117.

0
TEST 2
Name: ……………………………………………
I. LISTENING
Part 1. For questions 1-5, listen to a talk about the richest places in the world. What does the speaker
say about these places? Choose five answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-J, in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.

A. A crash in an industry is closely linked to foreign affairs.

B. Social gaps still persist in the projected wealthiest place worldwide.
C. According to the IMF, this country is following unsustainable development pathways.
D. Authorities need to carefully study the market data and assess the external conditions and risks.
E. The boom in a lucrative industry originated from a discovery made around 50 years ago.
F. With GDP per capita at nearly $80,000, this country is the richest place in Europe.
G. There is a dark side to the obsession with economic growth targets.
H. Nearly 40 per cent of the total proven natural gas reserves globally are located in this place.
I. This is a success story of a formula implemented to overthrow an autonomous regime.
J. Foreign companies that are seeking asylum from large corporate taxation move to this tax haven.
K. Holding the largest natural gas reserves, this country claims the first spot of the richest nation's
ranking.

Countries
1. Ireland
2. Singapore
3. Luxembourg
4. Macau
5. Qatar

Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. x
8

Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to a report on how China successfully landed its rover on Mars and
answer the questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each
answer in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
6. What challenge did the rover encounter before its touchdown on the Martian surface?
x
__________________________________________________________________
1
7. Besides parachute and rockets, what was used as a combination to carry out the mission to Mars?
__________________________________________________________________
8. What was Jurong?
8.5
__________________________________________________________________
9. In which field does this outstanding achievement consolidate the leading position of China?
__________________________________________________________________
10. What was the name of the U.S. rover which made a successful landing on Mars in February?
x
__________________________________________________________________
1.5

Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to a discussion in which two historians, Matt Thomas and Sue
Wilkins, talk about a book they have written and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best
according to what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

Page 1 of 12 pages
 11. Sue says that
A until recently amateur archaeologists weren't allowed to dig on the Thames foreshore.
B official authorisation is needed to excavate along the river.
C any finds must be reported to the Port of London Authority.
D she had to be a member of a society to dig under any part of the Thames.
12. Matt says that, in the past, poverty-stricken children
A would hunt for birds along the river banks.
B used to try and sell things to people walking along the river.
C would burn things they found by the river to keep warm.
D discovered things in the mud at certain times of the day.
13. How did Sue use to feel about the Thames?
A nostalgic because she visited the river with her parents
B excited about finding rare jewellery and other treasures
C repulsed by the appearance of the water
D revolted by the thought that she would excavate in mud one day
14. Matt is intrigued by
A what can be learnt from the artefacts they find.
B the transport people used in the Middle Ages.
C how London's inhabitants used to dispose of their rubbish.
D the large expanses of mud which are exposed when the tide goes out.
15. What makes the discovery of the small-scale items so important?
A their surprising ornamental use
B what they reveal about family relationships
C the fact that the mud has conserved them remarkably well
D the fact that they confirm a widely held theory

10 Your answers
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 4. For questions 16-25, listen to a talk about a hidden fix for the gender pay gap problem and
supply the blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS taken from
the recording for each answer in the space provided.
Many 16.______________________have already been made to ensure that the females receive equal pay
for equal work with their male counterparts. However, less remuneration and promotion prospects can still
be found among the former gender. The reason is their role as the 17.______________________,
v 1.5 which
forces them to sacrifice their working hours to family obligations, including after-school childcare and
18.______________________. That parents are in a predicament finding childcare around school hours
19.______________________ about assimilating work and school schedules. A discrepancy in those two
x
schedules leads to a million fewer women with 20.______________________working, it is a real public
14 1
issue. According to a CAP 2016 Report in the U.S, a staggering sum of $55 billion of work output was lost
to 21.______________________. All too often, we tend to focus on these problems
22.______________________.
x
Furthermore, many people positively regard aligning school and work
schedules as 23.______________________ that is beneficial to both students and teachers. This can also
24.______________________
x with the genuine demand of families, according to Chris Gabrieli- Chairman
of the Massachusetts Board of Higher Education. Changing the school calendar, nevertheless, is not the
hard-and-fast solution to gender pay gap; if fact, a 25.______________________
x 1.5
addressing various other
issues is needed.

II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Part 1. For questions 26-35, choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) which best completes each sentence.
(10pts)

Page 2 of 12 pages
 26. The police officer injured in the …………… of duty yesterday is his dad.
A. hours B. line C. call x D. strike
27. After a sleepless night, tiredness gradually …………… up on him while he was driving.
A. took B. creeped C. cinched D. edged
28. Despite the harsh flow of the stream, she …………… her way through the water.
A. led B. struck x C. directed D. powered
29. Derek had no experience of white-water canoeing, so it was extremely……………of him to try and
shoot the rapids.
A. hazardous B. intrepid C. perilous D. foolhardy
30. I know you're upset about breaking up with Tony but there are plenty more ……………
A. fish in the sea B. cows in the field C. tigers in the zoo D. horses in the stable
31. This new glue is very useful for small repairs as it …………… very rapidly.
A. thickens B. stiffens C. sets D. fixes
32. He couldn’t …………… have meant what he said.
4 A. conceivably B. credibly x C. imaginatively D. believably
33. Having to rewrite a report that you thought was pretty good can be rather ……………
A. back-breaking B. soul-destroying C. mind-blowing x D. slow-moving
34. My brother’s been a …………… of strength through all the problems I’ve had.
A. tower B. heap x C. mountain D. show
35. Motorists have been …………… by the sudden rise in the price of petrol.
A. hard pressed x B. hard to please C. hard hit D. hard up

Part 2. For questions 36-40, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the following sentences. (5
pts)
36. I woke up to a (REVOLT) __________________________ smell of rotting fish.
37. (MOVE) __________________________ x are unpleasant, but it will be nice when we get into the
2 new house.
38. Today, demand for zinc - a lightweight, (PROOF) __________________________x metal favored
in the car and construction industries - has remained steady.
39. Rubber bullets are designed to (CAPACITY) __________________________ people rather than kill
them.
40. Depending on a person’s cultural background, he or she might (CONCEPT)
x
__________________________ hunting as an act of violence or not.

III. READING
Part 1. For questions 41-48, read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits
each gap. (8 pts)
Touchscreen teething problems
The advent of touchscreen typing didn't suit everyone initially. Some people who had grown (41) ….………
to using a conventional keyboard, missed the physical feedback on whether they had hit the correct key or
not. They found the touchscreen slow to use, whilst the text they produced was (42) ……...…… with errors,
a situation that was (43) …….….…… if the text was produced on the (44) …………… using a smartphone.
Researchers at Maryland University found that many of these errors resulted from (45) …………
in each individual's typing style. For example, a user might be (46) ….……… to hitting the bottom of a key
rather than the centre, increasing the likelihood that they would also hit the key below by mistake, (47)
…….…… producing so-called 'fat finger' errors. They also found that if typing and walking simultaneously,
there was a tendency for people to hit a different part of the key if the tap coincided with their foot striking
the ground. The data produced by the team eventually allowed designers to (48) …………… these very
human characteristics into account in the next generation of touchscreen keyboards.

Page 3 of 12 pages
 41. A. familiar B. accustomed C. comfortable D. proficient
42. A. strewn B. caked C. stashed D. clogged
43. A. amplified B. deteriorated C. exacerbated D. incensed
44. A. haste B. transit C. foot D. move
8 45. A. whims B. kinks C. glitters D. quirks
46. A prone B. apt C. inclined D. liable
47. A. therein B. otherwise C. thereby D. likewise
48. A. hold B. take C. put D. bring

Part 2. For questions 49- 59, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (11 pts)
Green virtues of green sand
A For the past 100 years special high grade white sand dug from the ground at Leighton Buzzard in the
UK. has been used to filter tap water to remove bacteria and impurities but this may no longer be necessary.
A new factory that turns used wine bottles into green sand could revolutionize the recycling industry and
help to filter Britain’s drinking water. Backed by $1.6m from the European Union and the Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), a company based in Scotland is building the factory, which
will turn beverage bottles back into the sand from which they were made in the first place. The green sand
has already been successfully tested by water companies and is being used in 50 swimming pools in Scotland
to keep the water clean.
B The idea is not only to avoid using up an increasingly scarce natural resource, sand but also to solve
a crisis in the recycling industry. Britain uses 5.5m tonnes of glass a year, but recycles only 750,000 tonnes
of it. The problem is that half the green bottle glass in Britain is originally from imported wine and beer
bottles. Because there is so much of it, and it is used less in domestic production than other types, green
glass is worth only $25 a tonne. Clear glass, which is melted down and used for whisky bottles, mainly for
export, is worth double that amount.
C Howard Drvden. a scientist and managing director of the company. Drvden Aqua, of Bonnyrigg,
near Edinburgh, has spent six years working on the product he calls Active Filtration Media, or AFM. He
concedes that he has given what is basically recycled glass a ‘fancy name' to remove the stigma of what
most people would regard as an inferior product. He says he needs bottles that have already
contained drinkable liquids to be sure that drinking water filtered through the AFM would not be
contaminated. Crushed down beverage glass has fewer impurities than real sand and it performed better in
trials. The fact is that tests show that AFM does the job better than sand, it is easier to clean and reuse and
has all sorts of properties that make it ideal for other applications.' he claimed.
D The factory is designed to produce 100 tonnes of AFM a day, although Mr. Dryden regards this as a
large-scale pilot project rather than full production. Current estimates of the UK market for this glass for
filtering drinking water, sewage, industrial water, swimming pools and fish farming are between 175.000 to
217.000 tonnes a year, which will use up most of the glass available near the factory. So he intends to build
five or six factories in cities where there are large quantities of bottles, in order to cut down on transport
costs.
E The current factory will be completed this month and is expected to go into full production on
January 14th next year. Once it is providing a ‘regular’ product, the government’s drinking water
inspectorate will be asked to perform tests and approve it for widespread use by water companies. A Defra
spokesman said it was hoped that AFM could meet approval within six months. The only problem that they
could foresee was possible contamination if some glass came from sources other than beverage bottles.
F Among those who have tested the glass already is Caroline Fitzpatrick of the civil and environmental
engineering department of University College London. ‘We have looked at a number of batches and it
appears to do the job.' she said. ‘Basically, sand is made of glass and Mr. Dryden is turning bottles back into
Page 4 of 12 pages
 sand. It seems a straightforward idea and there is no reason we can think of why it would not work. Since
glass from wine bottles and other beverages has no impurities and clearly did not leach any substances into
the contents of the bottles, there was no reason to believe there would be a problem,’ Dr. Fitzpatrick added.
G Mr. Dryden has set up a network of agents round the world to sell AFM. It is already in use in central
America to filter water on banana plantations where the fruit has to be washed before being despatched to
European markets. It is also in use in sewage works to filter water before it is returned to rivers, something
which is becoming legally necessary across the European Union because of tighter regulations on sewage
works. So there are a great number of applications involving cleaning up water. Currently, however, AFM
costs $670 a tonne, about four times as much as good quality sand. ‘Hut that is because we haven't got large-
scale production. Obviously, when we get going it will cost a lot less, and be competitive with sand in price
as well.’ Mr. Dryden said. ‘I believe it performs better and lasts longer than sand, so it is going to be better
value too.'
H If AFM takes off as a product it will be a big boost for the government agency which is charged with
finding a market for recycled products. Crushed glass is already being used in road surfacing and in making
tiles and bricks. Similarly, AFM could prove to have a widespread use and give green glass a cash value.
For questions 49-55, there are eight paragraphs marked A-H in the passage. In which paragraph is the
following mentioned?
49. a description of plans to expand production of AFM
50. an example of AFM use in the export market
51. a comparison of the value of green glass and other types of glass
52. the conclusions drawn from laboratory checks on the process of AFM production
7 53. identification of current funding for the production of green sand
54. an explanation of the chosen brand name for crushed green glass
55. a description of what has to happen before AFM is accepted for general use

For questions 56-59, complete the following summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Green sand
The use of crushed green glass (AFM) may have two significant impacts: it may help to save a
diminishing (56) ……………………....…… while at the same time solving a major problem for the (57)
………………….…… in the UK. However, according to Howard Dryden, only glass from bottles that have
4
been used for (58) ……………………… can be used in the production process. AFM is more effective than
(59) ……………………… as a water filter, and also has other uses.
Part 3. For questions 60-65, you are going to read an extract from an article. Six paragraphs have been
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one that fits each gap. There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. (6pts)
Small shot, big impact
Some vaccines appear to provide extra benefits. Michael Brooke looks at them from a new perspective.
Have a look at your left shoulder: if you are past your mid-twenties it almost certainly bears a circular scar.
Do you remember how it got there? You queued up in the school hall, perhaps, or outside the nurse's office,
watching your friends rubbing their arms as they walked away, relieved at having survived their jab. The
Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination was given to provide protection from tuberculosis. What we are only
just realising is that, in common with several other vaccines, it may have done far more than that.
60. x

Page 5 of 12 pages
 Even in the West, where it is far less common for children to die from infectious illnesses, there are still
surprising benefits: some vaccines seem to reduce our susceptibility to eczema and asthma. Exactly what
causes these 'non-specific effects', as they are termed, is a mystery. But some scientists are arguing that,
despite the uncertainties, it is time to start harnessing them more effectively.
61.
Considering vaccines have been used since the 1800s and are the cornerstone of our public health system, it
may seem hard to believe that such profound effects could have gone ignored all this time. In fact, an early
20th century Swedish physician called Carl Naslund did notice something was up after the BCG vaccine
was introduced in his country. Vaccinated children had a much higher chance of reaching their first birthday
even though TB normally kills older children.
62. x

What could the explanation be? Several lines of evidence suggest that our immune systems can be affected
by many factors, including past encounters with microbes. Those microbes can be in the environment or a
vaccine syringe. 'If infections can alter the immunological milieu, it is not a major leap forward to suggest
that vaccines might also do so,' said Andrew Pollard, head of the Oxford Vaccine Centre at Oxford
University, in an editorial about the Dane's work.
63.
4 It is this lock and key mechanism that is responsible for our immune memory. On our first encounter with
the measles virus, say, the immune cells that make potent antibodies to it reproduce, giving rise to successive
generations of daughter cells that make progressively more powerful antibodies. The end product is highly
proficient measles-killing machines that linger in our bodies for years. That's why, if we re-encounter the
virus, it is defeated so quickly that we don't even notice.
64.
In people who received a shot, certain kinds of innate immune cells responded more strongly to bacterial
and fungal pathogens completely unrelated to the TB bug. This is the first indication that the innate immune
system reacts to vaccines, and the researchers suggested it could explain some of the general immune-
boosting effects of BCG. 'It's quite preliminary data, but it's very important,' says Nigel Curtis, head of
infectious diseases at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia.
65.
But the theory that probably has the most compelling evidence behind it concerns two competing arms of
the adaptive immune system, known as type 1 and type 2 helper T-cells. Broadly speaking, type 1 cells
promote immune reactions against bacteria and viruses, while type 2 cells are geared towards fighting off
parasitic worms in the gut. Both the BCG and the measles vaccine seem to tip the balance to type 1, according
to studies of the antibodies released into the bloodstream after vaccination. Whatever the explanation is, we
might be able to maximize the benefits, either by designing new vaccines, or by augmenting the effects of
existing ones. But the WHO committee has another line of enquiry. There are suggestions that one vaccine
could have harmful non-specific effects. The vaccine under suspicion is DTP, which prevents diphtheria,
tetanus and pertussis, otherwise known as whooping cough.

A But that may not be the whole story. Another, evolutionary older branch of our defenses, known as
the innate immune system, might also be playing a role. These cells are programmed to react to anything
unfamiliar or untoward, such as the chemicals released when tissues are damaged, attacking any molecules
or microorganisms that might pose a threat. Last year, surprising evidence emerged that BCG stimulates the
innate immune system as well as the adaptive one.

Page 6 of 12 pages
B The latest thinking is that allergies are caused by an imbalance in type 1 and 2 helper T-cells, with
type 2 becoming too dominant. Allergies may be on the rise in the West because we no longer meet enough
germs in childhood to strengthen the type 1 arm, according to the 'hygiene hypothesis'. If BCG does push
the balance back to type 1, that could be why it reduces allergies.
C The World Health Organization, which is the main provider of vaccines in developing countries, has
asked a group of vaccine experts to get to the bottom of it. 'This could have huge implications for healthcare,'
says Christine Benn, a senior researcher at the Statens Serum Institute in Denmark and a member of the
WHO committee. 'Vaccines have been a fantastic success, but we can probably do much better by taking
non-specific effects into account. An examination of these issues is long overdue.'
D There is growing evidence that vaccines have a wider-ranging influence on the immune system than
we thought. In Africa, for instance, studies have shown that the measles vaccine cuts deaths from all other
infections combined by a third, mainly by protecting against pneumonia, sepsis and diarrhea.
E According to the old view of vaccines, they work by priming what is known as our adaptive immune
system. This consists of various defense cells circulating in the blood which make antibodies and other
molecules that latch on to specific foreign proteins on bacteria, viruses or other germs.
F The discovery may be only one part of the explanation for BCG's mysterious powers, though.
Another part could be related to recent findings concerning the ability of memory cells to target unrelated
microbes if there is sufficient cross-reactivity with a germ we have previously vanquished.
G In the 1940s and 50s, trials in the US and UK suggested that BCG-vaccinated children had a 25 per
cent lower death rate from diseases other than TB. But nobody took much notice until the late 1970s, when
a Danish anthropologist called Peter Aaby began working in the West African state of Guinea-Bissau. In
1979, he witnessed a severe measles outbreak that killed 1 in 4 infants affected. Aaby arranged for measles
vaccinations to be introduced, but was surprised to see that even after the epidemic abated, immunized
children were more likely to survive childhood.
Part 4. The passage below consists of four sections marked A, B, C and D. For questions 66-75, read the
passage and do the task that follows. The sections may be chosen more than once. (10pts)
The pros and cons of ecotourism
A Ecotourism lacks a universally-accepted definition, but is generally regarded as responsible and
sustainable travel to natural areas that both conserves the environment and improves the well-being of those
living there. At the heart of it is the assumption that in a predominantly capitalist world where nature plays
second fiddle to creating wealth, any conservation needs to pay for itself. Money generated from ecotourism
is invested back into the conservation of the environment it impacts upon. Supporters argue that, by
involving residents in accommodating tourists and acting as guides, for example, ecotourism aids
development, both regionally and nationally. In many cases, communities work as equal partners with
ecotourism organisations rather than just as employees. However, some detractors point out that the
environment is effectively prioritised above the needs of residents. Ecotourism’s apparent obsession with
this, far from giving a boost to the development of wealth in a community, can actually damage the ability
of the majority of inhabitants to lift themselves out of poverty.
B The travel industry contributes over seven trillion dollars to the world economy each year. Having a
holiday is big business! Despite what its critics may say, giving a hand to nature in this way has the potential
to offer communities some serious economic opportunities as it now accounts for about a fifth of this total,
and is continuing to expand. It generates money from natural environments by encouraging tourists to pay
for items like accommodation, souvenirs and entrance fees during their stay. Seeing the environment as a
valuable resource that communities can use to generate income encourages them to make choices that will
help them to take care of it. Yet, inevitably, a fine balance has to be kept to prevent the influx of eco-tourists
from degrading the very environment they came to see. Unleashing hundreds of visitors on a delicate
Page 7 of 12 pages
 ecosystem can, even with the best of intentions, lead to unforeseen environmental impact, such as
inadvertently encouraging the animals that live there to become dependent on being fed by tourists.
C It’s estimated that, of all the money that travellers spend on traditional holidays, only around half of
it stays in the area or country that they visit. The remainder leaks out of the host region and through the
books of international hotel chains and tour operators. One intention of ecotourism is to limit as much of
this bleeding away of capital from the local economy as possible through maximizing the involvement of
local businesses and people. The recent wave of successful environmentally-friendly commerce has also led
some regular chains and operators to label themselves as ecotourism friendly by making very minor changes
to their existing practices through a process known as greenwashing. They can market themselves in the
same way as a genuinely sustainable project by simply changing their cleaning products or recycling more
of their waste. Anyone seeking their dream eco-holiday should check the credentials of seemingly
environmentally-friendly organizations very carefully indeed. That said, sustainability is becoming much
more mainstream and increasing numbers of businesses are genuinely adopting good environmental and
social practices.
D One powerful motivation that drives eco-tourism is the chance for holidaymakers to take a look at
and experience civilizations that are very different to their own, which in turn can have a positive and
affirming knock-on effect on that society. Allowing local people to show their way of life to the world not
only tends to make them more positive about tourism, but also empowers them as a community. However,
there can of course be less welcome results, such as traditional symbols and artefacts being transformed
merely into merchandise to sell to visitors. There can also be disharmony created between previously
friendly local factions if one is seen or thought to benefit more than others. Another question ecotourism
raises is whether it has a role to play in conservation on anything other than a small scale. By its very nature,
it can only take place in a highly limited range of ecosystems as issues of access, susceptibility to damage
and the elusive nature of wildlife make some areas inappropriate for exploitation by ecotourism.

In which section (A, B, C or D) does the writer Your answers

explain how some non-green businesses exploit the market for ecological holidays? 66.________
mention the nature of the relationship between travel firms and local people? 67.________
suggest that ecotourism is largely insignificant in solving the world’s 68.________
environmental problems?
exemplify an effect of ecotourism on local wildlife? 69.________
describe a negative result of putting the preservation of nature above economic 70.________
10 well-being?
explain why conventional tourism benefits a region less than it should? 71.________
states the proportion of tourism as a whole that ecotourism represents? 72.________
mention how the meaning of important cultural objects can change? 73. ________
explain the underlying principle on which the ecotourism industry is based? 74.________
describe how the financial incentives of ecotourism encourage local people to 75.________
protect nature?

IV. WRITING
Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be
between 140 and 160 words long.

Page 8 of 12 pages
 In an era of perpetual cost-cutting and budget-tightening, guaranteeing large numbers of academics
lifetime employment with related benefits is increasingly untenable. The proportion of university teachers
with tenure has slid from 75 per cent in 1960 to just 27 per cent today. Rising in their place are “professor
adjuncts”. Adjuncts are temporary, part-time employees who were initially brought in only occasionally as
special guest lecturers or to provide cover for tenured professors on parental or research leave. Adjuncts
teach individual classes and have no research or administrative responsibilities, and their contracts typically
run for a single semester, after which they might be renewed. Over the last few decades, their use has been
extended beyond these temporary exigencies, and adjuncts have become a permanent, institutionalized
aspect of academic employment.
This has created several problems for adjunct professors, who are considered by some to make up a
growing academic underclass. Firstly, because contracts are always temporary, adjuncts rarely qualify for
insurance and health benefits, such as time off with remuneration for illness, in the same way as tenured
professors. Secondly, recompense for adjuncts is often very low. In order to make a living from their work,
adjuncts typically need to win contracts with multiple universities. As a consequence of this high teaching
workload and the lack of paid research opportunities, adjuncts tend to find it hard to publish articles and win
research grants, therefore making promotion increasingly unlikely with every year that passes (academic
promotion is governed by what is known as a “publish or perish” culture).
The culture of using adjuncts also has flow-on effects for the quality of teaching that students receive.
Because adjuncts come in only for classes, they do not have offices or office hours on campus and usually
do not have the time to meet up with students in small groups or for one-on-one sessions. The disengagement
between students and teachers can make it difficult for struggling students to find guidance outside of
lectures. Adjuncts are also less “tied” to the universities they teach at and fail to accumulate reputations over
time in the same way as full-time professors. As such, they are not as personally invested in the quality and
outcome of their teaching. Finally, it has been reported that many adjuncts practice grade inflation – raising
grades higher than deserved – in order to maintain their job security by keeping students pleased.
These problems are not because adjuncts are incompetent professors, but rather because of the
structural pressures this type of work involves – precisely what the tenure system sought to overcome.
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.5
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 9 of 12 pages
 Part 2. (10pts)
The table below shows the number of students living in the UK gaining English language teacher
training qualifications in 2007/8 and 2008/9, and the proportion of male qualifiers.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant. Write at least 150 words.

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 10 of 12 pages
 Part 3. (15pts)
Write an essay of 350 words on the following topic:
CCTV cameras are a common sight in town centres, on public transport and outside many businesses.
They not only help identify and apprehend criminals but also serve as crime deterrent. However, some
people believe that they are intrusive and constitute a breach of privacy.
What do you feel is more important, personal privacy or public safety?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 11 of 12 pages
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

-------THE END-------

Page 12 of 12 pages