Because learning changes everything.

Instructor: Tôn Nữ Ngọc Hân (Ph.D)

Working place: Center for Public Administration – International University – Vietnam National
University Ho Chi Minh City
Education and Research:
➢ Bachelor in Biotechnology – International University (VNU-HCM) (2007-2012)
➢ Master in Business Administration – International University (VNU-HCM) (2013-2015)
➢ PhD in Development Administration (major: Public Policy) - National Institute of
Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand (2016-2020)
Fields of Interest: Development and Sustainable Development, Public Policy, Development
Economics, Gender Equality, Organizational Theory, Sociology, Knowledge Sharing, Social Housing,
Neighborhood Governance, Event Management.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1924-2187
 Because learning changes everything. ®

Sociology: A Brief Introduction 14e

Richard T. Schaefer

Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
 Because learning changes everything. ®

Instructor: Tôn Nữ Ngọc Hân (Ph.D)

Center for Public Administration
International University (VNU-HCM)

Chapter 1
Understanding Sociology

Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
 Inside

What Is Sociology?

What Is Sociological Theory?

The Development of Sociology

Major Theoretical Perspectives

Taking Sociology with You

Careers in Sociology

© McGraw Hill LLC 4

 A Look Ahead

How did sociology develop?

How does sociology differ from other social sciences?
Who were the pioneers of sociology?
What are the different theoretical perspectives in sociology?
What is the “sociological imagination,” and why is it
important?

© McGraw Hill LLC 5

 What Is Sociology?

Sociology: the scientific study of social behavior and human

groups.
Sociology focuses on:
• Social relationships.
• How those relationships influence human behavior.
• How societies develop and change.

© McGraw Hill LLC 6

 DURING THE PEACE

© McGraw Hill LLC 7

 DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMICS
WE TOGETHER TO TACKLE CORONAVIRUS

© McGraw Hill LLC 8

9
Because learning changes everything. ®

Front-line workers
(such as health workers,
police, military force, local
government, resident committees)
The local government

Military force
10
Because learning changes everything. ®

SOCIAL CAPITAL
NEIGHBORHOOD GOVERNANCE
11
Because learning changes everything. ®

SOCIAL CAPITAL
KNOWLEDGE SHARING
VIRTUAL COMMUNITY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
 SOME INTERESTING TOPICS IN THE COURSE

Topic 1: THE LGBT REVOLUTION (Social Change)

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnA064FnTqY

Topic 2: LOVE, INFIDELITY, DEVIANCE, BAD BLOOD

Song: Trời giấu trời mang đi – Singer: Amee
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXkp77tR9vw

Topic 3: China's Three-Child Policy Explained

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2U4Qq4H4JSU

© McGraw Hill LLC 12

 Because learning changes everything. ®

FIFA WORLD CUP

QATAR 2022
Official link:
https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar
2022
14
Because learning changes everything. ®
15
Because learning changes everything. ®
16
Because learning changes everything. ®
17
Because learning changes everything. ®
18
Because learning changes everything. ®
19
Because learning changes everything. ®
20
Because learning changes everything. ®
 Fans threaten boycott of Qatar World Cup over
corruption, human rights
Produced by DW News
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8Hu3V4XS_o

© McGraw Hill LLC

 Company cancels World Cup contract after
migrant workers' deaths on construction sites
Produced by DW News
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52ucOyk_UOE

© McGraw Hill LLC

 AFGHANISTAN CRISIS
(Taliban takeover)

© McGraw Hill LLC 23

 AFGHANISTAN CRISIS
(Vulnerable groups in Afghanistan crisis)

© McGraw Hill LLC 24

25
Because learning changes everything. ®
26
Because learning changes everything. ®
27
Because learning changes everything. ®
28
Because learning changes everything. ®
 The Sociological Imagination

Sociologists rely on a particular type of critical thinking that

C. Wright Mills described as the sociological imagination.
• Defined as an awareness of the relationship between an
individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.
• A key element is viewing society from an outsider’s perspective.
• We go beyond personal experiences to understand broader
public issues.

© McGraw Hill LLC 29

30
 DIVORCE IN DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE AND FAMILIES

BLENDED FAMILY FAMILY WITH

STEPPARENTS & HALF-SIBLINGS

Kamalar Harris
Vice President of the US

British Royal Family

© McGraw Hill LLC 31

32
 Many people
wanted to understand
Muslim world
in the aftermath of
the terrorist attacks
on the United States

September 11, 2001

33
34
Because learning changes everything. ®
 How the 9/11 terror attacks
unfolded | Telegraph Time
Tunnel

On Youtube
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNyjZJOEXpE
Produced by The Telegraph

35
36
 Sociology and the Social Sciences 1

Science: the body of knowledge obtained by methods of

systematic observation.

Natural science: the study of the physical features of nature

and the ways in which they interact and change.

Social science: the study of the social features of humans

and the ways in which they interact and change.

© McGraw Hill LLC 37

 Sociology and the Social Sciences 2

Social sciences include:

• Sociology.
• Anthropology.
• Economics.
• History.
• Psychology.
• Political science.
The common focus is on the social behavior of people.

© McGraw Hill LLC 38

 Sociology and the Social Sciences 3

Sociologists study:
• The influence that society has on people’s attitudes and
behavior.
• The ways people interact and shape society.
Examples:
• The reasons many Americans deny that climate change is
occurring or feel that human activities are not responsible.
• How the impact of climate change is not evenly felt.
• Episodes of extreme violence and hatred.
• How to respond to disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005
and hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017.

© McGraw Hill LLC 39

 • Study past cultures and preindustrial societies that continue today, as
Anthropologist well as the origin of humans

• Explore the ways in which people produce and exchange goods and
Economists services, along with money and other resources

• Are concerned with the people and events of the past and their
Historians significance for us today

• Study international relations, the workings of government, and the

Political scientists exercise of power and authority

Psychologists • Investigate personality and individual behavior

• Study the influence that society has on people’s attitudes and

SOCIOLOGISTS behavior and the ways in which people interact and shape society
• Examine our social relationships scientifically

40
© McGraw Hill LLC 41
 CLIMATE CHANGE

How different social scientists

might study the issue of climate change

42
 • Consider how, through climate change, the unintended effects of
Economists human activity affect long-term economic growth and well-being.

• Consider the differences between countries, states, and cities that

take steps to combat climate change.
Political scientists • Consider how increasingly politicians are unable to avoid being
questioned about their own position on climate change at election
time.

• Look at the impact on the well-being of individuals who live and work
Psychologists in the areas most vulnerable to the impact of climate change, such as
flood-prone areas along the coast.

• Would be interested in why a relative large number of Americans

deny that climate change is occurring or feel human activities are not
SOCIOLOGISTS responsible (this view)
• Nearly 20% in the US
• Less than 5% in Germany, Great Britain, China

43
 FROM SOCIOLOGISTS
❑ Individuals as the primary agents producing carbon emission (past
viewing)
❑ Individual actions are embdeded in the workings of society as a whole
(current viewing)
❑ How individuals confront climate change is constrained by social,
economic, and political dynamics.
❑ How the impact of climate change is not evenly felt and demonstrates
that the poor are among the most vulnerable, both in the U.S. and
around the world.
Poor people often live in low-lying areas most vulnerable to floods and
storms, and poor nations lacks the means to build protective
infrastructure.
Social protest and movements to try to mobilize people to confront the
human contribution to climate change would also be a prime focus of
sociological analysis.
© McGraw Hill LLC 44
45
Because learning changes everything. ®
 Sociology and Common Sense

Commonsense knowledge is not always reliable.

Sociologists believe information must be tested, recorded,

and analyzed.

Scientific studies are used to describe and understand the

social environment.

© McGraw Hill LLC 46

 What Is Sociological Theory?

Theory: a set of statements that seeks to explain problems,

actions, or behaviors.

Effective theories can be explanatory and predictive.

Theories are not final statements about human behavior.

Émile Durkheim developed a theory to explain how an

individual behavior—suicide—can be understood within a
social context.
• Sociologists continue to study factors that contribute to
differences in suicide rates around the world.

© McGraw Hill LLC 47

 WHAT IS
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY?

SUICIDE

48
49
 DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS
Why do people die by suicide?

TRADITIONAL CONTEMPORARY
COMMONSENSE RESEARCH

People inherit the desire to kill Traditional commonsense may not seem
themselves. especially convincing.

Sunspots drive people to take

their lives.

© McGraw Hill LLC 50

 USING THEORIES
TO EXPLAIN BEHAVIORS

Sociologists are not particularly interested in WHY ANY ONE INDIVIDUAL

DIES BY SUICIDE.

Sociologists are more concerned with IDENTIFYING THE SOCIAL

FORCES THAT SYSTEMATICALLY CAUSE SOME PEOPLE TO TAKE
THEIR OWN LIVES.

Sociologists DEVELOP A THEORY THAT OFFERS A GENERAL

EXPLANATION OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR.

© McGraw Hill LLC 51

 USING THEORIES
TO EXPLAIN BEHAVIORS

Using theories to explain events, forces, materials, ideas or behavior in a

comprehensive manner.

In sociology, a theory is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems,

actions or behavior. An effective theory may have both explanatory and
predictive power. It can help us to see the relationships among seemingly
isolated phenomena, as well as to understand how one type of change in an
environment leads to other changes.

© McGraw Hill LLC 52

Emile Durkheim (1958-1917)
Durkheim refused to accept unproved
53
1897 - Suicide: A Study in Sociology explanations regarding suicide, including beliefs
that inherited tendencies or cosmic forces
caused deaths
 STATISTICS ON SUICIDE

800,000 people/year
World Health Organization (2018)

England 67 reported suicides/million inhabitants

(1869)

France 135 reported suicides/million inhabitants

(1869)

Denmark 277 reported suicides/million inhabitants

(1869)

© McGraw Hill LLC 54

 DURKHEIM & SUICIDE

How suicide rates varied from country to country?

Why did Denmark have a comparatively high rate of reported suicide?

© McGraw Hill LLC 55

 DURKHEIM & SUICIDE
Building causal effects

Developed a highly theory

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUICIDE AND SOCIAL FACTORS

Social
Suicide
factors
Cohesiveness of religious
Cohesiveness of social groups
Suicide
Cohesiveness of occupational groups
rates

© McGraw Hill LLC 56

 DURKHEIM & SUICIDE
Scientific results on suicide rates
(Focus on Demographics & Time period)

People without People with

religious
affiliations > religious
affiliation
During
During peace
> war and
revolution
Unmarried
people > Married people
During
economic
instability
and recession
> During
prosperity

Soldiers
> Civilians

© McGraw Hill LLC 57

 DURKHEIM & SUICIDE
Scientific conclusion

The suicide rates of a society reflected the extent to which people were or were
not integrated into group life of the society.

© McGraw Hill LLC 58

 DURKHEIM & SUICIDE
Theoretical contribution

Durkheim developed a theory to explain how individual behavior can be understood

within a social context.

The influence of groups and societal forces on what had always been viewed as a
highly personal act.

Durkheim offered a more scientific explanation for the causes of suicide than that of
inherited tendencies or sunspots.

The theory has predictive power. The suicide rates will rise or fall in conjunction with
certain social and economic changes.

© McGraw Hill LLC 59

60
 PARADIGM DEVELOPMENT
To explore the phenomenon “suicide”
within the time and in different contexts

Sociologists continue to examine factors that contribute to differences in suicide

rates around the world and to a particular society’s rate of suicide.

According to Bekker (2019), when observing the phenomenon “suicide” in Las

Vegas, the main reasons:

❑ Las Vegas’s rapid growth and influx of tourists

❑ Gambling, losing in gambling

❑ Lacking community cohesiveness

This findings are inconsistent to Durkheim (1897)

© McGraw Hill LLC 61

 The Development of Sociology

Philosophers and religious authorities in ancient and

medieval societies made observations about human
behavior.

In the 19th century, European theorists made pioneering

contributions to the development of a science of human
behavior.

© McGraw Hill LLC 62

 Early Thinkers 1

Auguste Comte (1798 to 1857):

• Believed in the need for a theoretical science of society and a
systematic investigation of behavior.
• Coined the term sociology.
Harriet Martineau (1802 to 1876):
• Wrote the first book on sociological methods.
• Work emphasized the impact that economy, law, trade, health,
and population could have on social problems.

© McGraw Hill LLC 63

 Early Thinkers 2

Herbert Spencer (1820 to 1903):

• Hoped to understand society better, not improve it.
• Applied Darwin’s work on evolution of species to societies to
explain how they change over time.
• Adapted the “survival of the fittest” argument, saying it is natural
that some people are rich and others are poor.

© McGraw Hill LLC 64

 Émile Durkheim (1858 to 1917) 1

Appointed as one of the first sociology professors in France.

Argued that behavior must be understood within a larger

social context.

Key interest focused on the consequences of work in

modern societies.
• Anomie: the loss of direction felt in a society when social
control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
• Occurs during time of profound social change.
• People lose sense of purpose and direction.

Was also concerned about alienation, loneliness, and

isolation in modern industrial societies.

© McGraw Hill LLC 65

 Émile Durkheim (1858 to 1917) 2

Key Works:
The Division of Labor in Society (1893).
Suicide: A Study in Sociology (1897).
Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912).

© McGraw Hill LLC The Art Gallery Collection/Alamy Stock Photo 66

 Max Weber (1864 to 1920) 1

Weber argued that to comprehend behavior, we must learn

the subjective meanings people attach to their actions.
Verstehen: German word for understanding or insight.
Ideal type: model, or construct, for evaluating specific cases.
Weber’s work was a response to the work of Karl Marx.

© McGraw Hill LLC 67

 Max Weber (1864 to 1920) 2

Key Works:
The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism (1904 to 1905).
Economy and Society (1921).

© McGraw Hill LLC Keystone Pictures USA/Alamy Stock Photo 68

 Karl Marx (1818 to 1883) 1

Marx argued that society is divided between two classes

that clash in pursuit of their own interests.
• Owners versus the workers.
• Economic, social, and political relationships allowed owners to
maintain power and dominance over workers.
With Friedrich Engels (1820 to 1895), produced
The Communist Manifesto.
• Masses of the people, the proletariat, should overthrow
capitalist societies.

© McGraw Hill LLC 69

 Karl Marx (1818 to 1883) 2

Marx’s writings inspired others who would later lead

communist revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, and other
countries.

His work emphasized how group identifications can influence

an individual’s place in society.

© McGraw Hill LLC 70

 Karl Marx (1818 to 1883) 3

Key Works:
The Communist Manifesto (1848).
Das Kapital (1867).

© McGraw Hill LLC Everett Historical/Shutterstock 71

 W. E. B. DuBois (1868 to 1963) 1

DuBois was an early Black sociologist in the United States.

He argued that knowledge was essential to combat prejudice

and achieve tolerance.
• Advocated research on the lives of Blacks in the United States.
• Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP).

Double consciousness: division of an individual’s identity

into two or more social realities.

© McGraw Hill LLC 72

 W. E. B. DuBois (1868 to 1963) 2

Key Works:
The Philadelphia Negro (1899).
The Negro Church (1903).
Souls of Black Folk (1903).

© McGraw Hill LLC Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG- ppmsca-38818] 73
 Twentieth-Century Developments 1

Charles Horton Cooley (1864 to 1929):

• Used the sociological perspective to study face-to-face groups
such as families, gangs, and friendship networks.
Jane Addams (1860 to 1935):
• Cofounded the Hull House.
• Worked to establish a juvenile court system and a women’s
trade union.

© McGraw Hill LLC 74

 Twentieth-Century Developments 2

Robert Merton (1910 to 2003):

• Developed a key theory to explain deviant behavior.
• Emphasized the need to bring together macro-level and
micro-level sociological approaches.
Macrosociology: focuses on large-scale phenomena or
entire civilizations.

Microsociology: focuses on small groups.

Mesosociology: studies formal organizations and social

movements.

Global sociology: makes comparisons among nations.

© McGraw Hill LLC 75

 Twentieth-Century Developments 3

Pierre Bourdieu (1930 to 2002):

• Wrote about the different forms of capital.
• Capital sustains individuals and families from one generation to
the next.
Cultural capital: noneconomic goods that are reflected in
knowledge of language and the arts.

Social capital: the collective benefit of social networks, which are

built on reciprocal trust.

© McGraw Hill LLC 76

 Major Theoretical Perspectives

The three most widely used perspectives in sociology:

• Functionalist perspective.
• Conflict perspective.
• Interactionist perspective.

© McGraw Hill LLC 77

 Functionalist Perspective 1

Functionalist perspective: emphasizes how the parts of

society are structured to maintain social stability

Talcott Parsons (1902 to 1979):

• Key sociologist in the functionalist perspective.
• Viewed society as a network of connected parts.
• Each part helps maintain the social system.

How to understand the cow worship among Hindu community?

→ Read book to raise your answers

© McGraw Hill LLC 78

79
Because learning changes everything. ®
 Functionalist Perspective 2

Manifest functions: the open, stated, and conscious

functions of institutions.
Latent functions: the unintended consequences of an
institution.
• May reflect hidden purposes.

Dysfunctions: elements or processes of society that can

disrupt the social system or reduce stability.

© McGraw Hill LLC 80

© McGraw Hill LLC 81
 THINKING ABOUT IMMIGRANT FAMILY

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZq6GW5pkc0
(6 Things All Immigrant Kids Experience)

© McGraw Hill LLC 82

 Conflict Perspective

Conflict perspective: assumes social behavior is best

understood in terms of tension between groups over power
or the allocation of resources.

Forms of tension can include:

• Labor negotiations.
• Party politics.
• Competition for religious group membership.
• Budget disputes.

© McGraw Hill LLC 83

 Conflict Perspective—The Marxist View

Based on the work of Karl Marx.

Conflict is now viewed as a part of everyday life.

Conflict theorists:
• Focus on how social institutions maintain privilege and
subservience of different groups.
• Emphasize social change.
• Emphasize the redistribution of resources.
• Are more radical than functionalists.

© McGraw Hill LLC 84

 Conflict Perspective—Feminism

Feminist perspective: inequity in gender is central to all

behavior and organization.

The focus tends to be on the macro level.

Women’s subordination is inherent in capitalist societies.

Intersectionalities: the interlocking matrix of domination.

• Multiple social factors—such as race, gender, age, sexual
orientation, and religion—help determine privilege and lack of
privilege.

© McGraw Hill LLC 85

 Conflict Perspective—Queer Theory

Queer theory: the study of society from the perspective of a

broad spectrum of sexual identities, including:
• Heterosexuality.
• Homosexuality.
• Bisexuality.

Foucault wrote that what is acceptable human sexuality

varies between cultures and periods of time.

Sedgwick argued that analyzing society is incomplete without

including sexual identities.

© McGraw Hill LLC 86

© McGraw Hill LLC 87
 Bitter divisions over the Vietnam war in the United States

88
© McGraw Hill LLC
 Gay Liberation Movement

89
© McGraw Hill LLC
 Research Today: The Third Place

1-1 The Third Place:

• Third place: a social setting in addition to the “first place” of
home and the “second place” of work.
• Think about acceptable third-place behavior. In what types of
situations do people tend to separate by race, class, or gender
in third places?
• What third places do you visit regularly? Are some more public
places than really third places?

© McGraw Hill LLC 90

 Interactionist Perspective 1

Interactionist perspective: generalizes about everyday

forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole.

Humans are viewed as living in a world of meaningful

objects, including:
• Material things.
• Actions.
• Other people.
• Relationships.
• Symbols.

© McGraw Hill LLC 91

© McGraw Hill LLC 92
 Interactionist Perspective 2

Symbols are especially important to this perspective.

• Central to communication.
• Have a shared meaning among all members of society.
Nonverbal communication: gestures, facial expressions,
and postures.
• All express meaning.

© McGraw Hill LLC 93

 Interactionist Perspective 3

George Herbert Mead (1863 to 1931):

• Founder of the interactionist perspective.
• Wanted sociologists to focus more on the micro level of
behavior.

Erving Goffman (1922 to 1982):

• Developed the dramaturgical approach, in which people are
seen as theatrical performers.
• Compared everyday life to the settings of the theater and stage.
• Presentation of self in public and private settings.

© McGraw Hill LLC 94

 The Sociological Approach

Sociologists draw on multiple perspectives to best

understand society.

Each tends to favor one approach over others.

A sociologist’s theoretical orientation influences his or her

approach to a research problem.
• What to study.
• How to study it.
• What questions to pose.

© McGraw Hill LLC 95

 Nonverbal communication

Salute gesture - Respect

Salute gesture - Respect

96
© McGraw Hill LLC
 Nonverbal communication

Clenched fist - Defiance

Business casual attire

97
© McGraw Hill LLC
 Dramaturgical approach

In party In class with serious image

with relaxed and friendly atmosphere

98
© McGraw Hill LLC
© McGraw Hill LLC 99
 Research Today: Sports

1-2 Looking at Sports from Five Sociological

Perspectives:
• Have you experienced or witnessed discrimination in sports
based on gender, race, or sexual identity? If so, how did you
react? Has the representation of Blacks, women, or gays on
teams been controversial on your campus? In what ways?
• Which of the five sociological perspectives seems most useful to
you in analyzing sports? Why?

© McGraw Hill LLC 100

 Taking Sociology with You

Applied sociology: the use of sociology with the specific

intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior
and organizations.
Clinical sociology: dedicated to facilitating change by
altering social relationships or restructuring social
institutions.
Basic sociology: seeks a more profound knowledge of the
fundamental aspect of social phenomena.

© McGraw Hill LLC 101

 Developing a Sociological Imagination

This edition of Sociology: A Brief Introduction illustrates the

sociological imagination in several different ways and in
several different domains:
• Theory in practice.
• Research today.
• Our wired world.
• Thinking globally.
• The significance of social inequality—the condition in which
members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige,
or power.
• Speaking across race, gender, and religious boundaries.
• Social policy throughout the world.

© McGraw Hill LLC 102

 Sociology in the Global Community

1-3 Influencers Worldwide:

• Influencer: a social media user who has established credibility
in a specific industry, has access to a huge audience, and can
persuade others to act based on his or her recommendations.
• Who do you consider to be important influencers? In what fields
do they exercise influence?
• What are the potential consequences if an influencer sponsors a
company’s products? Can this happen without followers’ being
aware of the sponsorship?

© McGraw Hill LLC 103

 Careers in Sociology

The number of students with sociology degrees has risen

steadily.

Sociology degrees:
• Provide a strong liberal arts background for entry-level positions
in many types of organizations.
• Require accomplishment in oral and written communication,
interpersonal skills, problem solving, teamwork, organization,
data analysis, and critical thinking.
• Are beneficial for a wide range of occupations.
• Are excellent preparation for future graduate work in sociology.

© McGraw Hill LLC 104

 FIGURE 1-2 OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATING SOCIOLOGY MAJORS
Note: Based on a national survey of current occupation in 2013 of 759 graduates with a sociology major
in the Class of 2012.

Access the text alternative to slide image

© McGraw Hill LLC Source: Spalter-Roth et al. 2013. Photo: Flashon Studio/Shutterstock 105
 Because learning changes everything. ®

www.mheducation.com

Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.