Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Distinguishing Between a Discrete
and a Continuous Random
Variable
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Distinguishing Between a Discrete and Continuous Random
Variable
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Distinguishing Between a Discrete
and a Continuous Random
Variable
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Distinguishing Between a Discrete and a
Continuous Random Variable!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Distinguishing Between a Discrete and a
Continuous Random Variable!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process

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 what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lesson is arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

The module has one lesson:

• Lesson 1 – Distinguishing between a discrete and a continuous
random variable.

After going through this module, you are expected to Distinguish random
variables as discrete or continuous.

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 What I Know

Before studying this module, take this pre-test to find out how much you
already know about the topic covered. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. How is the variable, as described in Algebra, similar to a random

variable?
A. Both variables can take on assigned numerical values
B. Both variables correspond to assigned specific probability
C. Both variables take on assigned intervals instead of numbers
D. Both variables can only take on specific numerical values
assigned to them

2. A variable that can assume any value between two given points is
called
A. Discrete random variable
B. Irregular random variable
C. Uncertain random variable
D. Continuous random variable

3. Discrete random variable is a numerical quantity derived from the

outcome of an experiment that can be
A. Counted
B. Manipulated
C. Measured
D. Traced

4. Continuous random variable is a numerical quantity derived from the

outcome of an experiment that can be
A. Counted
B. Manipulated
C. Measured
D. Traced

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5. You decide to collect a bunch of bottles of soft drink and measure the
volume of soft drink in each bottle. Let X be the number of ml of soft
drink in each bottle. What type of variable is X?
A. X is a constant
B. X is a Place holder
C. X is a discrete random variable
D. X is a continuous random variable

6. Which of the following statement describe a discrete random variable?

A. The length of span of a 10 months baby
B. The average increase in height of a baby each year
C. The average increase in weight of a baby each year
D. The number of avocado produced by an avocado tree each year

7. Which of the following is discrete random variable?

A. Cardo’s height
B. Cardo’s weight
C. Cardo’s temperature
D. Cardo’s number of owned cars

8. Which of the following is continuous random variable?

A. The cat has 2 eyes
B. The cat has 2 kittens
C. The cat has 4 paws
D. The cat weights 5.4 kg

9. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random

variable?
A. The e average life span of a dog
B. The number of face mask in a pack
C. The number of shoppers in a certain mall
D. The number of “covid-19” patients in a certain hospital

10. Which of these is NOT a discrete random variable?

A. The number of absent in a class
B. The number of death per year attributed to lung cancer
C. The average amount of electricity consumed per household per
month
D. The number of people who drive through a red light each day
during rush hour

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11. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a discrete
random variable?
A. The number of siblings in your family
B. The height of your brother in centimeters
C. The number of affected individuals by “Covid- 19” pandemic
D. The number of qualified family in “Social Amelioration Program”

12. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?

A. Amount of water in a pail
B. A person’ s height each year
C. A person’s weight on each birthday
D. Number of cars manufactured in a factory each day

13. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a continuous

random variable?
A. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
B. The amount of water in a cup of coffee
C. The average earnings per day in a cafeteria
D. The number of cups of coffee sold in a cafeteria during lunch

14. The distance that a cyclist rides each day is what sort of variable?
A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Ordinal
D. Qualitative

15. x is the time it takes a chef to cook a specific dish, is a continuous

random variable. Why do think the variable x in the statement
becomes continuous?
A. The variable x is continuous because it takes a range of values
B. The variable x is continuous because it takes an integral values.
C. The variable x is continuous because it takes a countable values
D. The variable x is continuous because it takes a specific
numerical values

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How did you find the pre-test? Have you got a 100%? If yes, Very Good! You
may SKIP this module and PROCEED to the next module. But, if you failed
to get it right don’t be hesitant to learn new concepts because it only
indicates that you need to ponder yourself by exploring this module. By
that, you will acquire the proper way on how to deal with those situations.
The next time you encounter those scenarios, things would be easy for you.

Focused carefully on the details that will be presented and discussed in this
module so that you will be able to understand the proper procedures in
answering those problems.

Lesson
Distinguishing Between a Discrete
1 and a Continuous Random Variable

Every day we often read, heard or even used the word random. You may
hear someone say “We randomly decided to go out for shopping yesterday.”
But is this really a random event? No, this is a decision that was made on
the basis of other variables such as desire and the lack of satisfaction with
other options such as TV viewing.

The word random has a different meaning in the field of statistics.

Something is random when it differs by chance. For example, when a coin is
tossed twice, the possible outcomes that can occur are {HH, HT, TT, TH}
where H represent head and T represent tail, the observed outcomes on any
one toss is random.

This module will help you understand the process of distinguishing between
a discrete and a continuous random variable.

5
 What’s In

Remember that a variable is a quantity that may change within the context
of a mathematical problem or experiment. Typically, we use a single letter to
represent a variable. The letters x, y, and z are common generic symbols
used for variables. In this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are
associated with probabilities, called random variables.

Notes to the Teacher

To be able to arrive in an accurate and similar answer, the
teacher must advise the learners to browse their notes
about:
Experiment, Outcomes, Event and Sample space

To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following.
List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. Flipping a coin
2. Rolling a die
3. Drawing a card at random from a deck of 6
identical card suits labeled 1 to 6
4. Spinning the wheel shown, assuming that the
arrow will never fall on the lines separating the 8
sectors

5. Rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously

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 What’s New

To understand how one distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous

random variable. Do the activity below.

Complete the following table. The first one is done for you.

Experiment Number X Possible Value of X

Two cards are drawn from a Sum of the numbers on 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
deck. the cards 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20

(since, the least

number in the card
is 2 and the highest
is 10. therefore, the
smallest possible
sum of the numbers
on the cards when
two cards are drawn
is 4, while the
highest possible sum
of the numbers on
the cards is 20)
Roll a pair of dice Sum of the number of
dots on the top faces
Toss a fair coin repeatedly Number of tosses until
the coin lands head
Height of individuals Height of each member
of the family
(You must only use a meter
stick or ruler and avoid using
a carpenter’s rule because you
might accidentally get lose of it
and will end up wounding
your fingers or hand.)

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This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will help
you to understand the appropriate way of classifying a random variable.
Answer the following questions:

1. How do you find the activity?

2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?

3. If a random variable takes on values on continuous scale, it is

continuous random variable. If a random variable takes on outcomes
that are countable then it is discrete random variable. Now, will you
be able to classify those experiments in activity 1 as discrete or
continuous? If yes, how? If no, why?

4. In your own words, how will you differentiate between discrete and
continuous random variables?

What is It

In Algebra, “variable” means one thing - an unknown value, you’ll come

across different types of variables in statistics. Some of these are: categorical
variable (variable that can be put into categories like tooth paste brands);
ordinal variable (similar to categorical variable, but there is a clear order like
socioeconomic status ); quantitative variable (a broad category that includes
any variable that can be counted or has a numerical values associated with
it); qualitative variable (a broad category that for any variable that can’t be
counted) and there’s a lot more variable that you may encounter in the field
of statistics, but our focused in this module, is on random variable.

A Random Variable is a function that associates a real number with each

element in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by
chance. Thus, in simple words, a Random Variable is a numerical quantity
that is derived from the outcomes of a random experiment.

In the experiment of tossing a coin, the number of times the coin turns up a
head is an example of random variables. Below are some examples of
random variables.

a. Suppose two dice are rolled. The sum of the two numbers that face up is
an example of a random variable. This variable make take on integers

8
 from 2 to 12.
b. Suppose the spinner shown below is spun.

4 1

3 2

An example of a random variable for this experiment is the number of times

that the spinner stops at number 3.

There are two types of random variables, the discrete and continuous
random variables

Types of Random Variables

Discrete Continuous

A discrete random variable A continuous random

is a random variable variable is a random
whose values represented variable that takes values
by count data. This on a continuous scale.
happens when the set of This hap pens when the
possible outcomes from an set of possible outcomes
experiment can be from an experiment
counted such as can be cannot be counted but
counted such as the can be measured such as
number of household in a height of Grade 11
barangay, thus making students. Continuous
the values of the random random variables
variable countable of the represent measured data
random variable countable like height, weight and
just like whole numbers 0, temperature.
1, 2, 3.

Figure 1. Diagram of the types of Random Variable

9
Now, let us try to take a look to some examples of random variables from the
table below.
Table 1. Examples of Random Variables

Experiment Number X or the Random Possible Values of

Variable X Random Variable X
1. Flipping a pair of Number of heads in 4 flips of a
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
coin coin
2. Flipping a pair of Number of tosses until the coin
1, 2, 3, 4, …
coin repeatedly lands tails
3. Set of Integers Integers from 2 to 6 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
4. Set of real numbers Real numbers from 2 to 6 2<x<6
5. Life span of your Time until your iPhone battery
0<x< 
iPhone battery become defective

From the example in the table above, Examples 1, 2, and 3 are all discrete while
example 4 and 5 are continuous

Example 6. Brand Z is a company that manufactures batteries. They record

the number of defective batteries that are contained in each box
before it is sent out for delivery. If X is the number of defective
batteries per box, then what type of random variable is X?

Solution. X is a discrete random variable, and X can be a set {0, 1, 2, …, n}

where n is the total number of batteries in each box.

Example 7. Suppose Brand Z in example number 6 wants to check the

average life span of their batteries. If Y is the average number of
days that each battery lasts, then what can you conclude about
the variable Y?

Solution. We can conclude from above, that Y is a continuous random

variable. It may be assigned time intervals that corresponds to
each battery’s life span.

Because of the way the discrete random variable is defined, we can say that
the range of values that can be assigned to it is confined to the set of whole
numbers. That is, a discrete random variable may NOT take on non-
integers.

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 What’s More

Independent Activity 1.
Look Back and Reflect
1. How do you determine the values of a random variable?

2. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?

What is the difference between the two types of random variables?

Independent Assessment 1.

Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.

1. the speed of a tricycle.

2. the number of female students.

3. the time needed to finish the module.

4. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.

5. The number of defective mobile phones produced by a manufacturer.

Independent Activity 2.
Determine whether each of the following experiments/situations involve a discrete
random variable or a continuous random variable.

1. choosing an even number less than 150

2. gathering information about the average monthly electric consumption in a

certain household
3. tallying the number of family in a certain barangay that have one child

Independent Assessment 2.
Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.

1. getting the temperature of patient admitted in a hospital

2. collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school

3. the number of patient admitted in the hospital due to COVID-19

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4. the number of no work no pay in a certain municipality caused by pandemic

5. the number of families that are members of 4P’s in Quezon

6. the number of Balikbayan OFW arrive in the Philippines

7. the number of text messages received by a particular individual in a day

8. the number of possible outcomes in rolling a die

9. the amount of liquid in a 12 - ounce can of soda

10. the number of fouls committed by a basketball team during the games

What I Have Learned

Give your answer in the following statements.

1. A well - defined function from a sample space to the set of real numbers is called
a _______________________. It is commonly denoted by capital letters, such as X, Y
and Z. The specific values of a random variable is denoted by small letters such as
x, y, and z.

2. A random variable is a _______________________if its set of possible outcomes is

countable. Mostly, discrete random variable represent count data, such as the
number of enrolled students in a particular school.

3. A random variable is _______________________if it takes on values on a continuous

scale. Often, continuous random variables represent measured data, such as
heights, weights temperatures and lifespan.

12
 What I Can Do

This time, it’s your turn to shine. Answer the following questions.

1. Eight students were asked to solve the Rubik’s cube. The time it took for
them to complete the puzzle is summarized in the table below.

Time (in min) Less than 1 - 2 min 2 - 3 min Greater than

1 min 3 min
Number of
children who
2 2 3 1
completed the
Rubik’s cube

Classify what type of random variable is shown.

2. Suppose a Meter-man Apprentice was told by his superior to measure the

voltage of a certain electric outlet. The voltage reading ranges from 118 V <
x < 122 V. Does the scenario represent a discrete or a continuous random
variable?

Assessment

Let us test how far you understood the lesson on random variables. Answer the test
below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I believe that with your
effort and determination, you can do it once again!
1. A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
A. Random sample
B. Random variable
C. Random Process
A. Random experiment

2. Which of the following best describe variable that can be counted?

A. Categorical
B. Continuous
C. Discrete
D. Ordinal

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3. Which of the following best describe variable that can be measured?
A. Categorical
B. Continuous
C. Discrete
D. Ordinal

4. You decided to order a pizza but you have to choose the type of crust and
the toppings. If there are only 6 possible combinations of ordering a pizza,
from which of the following should you choose?
A. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese or pepperoni
B. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon or pepperoni
C. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon, sausage or pepperoni
D. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon, sausage, pepperoni or hotdog

5. A drawer has 2 red ties, 3 black ties and 5 blue ties. A tie is picked at
random. What is the total number of possible outcomes?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 10

6. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random variable?

A. The number of students present in a class
B. The average distance traveled by a jeep in a week
C. The number of correct guesses on a multiple choice test
D. The number of women taller than 68 inches in a random sample of 5
Women

7. Which of the following is a continuous random variable?

A. Height of sunflower as measured each day
B. Number of gadgets a business sell per day
C. Number of people attending mass every Sunday
D. Number of people eating at the restaurant everyday

8. Which of the following is discrete random variable?

A. Hipolito weighs 65 kg
B. Hipolito is 160 cm tall
C. Hipolito has two brother
D. Hipolito ran 100 meters in 10.2 seconds

9. Which of the following variable is discrete random variable?

A. Lifetime of a AAA battery
B. The amount of gasoline in a car
C. Number of goals of a football team
D. The time it takes to commute to work

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10. Which of the following is NOT a discrete random variable?
A. Height of rose as measured each day
B. Number of appliances a business sell each day
C. Number of people went to church every Sunday
D. Number of students late in going to school each day

11. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a discrete random
variable?
A. The number of children who do household chores everyday
B. The average amount of milk consumption of a baby each day
C. The number of students who excelled in mathematics in a certain
grade level
D. The number of children who love to pray a rosary every 6 o’clock in
the afternoon

12. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a continuous random
variable?
A. The distance traveled by a truck in an hour
B. The average height of a coconut tree each day
C. The number of provinces belong to Region IV-A
D. The intensity of an earthquake that happens last month

13. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?

A. The amount of water on a jug
B. The length of time attending a “Webinar”
C. The number of OFW who traveled abroad each day
D. The height of the tallest mountain in the Philippines

14. You decide to collect a bunch of cans of soda and measure the volume of
soda in each can. Let x be the number of soda in each can. What type of
variable is x?
A. x is a constant
B. x is a place holder
C. x is a discrete random variable
D. x is a continuous random variable

15. You decided to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are
interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in each family.
Is this a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable
B. No, it is not a random variable
C. Maybe
D. Cannot be determine

15
 Additional Activities

Answer the following.

Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or

a continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.

_____ 1. Getting the distance travelled by a car

_____ 2. Collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school
_____ 3. The temperature in Quezon at noon times
_____ 4. Picking a multiple of 3 less than 200
_____ 5. Tallying the number of PUI (Person Under Investigation) due to
Covid-19 pandemic.

16
 17
Additional Assessment What I Know
Activities 1. B 1. A
2. B 2. D
1. C
3. A 3. A
2. C
4. B 4. C
3. C
5. D 5. D
4. D
6. B 6. D
5. D
7. A 7. D
8. C 8. D
9. C 9. A
10. A 10.C
11. B 11.B
12. C 12.D
13. C 13.D
14. D 14.A
15. A 15.A
Answer Key
 18
What’s More
Independent Activity 1
1. Discrete variables are countable while continuous variables are
measurable.
2. Discrete variable can take on only integer values whereas
continuous variable can take on any value.
3. Answer may vary
Independent Assessment 1
1. Continuous
2. Discrete
3. Continuous
4. Continuous
5. Discrete
Independent Activity 2
1. Discrete random variable
2. continuous random variable
3. Discrete random variable
Independent Assessment 2
1. Continuous random variable
2. Continuous random variable
3. Discrete random variable
4. Discrete random variable
5. Discrete random variable
6. Discrete random variable
7. Discrete random variable
8. Discrete random variable
9. Continuous random variable
10. Discrete random variable
 19
What I Can Do
1. The time it takes for a child to complete the Rubik’s cube is a
continuous random variable, since a child could have finished the
puzzle in 1.2 minutes or 2.5 minutes and so on.
2. The voltage of a certain electric outlet is a continuous random
variable
What's In
1. S = {H, T}
2. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
4. S = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
5. S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6,
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
What's New
Roll a pair of dice = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Flip a pair of coins repeatedly = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
Height of individual = answer may vary
Reflection questions 1 - 4. answer may vary
References

Belencia, Rene R., Baccay, Elisa S., and Mateo, Efren B. Statistics and
Probability. Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI). 2016

Melosantos, Luis Allan B., Janice E. Antonio, Susan S. Robles and Ryan M.
Bruce. Math Connections in the Digital Age. Sibs Publishing House,
Inc. 2016

Malate, Jose S. “Statistics and Probability”. Vicarish Publications and

Trading, Inc. (2017). ISBN 978-421-8030-17-6, 17-26.

http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/ranvar.htm,
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/random-variables.html

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]