Supportive services (CDP, DHCP, TFTP, HTTP,
SNMP)
• Wide Area Network
• Connection types (routers, VPNs, landline)
• Bottlenecks vs QoS requirements
• Service trusts and trunk usage
• Primary Concerns for Commercial Services
• Service contingency requirements
• Denial of Service targets
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 Getting Physical Access to the LAN

• Local distribution rooms and infrastructure

• Network termination and endpoint facilities

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 Getting Physical Access to the LAN

• Meeting room and lobby phones, conference

devices, emergency phones
• PC ports, Power Over Ethernet
• Raspberry Pi
• Permanent access with 4G

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 LAN Discovery for Voice VLAN

• Attack Types
• PC Ports of the IP phone and handsets
• CDP sniffing/spoofing for Voice VLAN
• DTP and VLAN Trunking Protocol attacks
• ARP spoofing for MITM attacks
• HSRP spoofing for MITM attacks
• DHCP spoofing & snooping
• Persistent access
• Tapberry Pi (a.k.a berry-tap)
• Tampered phone + PoE
• 3G/4G for connectivity
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 Getting Access Using PC Port

• IP Phones have a PC Port for desktop usage

• CDP spoofing is not required
• VLAN setting is not required
• DTP spoofing is not required

• Authentication of IP Phones
• 802.1x - using Hub to bypass
• EAP-MD5 dictionary attack

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 How to make your own Tapberry Pi

RJ45 Connection Pins

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 How to make your own Tapberry Pi

Speaker Power

Patch the Cat5 cable

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 CDP Sniffing and Spoofing

• Discovering Cisco devices

• Learning Voice VLAN
• Tools
• Wireshark
• VoIP Hopper
• CDP-tools
• Viproy CDP module
• Sniffing to learn the network infrastructure
• Sending a spoofed CDP packet as an IP Phone to
get access to the Voice VLAN
• Connect to the Voice VLAN (802.1x, EAP-MD5)
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 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

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 Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)

• Ports can be a trunk or not (dynamically)

• Default state is DTP allowed for all ports
• Port negotiation and encapsulation
• 802.1Q/ISL
• Enable trunking, double encapsulation
• DTP master shares VLAN information with all
downstream switches
• Find the Voice VLAN and get access
• Tools
• Yersinia
• Metasploit DTP Module

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 Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)

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 Getting Access to the Voice VLAN

• Adding the Voice VLAN

• max 4094 VLANs for Cisco, can be brute-forced
• Linux
• vconfig add eth0 VLANID
• dhclient eth0.VLANID
• Mac OS X
• Settings -> Network -> Manage Virtual
Interfaces

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 ARP Scanning and Spoofing

• ARP Scan
• ARP Spoofing
• MITM Attack
• Hijacking
• SSL
• SSH keys
• Rogue service
• Tools
• Cain & Abel
• Ettercap
• Dsniff

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 ARP Scanning and Spoofing

• ARP Scanning
• Find MAC and IPs to guess names of configuration
files stored on TFTP/HTTP servers
• SIP/Skinny authentication with MAC address
• ARP Spoofing and being the …
• TFTP server (configuration, updates, SSH keys)
• DNS server
• Web server (management, IP phone services)
• SIP/Skinny server/Proxy
• RTP proxy
• MAC based filtering and authentication
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 DHCP Spoofing

• DHCP Sniffing
• Finding IP range
• Finding TFTP/HTTP
• Finding DNS

• DHCP Spoofing
• Suspend the DHCP server
• DHCP consumption (request all IP addresses)
• Become a Rogue DHCP Server
• Send spoofed DHCP responses to the IP phones
• Custom TFTP and DNS server
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 Attacking the TFTP Server

• VoIP networks generally use TFTP servers for

configuration, update, certificate, SSH keys
management. (Web servers may be in use)
• Obtaining configuration files for MAC addresses
• SEPDefault.cnf, SEPXXXXXXXXXXXX.cnf.xml
• SIPDefault.cnf, SIPXXXXXXXXXXXX.cnf.xml
• Identifying SIP, Skinny, RTP and web settings
• Finding IP phones software versions and updates
• Configuration files may have username/passwords
• Digital signature/encryption usage for files
• Tools: TFTPTheft, Metasploit

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 Sample Configuration for Cisco

<deviceProtocol>SCCP</deviceProtocol>
<sshUserId>USER</sshUserId>
<sshPassword>PASSWORD</sshPassword>

<webAccess>1</webAccess>
<settingsAccess>1</settingsAccess>
<sideToneLevel>0</sideToneLevel>
<spanToPCPort>1</spanToPCPort>
<sshAccess>1</sshAccess>

<phonePassword>1234</phonePassword>

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 Sample Configuration for Polycom

reg.1.address="3047"
reg.1.label="3047“
reg.1.auth.userId="7d5b905ecc1b1efa7077868
70276a940"
reg.1.auth.password="d9429ad54c3ee623f6e2
0ae39de758ee“
divert.fwd.1.enabled="0"

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 Become the TFTP Server

• Send fake IP addresses for …

• HTTP server
• IP phones management server
• SIP server and proxy
• Skinny server
• RTP server and proxy

• Deploy SSH public keys for SSH on IP Phones

• Update custom settings of IP Phones
• Null ring, custom alerts
• Deploy custom OS update and code execution
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 SNMP Weaknesses

• SNMP protocol
• UDP protocol, IP spoofing, no encryption
• Authentication
• Community name (public, private, cisco)
• SNMPv3 username/password attacks
• SNMP Software
• SNMP management software vulnerabilities
• Buffer overflows, memory corruptions
• Practical Attacks
• Device configuration download and upload
• Information gathering, code execution

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 Exercises

• CDP Spoofing to get VLAN access

• Cisco IP Phone configuration file
enumeration through TFTP
• Polycom IP Phone configuration file
enumeration through HTTP
• SNMP scanning and enumeration

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 Solutions
• Secure network design
• Secure network infrastructure
• DHCP snooping protection
• ARP Spoofing protection
• 802.1x for Voice VLANs
• Using secure network protocols
• TFTP -> FTP+SSL or HTTPS
• Telnet -> SSH
• SNMP v1 v2c -> SNMP v3 with authentication
• Using digital signature and encryption for
software updates and configuration
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 VoIP Server Security

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 VoIP Servers and Devices

• Signalling servers and devices

• Media gateways
• SIP and RTP Proxies
• IP phones

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 Plan & Goals

Plan
• Discover the VoIP servers and devices
• Identify insecure software and management
• Exploit the identified vulnerabilities

Goals
• Persistent unauthorised server access
• Mass compromise of clients and services
• Persistent call and toll fraud attacks
• Voice recordings, CDR, VAS services
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 Discovering VoIP Servers

• Looking for
• Signalling servers (e.g. SIP, Skinny, H.323, H.248)
• Proxy servers (e.g. RTP, SIP, SDP)
• Contact Centre services
• Voicemail and email integration
• Call recordings, call data records, log servers
• Discovering
• Operating systems, versions and patch level
• Management services (e.g. SNMP, RDP, Telnet,
HTTP, SSH)
• Weak or default credentials
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 Discovering VoIP Servers

• NMAP
• Port scanning, service identification
• # nmap –sS –sV –A –p1-65535 192.168.1.1/24
• Metasploit Framework
• Viproy modules to discover VoIP services
• UDP, ARP, SNMP, SSH, telnet discovery modules
• Brute-force and enumeration modules
• Commercial & Open Source Vulnerability
Scanners
• Nessus, Qualys, Nexpose, OpenVAS

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 Discovering VoIP Servers

Nmap scanning for service identification

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 Identifying Vulnerabilities

• Operating system vulnerabilities

• Obsolete software
• Missing security patches
• Vulnerable 3rd party libraries
• Embedded system and hardware attacks
• Unauthorised physical access
• Insecure configuration and management
• Insecure management services and software
• Default credentials and settings
• Insecure network services (TFTP, FTP, HTTP)
• Insecure web applications (Log, Reporting)
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 Possible Targets

• VoIP Service Suites

• Cisco Product Family (e.g. CUCM, VOSS)
• Alcatel-Lucent Product Family (e.g.Opentouch X )
• Avaya Product Family (e.g. Contact Centers)
• SIP Servers
• SIPXecs, Asterisk, FreeSwitch, Kamalio, FreePBX
• Gateways
• Proxy appliance, Media gateway
• Database Servers
• Management Software
• HP & Dell management, Tivoli, Solarwinds
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 Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock

• Bourne Again Shell (BASH) allows users to

execute unauthorised commands through
the concatenated commands.
• It can be remotely exploited through the
network services such as HTTP, DNS and SIP
• Major vendors and projects are affected
• Asterisk, FreePBX, Cisco, Avaya, Embedded
devices

CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-6277, CVE-2014-6278,

CVE-2014-7169, CVE-2014-7186, CVE-2014-7187
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 Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock

CVE-2014-6271
env X='() { :; }; echo "CVE-2014-6271 vulnerable"' bash -c id

CVE-2014-7169
env X='() { (a)=>\' bash -c "echo date"; cat echo

CVE-2014-7186
bash -c 'true <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF
<<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF' || echo "CVE-2014-7186 vulnerable,
redir_stack“

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 Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock

CVE-2014-7187
(for x in {1..200} ; do echo "for x$x in ; do :"; done; for x in {1..200} ; do
echo done ; done) | bash || echo "CVE-2014-7187 vulnerable,
word_lineno“

CVE-2014-6278
env X='() { _; } >_[$($())] { echo CVE-2014-6278 vulnerable; id; }' bash -c :

CVE-2014-6277
env X='() { x() { _; }; x() { _; } <<a; }' bash -c :

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 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed

• OpenSSL allows users to extract arbitrary

information remotely from the server
memory.
• It can be remotely exploited through the
heartbeat enabled HTTPS connections if the
web server is compiled with OpenSSL.
• Major vendors and projects are affected
• Asterisk, FreePBX, Cisco, Avaya, Embedded
devices

CVE-2014-0160
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 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed

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 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed

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 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed

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 Demonstration of Shellshock exploit

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 Exercises

• OpenSSL Heartbleed exploitation

• Unauthorised Asterisk login
• FreePBX remote command execution
• FreePBX file upload command execution
• Shellshock exploitation for Cisco CUCM

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 Solutions

• Implement a security update procedure

• Subscribe to the vendor announcements
• Implement all security fixes ASAP
• Servers, appliances, IP phones
• User secure management protocols
• Strong authentication and password policy
• Strong encryption (disable SSL and weak
algorithms)
• Secure management protocols (e.g. HTTPS, SSH)
• Use a monitoring and integrity checking
system to avoid backdoors
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 Signalling Security

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 Signalling Essentials

VoIP = Signalling + Media

• Signalling services are responsible to
initiate, track, transfer, record (CDR) and
terminate VoIP calls.
• Multimedia transfer is a feature NOT
provided by signalling services. (except
H.323 and IAX2)
• Major signalling protocols
• SIP + Vendor Extensions e.g. Cisco, Microsoft
• Cisco Skinny Call Control Protocol (SCCP / Skinny)
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 Plan & Goals

Plan
• Discovering signalling services
• Authentication and authorisation analysis
• Bypass tests for call restrictions and billing
• Server load analysis

Goals
• Call and toll fraud
• Compromising the billing system
• Blackmail using TDoS and DoS
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 SIP Signalling

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 Session Initiation Protocol

• It was developed in 1996, standardised in 2002

• Signalling methods
• Register
• Invite
• Subscribe
• Message
• Encryption is required to protect RTP, message
contents and credentials
• Authentication
• Digest, Digital Certificate, NTLM, Kerberos
• Unified Communications

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 Basic SIP Flow

1- REGISTER
1- 200 OK
SIP Server
2- INVITE

Phone A 3- 183 Trying 3- INVITE

4- 200 OK
4- ACK

RTP

3- 200 OK

RTP Proxy RTP

Phone B

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 Less Complicated SIP Flow

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 Unified Communications

• Forget TDM and PSTN

• SIP, Skinny, H.248, RTP, MSAN/MGW
• Smart customer modems & phones

• Cisco UCM , Asterisk, Avaya, FreeSwitch

• Linux operating system
• Web based management services
• VoIP services (Skinny, SIP, RTP)
• Essential network services (TFTP, DHCP)
• Call centre, voicemail, value added services

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 Corporate VoIP Infrastructure

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 Unified Communications Services

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 Attacking SIP services

• Essential analysis
• Registration and invitation analysis
• User enumeration, brute force for credentials
• Discovery for SIP trunks, gateways and trusts
• Caller ID spoofing (w/wo register or trunk)

• Advanced analysis
• Finding value added services and voicemail
• SIP trust hacking
• SIP proxy bounce attack

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 Basic Attacks

We are looking for...

• Finding and identifying SIP services and purposes
• Discovering available methods and features
• Discovering SIP software and vulnerabilities
• Identifying valid target numbers, users, realms
• Unauthenticated registration (trunk, VAS, gateway)
• Brute-forcing valid accounts and passwords
• Invite without registration
• Direct invite from special trunk (IP based)
• Invite spoofing (with/without register, via trunk)

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 Discovery

• Finding and Identifying SIP Services

• Different ports, different purposes
• Internal Communication Service or PSTN
Gateway
• Discovering Available Methods
• Register, Direct Invite, Options
• Soft switch, Call Manager, mobile client
software, IP phone
• Discovering SIP Software
• Well-known software vulnerabilities
• Software compliance and architecture
• Network endpoints and 3rd party detection
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 Options Method

OPTIONS sip:192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:0;rport;branch=branchVGdOAdUioz
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:[email protected]>;tag=K75k51bxRK;epid=kMqwphxdeu
To: <sip:[email protected]>
Call-ID: call2Gtcfu093DUo7Z6HbGm87WTAI75BrW
CSeq: 1234 OPTIONS
Contact: <sip:[email protected]:0>
User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent
Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER,
MESSAGE, OPTIONS
Expires: 3600
Accept: application/sdp
Content-Length: 0

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 Register Method

REGISTER sip:192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:5066;rport;branch=branch4GMsx5FDmR
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:[email protected]>;tag=rqdA8Lolik;epid=TxX4MN68k3
To: <sip:[email protected]>
Call-ID: [email protected]
CSeq: 1 REGISTER
Contact: <sip:[email protected]:5066>
User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent
Supported: 100rel,replaces
Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER,
MESSAGE, OPTIONS
Expires: 3600
Accept: application/sdp
Content-Length: 0

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 Subscribe Method

SUBSCRIBE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:0;rport;branch=branchG3x7d4V1pc
Max-Forwards: 70
From: "1000" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=ckPqVBVPAx;epid=PWVkqSHbVO
To: <sip:[email protected]>
Call-ID: [email protected]
CSeq: 1 SUBSCRIBE
Contact: <sip:[email protected]:0>
User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent
Supported: 100rel,replaces
Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER,
MESSAGE, OPTIONS
Expires: 3600
Event: message-summary
Accept: application/simple-message-summary
Content-Length: 0

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 Discovery Tests

• Unauthenticated Registration
• Special trunks
• Special VAS numbers
• Gateways
• Enumeration
• Extensions, Users, Realms, MAC addresses
• De-Registration for Valid Users
• Brute-Forcing Valid Accounts and Passwords
• With well-known user list
• Numeric user ranges

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 Cisco SIP Services Enumeration

• Extensions (e.g. 1001)

• MAC address in Contact field
• SIP digest authentication (user + password)
• SIP x.509 authentication
• All authentication elements must be valid!

Good news, we have SIP enumeration inputs!

• Warning: 399 bhcucm "Line not configured”
• Warning: 399 bhcucm "Unable to find device/user in database"
• Warning: 399 bhcucm "Unable to find a device handler for the request
received on port 52852 from 192.168.0.101”
• Warning: 399 bhcucm "Device type mismatch"
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 Register and Subscribe
Register / Subscribe (FROM, TO, Credentials)

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 Invite, CDR and Billing Tests

• Free calling, call spoofing

• Free VAS services, free international calling
• Breaking call barriers
• Invite without registration (e.g. Phones, Trunks)
• Spoofing with...
• Via field, From field
• P-Asserted-Identity, P-Called-Party-ID, P-Preferred-
Identity
• ISDN Calling Party Number, Remote-Party-ID
• Bypass with...
• P-Charging-Vector (Spoofing, Manipulating)
• Re-Invite, Update (Without/With P-Charging-Vector)
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 78 – 8 August 2015
 Invite Method (Headers)

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:5065;rport;branch=branchLhpAPuhw0I
Max-Forwards: 70
From: "1000" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=pxeYwF48t8;epid=XeOPqADs0c
To: <sip:[email protected]>
Call-ID: [email protected]
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:[email protected]:5065>
User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent
Supported: 100rel,replaces
Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER,
MESSAGE, OPTIONS
Expires: 3600
Accept: application/sdp
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 407

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 79 – 8 August 2015

 Invite Method (SDP Content)

v=0
o=Cisco-SIPUA 158056866 158056866 IN IP4 192.168.0.11
s=Source
t=0 0
m=audio 16392 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 102 9 116 101
c=IN IP4 192.168.0.11
a=rtpmap:3 GSM/8000a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000
a=fmtp:18 annexb=no
a=rtpmap:102 L16/16000
a=rtpmap:9 G722/8000
a=rtpmap:116 iLBC/8000
a=fmtp:116 mode=20
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
a=fmtp:101 0-15
a=sendrecv

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 80 – 8 August 2015

 Invite, CDR and Billing Tests
Invite / Ack / Re-Invite / Update (FROM, TO, VIA, Credentials)

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 81 – 8 August 2015

 Toll fraud for CUCM
• Cisco UCM accepts MAC address as identity
• No authentication (secure deployment?)
• Rogue SIP gateway with no authentication
• Caller ID spoofing with proxy headers
• Via field, From field
• P-Asserted-Identity, P-Called-Party-ID
• P-Preferred-Identity
• ISDN Calling Party Number, Remote-Party-ID*
• Billing bypass with proxy headers
• P-Charging-Vector (Spoofing, Manipulating)
• Re-Invite, Update (With/Without P-Charging-Vector)

* https://tools.cisco.com/bugsearch/bug/CSCuo51517

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 82 – 8 August 2015

 Caller ID spoofing on CUCM

Remote-Party-ID header
Remote-Party-ID: <sip:[email protected]>;party=called;screen=yes;privacy=off

• Caller ID spoofing
• Billing bypass
• Accessing voicemail
• 3rd party operators

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 83 – 8 August 2015

 Caller ID fraud for all operators?

• Telecom operators trust source Caller ID

• One insecure operator to rule them all

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 84 – 8 August 2015

 Fake Caller ID for messages?

• Call me back function on voicemail / calls

• Sending many spoofed messages for DoS
• Overseas
• Roaming
• Social engineering (voicemail notification)
• Value added services
• Add a data package to my line
• Subscribe me to a new mobile TV service
• Reset my password/PIN/2FA
• Group messages, celebrations

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 85 – 8 August 2015

 Exercises

• SIP service discovery

• User and extension enumeration for SIP
services
• Brute force attacks against SIP services
• Register tests with/without authentication
• Invite tests for call analysis
• Message tests for SMS analysis
• Call Spoofing exercises

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 86 – 8 August 2015

 Advanced SIP Attacks

Unified Communications infrastructure and

commercial subscriber services may be
susceptible to the advanced attacks.

• SIP Proxy Bounce Attacks

• SIP Trust Relationship Hacking
• DoS and DDoS Tests
• Fuzzing

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 87 – 8 August 2015

 SIP Proxy Bounce Attack

• SIP Proxies Redirect Requests to the Others

• We can access and scan them via SIP proxy
• We can scan inaccessible servers
• URI field is useful for this scan

• Business Impact
• SIP trust relationship hacking
• Attacking inaccessible servers
• Attacking the SIP software and protocol
• Software, Version, Type, Realm

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 88 – 8 August 2015

 SIP Proxy Bounce Attack (Headers)
OPTIONS sip:10.1.1.1:5060 SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:5065;rport;branch=branchkUk5jYbvQk
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:[email protected]:5060>;tag=FCXdqAEChY;epid=Fho7Ha8vX4
To: <sip:[email protected]:5060>
Call-ID: callQOAFEvMfOoMfe1mwJDDJeOvr6nydEb Client IP
CSeq: 1234 OPTIONS
Contact: <sip:[email protected]:5065>
Scan Target
User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent
Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER,
MESSAGE, OPTIONS
Expires: 3600
Accept: application/sdp
Content-Length: 0
no SIP proxy address in the request

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 89 – 8 August 2015

 SIP Proxy Bounce Attack

192.168.1.145 - Sydney
Production SIP Service

192.168.1.146 192.168.1.202
Melbourne Brisbane

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 90 – 8 August 2015

 Denial of Service Tests

• Locking All Customer Phones and Services for

Blackmail
• Denial of Service Vulnerabilities of SIP Services
• Multiple responses for bogus requests → DDOS
• Concurrent registered user/call limits
• Voice Message Box, CDR, VAS based DOS attacks
• Bye and cancel tests for call drop
• Locking all accounts if account locking is active for
multiple fails
• Multiple Invite (With/Without Register, Via Trunk)
• Calling all numbers at same time
• Overloading SIP server's call limits
• Calling expensive gateways, targets or VAS
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 91 – 8 August 2015
 Distributed Denial of Service Tests

• SIP Amplification Attack

• SIP Servers Send Errors Many Times (10+)
• We Can Send IP Spoofed Packets
• SIP Servers Send Responses to Victim
• => 1 packet for 10+ Packets, ICMP Errors
(Bonus)

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 92 – 8 August 2015

 Distributed Denial of Service Tests

192.168.1.145 - Sydney
Production SIP Service IP spoofed UDP SIP request

192.168.1.146
Melbourne

192.168.1.202
Brisbane

SIP based DoS attacks

• UDP vulnerabilities and IP spoofing
• Too many errors, very very verbose mode Alderaan
• ICMP errors

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 93 – 8 August 2015

 Hacking SIP Trust Relationships

• NGN/UC SIP Services Trust Each Other

• Authentication and TCP are slow, they need
speed. UDP is the solution.
• IP and port based trust is most effective way
• What We Need
• Target number to call (cell phone if service is
public)
• Tech magazine, web site information, news
Hacme Telecom proudly announces the new
cheap call services supported by OverSeas
Telecom.

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 94 – 8 August 2015

 Hacking SIP Trust Relationships

Steps:
• Finding Trusted SIP Networks (Mostly B Class)
• Sending IP Spoofed Requests from Each IP:Port
• Each Call Should Contain IP:Port in "From" Section
• If We Have a Call, We Have The Trusted SIP Gateway
IP and Port

• Initiate unauthorised calls after obtaining the

trusted IP:Port pair

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 95 – 8 August 2015

 Hacking SIP Trust (Headers)

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 10.1.1.1:5060;branch=branchkjBzDAQuaX;rport
Max-Forwards: 70
From: "10.1.1.1:5060" <sip:10.1.1.1:[email protected]>;tag=tagnO4D1aHiEb
Contact: <sip:10.1.1.1:[email protected]>
To: <sip:[email protected]> SIP Server IP
Call-ID: [email protected]
CSeq: 1 INVITE Scanning Target IP and
User-Agent: Test Agent Port
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFER, SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, INFO
Expires: 3600
Supported: replaces, timer
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 218

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 96 – 8 August 2015

 Hacking SIP Trust (Content)

v=0
o=root 1716603896 1716603896 IN IP4 10.1.1.1
s=Test Source
c=IN IP4 10.1.1.1
t=0 0
m=audio 10024 RTP/AVP 0 101
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
a=fmtp:101 0-16
a=ptime:20
a=sendrec

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 97 – 8 August 2015

 Hacking SIP Trust Relationships

192.168.1.145 - Sydney
Production SIP Service

UDP Trust

192.168.1.146 192.168.1.202
Melbourne Brisbane

Universal
Trust

Send INVITE/MESSAGE requests with

• IP spoofing (source is Brisbane),
• from field contains Spoofed IP and Port,
Tatooine the caller ID will be your trusted host.

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 98 – 8 August 2015

 Attacking a client using SIP trust

192.168.1.145 - Sydney
Production SIP Service

UDP Trust

192.168.1.146 192.168.1.202
Melbourne Brisbane
It’s a TRAP!
Universal
Trust

Send INVITE/MESSAGE requests with

• IP spoofing (source is Brisbane),
Tatooine • from field contains special number,
you will have fun or voicemail access.
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 99 – 8 August 2015
 Hacking SIP Trust – Business Impact

• Denial of Service
• Calling all numbers at same time
• Overloading SIP server's call limits
• Overloading VAS service or international limits
• Overloading CDR records with spoofed calls
• Short Message Service and Billing Attacks
• Attacking Server Software
• Crashing/exploiting inaccessible features
• Call redirection (working on it, not yet :/)
• Attacking a Client?

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 100 – 8 August 2015

 Fuzzing

• Fuzzing as a SIP Client | SIP Server | Proxy | MITM

• SIP Server Software
• SIP Clients
• Hardware devices, IP phones, Video Conference systems
• Desktop application or web based software
• Mobile software
• Special SIP Devices/Software
• SIP firewalls, ACL devices, proxies
• Connected SIP trunks, 3rd party gateways
• MSAN/MGW
• Logging software (indirect)
• Special products: Cisco, Alcatel, Avaya, ZTE...

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 101 – 8 August 2015

 Old School Fuzzing vs Smart Fuzzing
• Request Fuzzing
• SDP features
• MIME type fuzzing
• Response Fuzzing
• Authentication, Bogus Messages, Redirection
• Static vs Stateful
• How about Smart Fuzzing
• Missing state features (ACK,PHRACK,RE-INVITE,UPDATE)
• Fuzzing after authentication (double account, self-call)
• Response fuzzing (before or after authentication)
• Missing SIP features (IP spoofing for SIP trunks, proxy headers)
• Numeric fuzzing for services is NOT memory corruption
• Dial plan fuzzing, VAS fuzzing

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 102 – 8 August 2015

 Demonstration for the SIP attacks

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 103 – 8 August 2015

 Exercises

• SIP Proxy Bounce Attack

• SIP Trust Relationship Hacking
• Sending malicious SMSes
• Sending malicious calls
• DoS and DDoS Tests

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 104 – 8 August 2015

 Solutions

• Use SIP over TCP or SCTP

• Enable the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• Do not use IP based SIP trunks
• OAuth for SIP
• Session tokens in the SIP headers
• Digital certificate based authentication
• Implement input validation for SIP headers
• Customise the error messages
• Don’t proxy the unauthorised IPs and Domains
• Don’t accept proxy headers on client requests

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 105 – 8 August 2015

 Skinny Signalling

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 106 – 8 August 2015

 Attacking Skinny services

• Cisco Skinny (SCCP)

• Binary, not plain text
• Different versions
• No authentication
• MAC address is identity
• Auto registration

• Basic attacks
• Register as a phone
• Disconnect other phones
• Call forwarding
• Unauthorised calls Source: Cisco

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 107 – 8 August 2015

 Attacking Skinny services

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 108 – 8 August 2015

 Attacking Skinny services

• Viproy has a Skinny library for easier

development and sample attack modules
• Skinny auto registration
• Skinny register
• Skinny call
• Skinny call forwarding

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 109 – 8 August 2015

 Attacking Skinny services

Register Unauthorised Call

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 110 – 8 August 2015

 Preparing a proper client for Skinny

• Install Cisco IP Communicator

• Set “Use this Device Name” for Spoofed MAC
• Register the software

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 111 – 8 August 2015

 Demonstration of Skinny attacks

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 112 – 8 August 2015

 Exercises

• Cisco Skinny register tests

• Cisco Skinny call tests
• Cisco Skinny call forwarding

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 113 – 8 August 2015

 Solutions

• Implement the secure deployment of

Cisco
• Digital certificate based authentication
• Signature for updates and configuration files
• Encrypt the configuration files
• Don’t allow concurrent connections
• Install the IP phone and software updates

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 114 – 8 August 2015

 Media Transport Security

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 115 – 8 August 2015

 Media Transport Essentials

• Media transport is essential for the VoIP

communications (audio and video) .
• RTP is the major protocol in use for decades.
• Real-time Transfer Protocol (RTP)
• Highly vulnerable to MITM attacks
• Encryption is not enabled on many implementations
• It can be recorded and decoded easily
• Codecs may change based on the implementation
• DTMF tones are coded separately as RTP events
• RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) may be in use for
monitoring and QoS

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 116 – 8 August 2015

 Plan & Goals

Plan
• Performing the MITM attacks
• Obtaining unauthorised access to the media
transport
• Decoding the RTP stream to extract the raw
audio/video of the conversation

Goals
• Eavesdropping
• Injection audio or video to the conversations
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 117 – 8 August 2015
 Media Transport Flow

1- REGISTER
1- 200 OK
SIP Server
2- INVITE

Phone A 3- 183 Trying 3- INVITE

4- 200 OK
4- ACK
RTP

RTP
3- 200 OK

RTP RTP RTP RTP

Proxy Proxy
Phone B

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 118 – 8 August 2015

 Audio Streams in RTP

Find reverse will find both RTP streams (sender / receiver).

Analyse can analyse the spectrum, Save as can save the streams.

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 119 – 8 August 2015

 DTMF Tones in RTP

DTMF tones are encoded through the RTP events.

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 120 – 8 August 2015
 Media Transport Security

• Secure Real-time Transfer Protocol (SRTP)

• Encryption
• Message Authentication
• Integrity
• Replay Protection

• Key Management for SRTP

• SDES (SIP without TLS) is still vulnerable
• ZRTP / ZRTP/S provide Diffie–Hellman handshakes
• MIKEY provides Public Key Encryption

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 121 – 8 August 2015

 Network MITM Attacks for RTP

Advanced or basic SRTP/RTP attacks can be

used for eavesdropping
• ARP attacks,
• DHCP attacks
• Proxy attacks
• RTP information in the SIP request can be
overwritten
• Master key can be extracted from the SDP
content in SIP requests

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 122 – 8 August 2015

 Decoding SRTP

Hacking VoIP – Decrypting SDES Protected

SRTP Phone Calls
https://www.acritelli.com/hacking-voip-decrypting-sdes-
protected-srtp-phone-calls

• Obtain a complete call, including SIP exchange and RTP

data, between two endpoints
• Grab the key and filter out a single SRTP stream in
Wireshark
• Use srtp-decrypt (https://github.com/gteissier/srtp-
decrypt) to decrypt the SRTP
• Replay the decrypted RTP data in Wireshark

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 123 – 8 August 2015

 Eavesdropping

Wireshark can decode and play RTP streams

• Different codecs and two Streams

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 124 – 8 August 2015

 Eavesdropping

• Cain & Abel

• UCSniff
• Call recording using Ucsniff

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 125 – 8 August 2015

 Demonstration of SDES decryption

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 126 – 8 August 2015

 Solutions

• RTP proxies should be in use to

• Isolate the clients
• Cover the various client types (PSTN, SIP, 3G/4G)
• Avoid the client to client direct communication
• SRTP should be implemented
• Enforce the strong encryption
• Don’t use key management through insecure
channels such as SIP without TLS
• ZRTP or MIKEY (depending on the
implementation)

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 127 – 8 August 2015

 Cloud VoIP Solutions
Security

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 128 – 8 August 2015

 Cloud VoIP solutions

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 129 – 8 August 2015

 Cloud VoIP environment

• Vendors are Cisco and VOSS Solutions

• Web based management services
• IP Phone services (CUCDM [VOSS] IP Phone Services)
• Tenant client services(CUCDM [VOSS] Selfcare)
• Tenant* services (CUCDM [VOSS] Domain Manager)
• VoIP services
• Skinny (SCCP) services for Cisco phones
• SIP services for other tenant phones
• RTP services for media streaming
• PBX/ISDN gateways, network equipment

* Tenant => Customer of hosted VoIP service

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 130 – 8 August 2015
 Plan & Goals

Plan
• Discovering the cloud services as tenant
• Attacking to the dedicated tenant services
• Attacking to the shared services for tenants
• Jailbreaking the cloud tenant isolation

Goals
• Call and toll fraud
• Compromising all tenants in the cloud
• Eavesdropping
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 131 – 8 August 2015
 Discovery for hosted VoIP networks

• Discover VoIP network configuration, design

and requirements
• Find Voice VLAN and gain access
• Gain access using PC port on IP Phone
• Understand the switching security for:
• Main vendor for VoIP infrastructure
• Network authentication requirements
• VLAN ID and requirements
• IP Phone management services
• Supportive services in use

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 132 – 8 August 2015

 Cisco Hosted Collaboration Suite

• Cisco UC Domain Manager

• VOSS IP Phone XML services
• VOSS Self Care customer portal
• VOSS Tenant services management
• Cisco UC Manager
• Cisco Unified Dialled Number Analyser
• Cisco Unified Reporting
• Cisco Unified CM CDR Analysis and Reporting

Multiple Vulnerabilities in Cisco Unified Communications

Domain Manager
http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecuri
tyAdvisory/cisco-sa-20140702-cucdm
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 133 – 8 August 2015
 Cisco CUCDM Self Care

• Tenant user services

• Password & PIN management
• Voicemail configuration
• Presence
• Corporate Directory access
• Extension mobility

Weaknesses
• Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 134 – 8 August 2015

 Account details stored XSS

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 135 – 8 August 2015

 Cisco CUCDM Service Management

• Tenant administration services

• User management
• Location and dial plan management
• CLI and number translation configuration

Weaknesses
• User enumeration
• Privilege escalation vulnerabilities
• Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities
• SQL injections and SOAP manipulations
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 136 – 8 August 2015
 Errors, Information Leakage

• /emapp/EMAppServlet?device=USER

• /bvsm/iptusermgt/disassociateuser.cgi

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 137 – 8 August 2015

 Insecure File Upload

• /bvsm/iptbulkadmin
• /bvsm/iptbulkloadmgt/bulkloaduploadform.cgi

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 138 – 8 August 2015

 Privilege Escalation
/bvsm/iptusermgt/moduser.cgi (stored XSS, change users’ role)
/bvsm/iptadminusermgt/adduserform.cgi?user_type=adminuser

/bvsm/iptnumtransmgt/editnumbertranslationform.cgi?id=1

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 139 – 8 August 2015

 IP Phone management

• VOSS IP Phone XML services

• Shared service for all tenants
• Call forwarding (Skinny has, SIP has not)
• Speed dial management
• Voicemail PIN management

http://1.2.3.4/bvsmweb/SRV.cgi?device=ID&cfoption=ACT
Services Actions
• speeddials • CallForwardAll
• changepinform • CallForwardBusy
• showcallfwd
• callfwdmenu
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 140 – 8 August 2015
 IP Phone management

• Authentication and Authorisation free!

• MAC address is sufficient
• Jailbreaking tenant services

• Viproy Modules
• Call Forwarding
• Speed Dial

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 141 – 8 August 2015

 Demonstration of CUCDM exploitation

viproy.com 142
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 142 – 8 August 2015
 Solutions

• Conduct audit from tenant and owner perspective

• Privacy of tenants vs Toll fraud
• Isolate the tenants for all services
• No shared services if possible
• Shared services should be tested for jailbreaking
• Security updates the cloud environment
• Enforce the strong encryption and authentication
for tenant phones and services
• Manage the backward compatibility

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 143 – 8 August 2015

 VoIP Client Security

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 144 – 8 August 2015

 VoIP Client Security

• Softphones vs Handsets vs Teleconferencing

• Information Disclosure
• Unnecessary services and ports (SNMP, echo)
• Weak management services (telnet, SSH, HTTP)
• Stored credentials and sensitive information
• Unauthorised Access
• Password attacks
• Compromising software using TFTP server
• Configuration files, upgrade files, firmware
• Weak VoIP Services
• They may accept direct invite, register or notify

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 145 – 8 August 2015

 Plan & Goals

Plan
• Analysing the VoIP clients which use the
commercial services
• Finding the published and unpublished bugs
on the clients
• Trying to exploit those bugs from remote

Goals
• Mass compromise of clients
• Injecting a persistent backdoor to the clients
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 146 – 8 August 2015
 Attacking a client using SIP service

• Caller ID spoofed messages

• to install a malicious application or an SSL certificate
• to redirect voicemails or calls
• Fake caller ID for Scam, Vishing or Spying
• Manipulate the content or content-type on
messaging
• Trigger a crash/BoF on the remote client
• Inject cross-site scripting to the conversation
• Proxies with TCP/TLS interception and manipulation
• Viproy MITM though UDP/TCP modules
• Socat
• Viproxy (github.com/fozavci/viproxy)
• MITMproxy
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 147 – 8 August 2015
 Rogue Services and MITM

• We Need a Rogue Service

• Adding a feature to a regular SIP client
• Collecting credentials
• Redirecting calls
• Manipulating CDR or billing features
• Fuzzing servers and clients for vulnerabilities
• Rogue Service Should be Semi-Automated
• Communication sequence should be defined
• Sending bogus request/result to client/server

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 148 – 8 August 2015

 Rogue Services and MITM

• Use ARP/DNS Spoof & VLAN hopping & Manual config

• Collect credentials, hashes, information
• Change client's request to add a feature (eg. Spoofing)
• Change the SDP features to redirect calls
• Add a proxy header to bypass billing & CDR
• Manipulate request at runtime to find BoF vulnerabilities
• Trigger software upgrades for malwared executables

Death Star in the Middle

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 149 – 8 August 2015
 Attacking a client using SIP trust

• SIP server redirects a few fields to client

• FROM, FROM NAME, Contact
• Other fields depend on server (e.g. SDP, MIME)
• Message content
• Clients have buffer overflow in FROM?
• Send 2000 chars to test it !
• Crash it or execute your shellcode if available
• Clients trust SIP servers and trust is UDP based
• Trust hacking module can be used for the trust
between server and client too.
• Viproy Penetration Testing Kit SIP Modules
• Simple fuzz support (FROM=FUZZ 2000)
• You can modify it for further attacks
www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 150 – 8 August 2015
 Attacking a client using SIP trust

192.168.1.145 - Sydney
Production SIP Service

UDP Trust

192.168.1.146 192.168.1.202
Melbourne Brisbane

Universal
Trust Crash!

Send INVITE/MESSAGE requests with

• IP spoofing (source is Brisbane),
Tatooine • from field contains exploit,
the client will be your stormtrooper. Adore iPhone App

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 151 – 8 August 2015

 Exercises

• Direct Invite requests

• Sending bogus SMSes to trigger a crash
• Sending bogus calls to trigger a crash
• MITM interception and header adding
• Memory corruption through MITM proxy

www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 152 – 8 August 2015

 Solutions

• Update the client software and handsets

• Secure communication must be enforced
• Strong authentication
• Strong encryption
• Prevent the information disclosure
• Do not use the client data as trusted
• Input validation must be in place
• Use the authenticated Identity, not client’s one
• Configure clients to reject calls not coming
from the server registered

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 References

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 Resources for Viproy

• Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit

Author : http://viproy.com/fozavci
Homepage : http://viproy.com
Github: http://www.github.com/fozavci/viproy-voipkit

• Attacking SIP Servers Using Viproy VoIP Kit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbXh_L0-Y5A

• VoIP Pen-Test Environment – VulnVoIP

http://www.rebootuser.com/?cat=371

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 Other Tools

• Network Analysis Tools

• Yersinia, Cain&Abel, Wireshark, Dsniff, VoIPHopper
• Service Analysis Tools
• Nmap, Metasploit Framework
• SIP Analysis Tools
• Viproy, Sipvicious, Bluebox-NG, Metasploit
• Proxy Attacks
• Viproy MITM, Em-proxy, SIP Rogue, RTP Redirect
• Free VoIP Clients
• Jitsi, Boghe, Linphone, X-Lite, Micro SIP, Vi-Vo

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 Solutions for Cisco Networks

• Install the Cisco security patches

• From CVE-2014-3277 to CVE-2014-3283, CVE-2014-
2197, CVE-2014-3300
• CSCum75078, CSCun17309, CSCum77041, CSCuo51517,
CSCum76930, CSCun49862
• Secure network design
• IP phone services MUST be DEDICATED, not SHARED
• Secure deployment with PKI
• Authentication with X.509, software signatures
• Secure SSL configuration
• Secure protocols
• Skinny authentication, SIP authentication
• HTTP instead of TFTP, SSH instead of Telnet
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 Questions?

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 Enquiries

Fatih Ozavci Chris Archimandritis

Principal Security Consultant Senior Security Consultant
[email protected] [email protected]

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 Thank you
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