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AC and DC Circuits

This document summarizes key concepts related to DC and AC circuits. It discusses different circuit components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It covers resistor classifications and color coding schemes. It also explains concepts like capacitance, inductance, reactance, impedance, and Kirchhoff's laws. The document concludes by describing alternating current waveforms and different power calculations for AC circuits.

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jan paul Omandap
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
189 views

AC and DC Circuits

This document summarizes key concepts related to DC and AC circuits. It discusses different circuit components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It covers resistor classifications and color coding schemes. It also explains concepts like capacitance, inductance, reactance, impedance, and Kirchhoff's laws. The document concludes by describing alternating current waveforms and different power calculations for AC circuits.

Uploaded by

jan paul Omandap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC Circuits

Resistors
 Passive components used to limit the
flow of electric current or provide a
voltage drop in a circuit.
Resistors Classifications
 Fixed and Variable Resistors
 Linear and Non-linear Resistors
 General purpose and Precision Resistors
Fixed Resistors
 Carbon Composition
 Metal Film
 Carbon Film
 Wire-wound
Variable Resistors
 Potentiometers
 Rheostats
Potentiometers
 Potentiometers always
has 3 connections; two
fixed and one variable.
 Wide range of values
but limited current
handling capabilities.
 Always connected as
voltage dividers.
Rheostats
 Rheostats always
have 2 connections,
1 fixed and 1
variable.
 Rheostats have
limited range of
values and high-
current handling
capabilities.
Resistors Color Coding
Capacitors
Capacitors
 A device that stores electrical energy in
an electrostatic field.
 Capacitor consists of two conducting
plates called electrodes and separated
by a layer of an insulating material
medium called Dielectric.
Capacitance
 Capacitance is the electrical size of a
capacitor.
 Capacitance is the measure of how
much electric energy in an electrostatic
field.
Electrostatic Field
 Characteristics of Electrostatic Lines of Force.
 They are polarized from positive to negative.
 They radiate is a straight line and does not form a
closed loop.
 They have the ability to pass through any known
material.
 They have the ability to distort the orbits of tightly
bound electrons.
Storing of Energy by the
Electrostatic Field
A Simple Capacitor
Unit of Capacitance (Farad)
 Farad is the SI unit
of capacitance.
Q
C=
 One Farad capacitor E
stores one coulomb
of a charge when
one volt is applied
across the terminals
of the capacitor.
Factors Affecting Capacitance
 The Area of the
Plates
 The Distance
between the Plates
 The Dielectric
Constant of the
Material between
the Plates
Value of the Capacitance

A
C= k
d
Working Voltage
 Working Voltage is the maximum
voltage that can be steadily applied
without breaking down the capacitor.
 The Working Voltage of Capacitors is
dependent on the dielectric materials
used and the operating frequency.
Capacitor Losses
 Power Losses in a Capacitor is
Attributed by:
 Dielectric Hysteresis
 Dielectric Leakage
Dielectric Hysteresis
 Dielectric Hysteresis is the effect in the
dielectric material similar to the
hysteresis found in the magnetic
material.
 It is the result of changes in orientation
of electron orbits in the dielectric
because of the rapid reversals of the
polarity of the line voltage.
Dielectric Leakage
 Dielectric Leakage in a capacitor as a
result of leakage current through the
dielectric.
 If the leakage current through the
dielectric is abnormally high, there will
be a rapid loss of charge and
overheating will occur.
Charging of Capacitors
 To charge a
capacitor, the plates
of the capacitor
should be connected
to an applied
voltage.
Discharging a Capacitor
 To Discharge a
capacitor, simply
short out the plates
of the capacitor.
 The short plates will
recombine the
negatively and
positively charged
particles and will
become neutral.
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Capacitors in Parallel
Inductors
Inductors
 Inductors are simply a coil of wire that
introduces inductance in a circuit.
Inductance

 Inductance is the
characteristic of an
electrical circuit that
opposes the change
in value of current.
Unit of Inductance (Henry)
An inductor has an

inductance of 1 di
Henry if an EMF of 1
Volt is induced in E= L
the inductor when
the current through
dt
the inductor is
changing at rate of
1 Ampere per
second.
Self-Inductance
 The property of the material which
determines the amount of electromotive
force induced in the circuit whenever
the current changes in the circuit.
Self-Inductance
Factors Affecting Inductance
 Number of Turns of Coil
 The Diameter of the Coil
 The Coil Length
 The Type of Material Used in the Core
 The Number of Layers of the Winding
Power Loss in an Inductor
 Copper Loss
 Hysteresis Loss
 Eddy-Current Loss
Copper Loss
 A considerable amount of power loss
due to a large amount of current
flowing through a small amount of
resistance of the inductor coil.
Hysteresis Loss
 Hysteresis loss is due to the power
wasted in reversing the magnetic field
of the inductor core each time the
direction of current in the inductor
changes.
Eddy-Current Loss
 Eddy-Current Loss is due to the heating
of the core by the circulating currents
that are induced in the iron core by the
magnetic field around the turns of the
coil.
Mutual Inductance
 The common inductance of two coupled
electrical circuits which determines, for
a given rate of change of current in one
of the circuits, the electromotive force
that will be induced in the other.
Factors that Affect Mutual
Inductance
 The Physical
Dimensions of the Coil
 The Number of Turns of
Each Coil
 The Distance between
the Coils
 The Relative Positions
of the Axes of the Two
Coils
 The Permeability of the
Coils
Mutual Inductance

M = k L1x L2
Coupling Coefficient
 The Coupling Coefficient between two coils
is equal to the ratio of the flux cutting one
coil to the flux originated in the other coil.

flux linking L1and L2


k=
flux produced by L1
Series Coils with Mutual
Inductance
Parallel Coil with Mutual
Induction
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
 The current flowing
in an electrical
circuit is directly
proportional to the
applied voltage (V)
and inversely
proportional to the
equivalent
resistance (R).
Electrical Power
 The rate at which
electrical energy is
used or consumed.
 Watt is the unit of
power.
 Watt is equivalent to
1 Joule of energy
used in 1 Second.
Electrical and Heat Energy
Series Circuit
Voltage Divider Rule
Parallel Circuit
Current Divider Rule
Delta and Wye Circuits
Network Theorems
Kirchoff’s Law
 Kirchoff’s Current  Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law (KCL): Law (KVL):
 The Algebraic Sum of  The Algebraic Sum of
the currents entering the voltage drops
and leaving any node and the supply
or junction is equal voltage in a closed
to zero path or loop is zero.
Kirchoff’s Current and Voltage
Law:
Superposition Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
Millman’s Theorem
AC Circuits
Alternating Current (AC)
 A flow of electricity
which reaches
maximum in one
direction, decreases
to zero, then
reverses itself and
reaches maximum in
the opposite
direction.
Parameters of Alternating
Current
 Period
 Frequency
 Wavelength
 Propagation Velocity
Different Values of Sinusoidal
Wave Alternating Current
 Peak-to-Peak Value
 Peak Value
 Instantaneous Value
 Average Value
 Effective Value or Root-Mean-Square
(RMS)
Peak-to-Peak Value
 The magnitude of a
waveform from the
peak of the positive
alternation to the
peak of the negative
alternation.
Peak Value
 The maximum value of a waveform of one
alternation either negative or positive
alternation.
Instantaneous Value
 The instantaneous value of voltage or
current is the value or current at one
particular instant.
Average Value
 The average value of voltage or current is
the average of the ALL the Instantaneous
value during ONE Alternation.
Effective Value or RMS
 Effective Value of
Alternating Current
of Voltage will have
the same heating
effect on a
Imax
resistance as a
Ieff =
comparable value of 2
direct current or
voltage will have on
the same resistance.
Inductive and Capacitive
Reactance
Inductive Reactance
 It is the property of an inductor to oppose
the alternating current.
Capacitive Reactance
 The property of the capacitor to oppose
the alternating current.
Impedance
 The total opposition to the flow of the
alternating current.
 It is the combination of resistance and
reactance.
Purely Resistive Load
 The AC Voltage will be In-phase with
Current.
Purely Inductive Load
 The AC voltage is
only supplying a
circuit with only an
inductor.
 The voltage leads
the current by 90
degrees.
Purely Capacitive Load
 The AC voltage is
supplying a circuit
with only a capacitor
as its load.
 The current leads
the voltage by 90
degrees.
RLC Principle

ELI
D’

ICE
MAN
Series RL Circuit
 The AC voltage is
supplying the series
connection of
resistor and
inductor.
Series RC Circuit
 The AC voltage is
supplying the series
connection of
resistor and
capacitor.
Series RLC Circuit
Series RLC Circuit
Power
 True or Real Power
 Reactive Power
 Apparent Power
True Power
 The power consumed by the resistive
component.
Reactive Power
 The power consumed by the reactive
component, either inductor or capacitor.
Apparent Power
 The vector sum of the true and reactive
powers.
Power Factor
Parallel RLC Circuit
 Conductance
 Susceptance
 Admittance

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