Chapter 5: Networking Devices

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 Chapter 5 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are Covered in This
Chapter:

• 1.1 Explain the functions and applications of various network devices

• • Router
• • Switch
• • Multilayer switch
• • Firewall
• • HIDS
• • IDS/IPS
• • Access point (wireless/wired)
• • Content filter
• • Load balancer
• • Hub
• • Analog modem
• • Packet shaper
• • VPN concentrator

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 Chapter 5 Objectives (cont.)
• 1.3 Install and configure the following networking
services/applications
• • DHCP
• o Static vs dynamic IP addressing
• o Reservations
• o Scopes
• o Leases
• o Options (DNS servers, suffixes)
• o IP helper/DHCP relay
• • DNS
• o DNS servers
• o DNS records (A, MX, AAAA, CNAME, PTR)
• o Dynamic DNS
• • Proxy/reverse proxy

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 Chapter 5 Objectives (cont.)
• 1.12 Given a set of requirements, implement a basic
network
• • List of requirements
• • Device types/requirements
• • Environment limitations
• • Equipment limitations
• • Compatibility requirements
• • Wired/wireless considerations
• • Security considerations

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 Common Network Devices
Here’s a list of the devices we’ll be covering in this
chapter:
• Hub
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Bridge
• Basic switch
• Basic router
• Basic firewall
• Basic Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
server
• Other specialized devices

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Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Those of you who aren’t familiar with NICs probably
want to be, at this point, so here goes: a Network
Interface Card (NIC) is installed in your computer to
connect, or interface, your computer to the network.
• It provides the physical, electrical, and electronic
connections to the network media.
• A NIC either is an expansion card or is built right into
the computer’s motherboard.
• The NIC usually connects to the computer through
expansion slots located on the motherboard that allow
peripherals to be plugged in directly.
• In some notebook computers, NIC adapters can be
connected to the printer port or through a PC card slot.

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

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Chapter 5
A typical hub
Figure 5.2
 A Basic Hub

As you learned earlier, a hub is the device that connects all the
segments of the network together in a star topology Ethernet
network. Every device in the network connects directly to the hub
through a single cable and is used to connect multiple devices
without segmenting a network.
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 Bridge

Collision domains

Bridge

One broadcast domain

A bridge—specifically, a transparent bridge—is a network

device that connects two similar network segments together.
Its primary function is to keep traffic separated on either side
of the bridge, breaking up collision domains. 10
 Switch

Switches connect multiple segments of a network together much

like hubs do, but with three significant differences—a switch
recognizes frames and pays attention to the source and
destination MAC address of the incoming frame as well as the
port on which it was received. 11
 Router

Internet

Wireless Computer
Router equipped with
DSL/Cable network adapter
Modem

Computer
equipped with Notebook
wireless adapter equipped with
Wireless adapter

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 Interface Configurations
Router(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#
*Oct 5 17:26:46.522: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state
to up
*Oct 5 17:26:47.522: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line
protocol on Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

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 Firewall
• Basically, firewalls are your network’s security guards;
and to be real, they’re probably the most important
thing to implement on your network.
• That’s because today’s networks are almost always
connected to the Internet—a situation that makes
security crucial!
• A firewall protects your LAN resources from invaders
that prowl the Internet for unprotected networks, while
simultaneously preventing all or some of your LAN’s
computers from accessing certain services on the
Internet.
• You can employ them to filter packets based on rules
that you or the network administrator create and
configure to strictly delimit the type of information
allowed to flow in and out of the network’s Internet
connection.
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 Firewall

Internet
Internal Network

Firewall Firewall
DMZ

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 Figure 5.7

Internet

Wireless
Router
DSL/Cable
Modem
 DHCP
• In essence, DHCP servers assign IP addresses to
hosts. This protocol gives us a much easier way to
administrate—by automatically providing IP information
—than the alternative and tedious method known as
static IP addressing, where we have to address each
host manually.
• It works well in any network environment, from tiny to
huge, and allows all types of hardware to be employed
as a DHCP server, including routers.
• A DHCP server receives request for IP information
from a DHCP client using a broadcast. The only hitch is
that if the DHCP server isn’t on the same segment as
the DHCP client, the broadcast won’t be received by
the server because by default, routers won’t forward
broadcasts.
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 DHCP Client
• Shown in the figure on the next slide, Router A is
configured with the IP helper address command on
interface E0 of the router. Whenever interface E0
receives a broadcast request, Router A will forward
those requests as a unicast (meaning instead of a
broadcast, the packet now has the destination IP
address of the DHCP server).
• You can configure Router A to forward these
requests and even use multiple DHCP servers for
redundancy, if needed. This works because the
router has been configured to forward the request
to a single server using a unicast or by sending the
request to multiple servers via a directed
broadcast.

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 DHCP Client
Single-Server Example

A B
Unicast

Client
Server
Broadcast

Multiple-Server Example

A B
Directed
Broadcast

Client Server Server

Broadcast

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 DHCP Server Options
• Scope Options provide IP configuration for hosts
on a specific subnet. Below the Scope Options,
you’ll find Server Options, which provide IP
information for all scopes configured on the server.
• If I had just one Domain Name Service (DNS)
server for the entire network, I’d configure the
Server Options with my DNS server information;
that DNS server information would then show up
automatically in all scopes configured on my
sever.

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DHCP Server Options

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 DHCP Client Request
• So, what exactly does a DHCP client ask for, and
what does a DHCP server provide? Is it just an IP
address, a mask, and a default gateway? Let’s
take a look at a DHCP client request on an
analyzer on the next slide.

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DHCP Client Request

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DHCP Server Response

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Figure 5.13
 Specialized Devices
• Multilayer switch
• Content filter
• Load balancer
• DNS server
• Proxy server
• Encryption devices
• VPN Concentrator

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 Multilayer Switch
• A multilayer switch (MLS) is a computer networking
device that switches on Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) Layer 2 like an ordinary network
switch but provides extra functions on higher OSI
Layers, like Layer 3, for routing.
• A layer 3 switch (multilayer switch) can also be called
a router, and vice versa.

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 Domain Name Service (DNS)
• A Domain Name Service (DNS) server is one of the
most important servers in your network and on the
Internet as well.
• A host name is typically the name of a device that has a
specific IP address; on the Internet, it is part of what is
known as a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). An
FQDN consists of a host name and a domain name.
• Your local ISP is probably a member of the .net domain,
and your company is probably part of the .com domain.
The .gov and .mil domains are reserved strictly for use
by the government and the military within the United
States.

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DNS Resolution Example

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DNS Server Config

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 Mail Exchanger (MX)
• Here are some sample mail-exchange records:

hostname.company.com. IN MX 10 mail.company.com
hostname.company.com. IN MX 20 mail2.company.com
hostname.company.com. IN MX 30 mail3.company.com

• In this example, if the first mail exchanger,

mail.company.com, does not respond, the second one,
mail2.company.com, is tried, and so on.

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Chapter 5
A DNS query to www.lammle.com
Figure 5.16
Chapter 5
The DNS answer to our query
Figure 5.17
 Dynamic DNS
• Hosts register their names with the DNS
sever as they receive their IP address
configuration from the DHCP server.
• Some of the record types we have
discussed can only be created manually.
These include MX and CNAME records.

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 Proxy Server

PC
LAN

Proxy
Server Router Second
Switch PC or Printer

Internet

Wireless
Connection 35
Encryption Devices

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Chapter 5
Content filtering appliance
Figure 5.20
Figure 5.21
Figure 5.22
 VPN Concentrator
VPN concentrator
Figure 5.23

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 Planning and Implementing
a Basic SOHO Network Using
Network Segmentation
Issues driving requirements
•Too many hosts in a broadcast domain
• Broadcast storms
• Multicasting
• Low bandwidth
• Adding hubs for connectivity to the network

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Chapter 5
A switch can replace the hub, breaking up collision domains.
Figure 5.24
Switch

Hub
Chapter 5
Routers create an internetwork.
Figure 5.25

Switch
Serial 0

Switch
Chapter 5
Internetworking devices
Figure 5.26

Bridge

Switch Router
Chapter 5
Switched networks creating an internetwork
Figure 5.27

Router
Chapter 5
A router in an internetwork
Figure 5.28

FastEthernet0/0 Serial0
Internet
WAN Services
FastEthernet0/1
Chapter 5
A switch in an internetwork
Figure 5.29

1 2 3 4

Each segment has its own collision domain.

All segments are in the same broadcast domain.
Chapter 5
A hub in a network
Figure 5.30

A B C D

All devices in the same collision domain

All devices in the same broadcast domain
Devices share the same bandwidth
 Summary

• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions

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