Module 6: Separation Techniques - Solvent Extraction

Names: Course/Year/Section: Score:

BSMLS1-I
Shaila Shane C. Pilota
Irah Roque
Rey Clyde Ericsson Pueyo
Carl Eric Quiamco
Danniele Kristie Portez

Instructor: Pauline Grace Group #7 Date: 09-27-22

Cadusale

1. Describe the principle and process/techniques involved in solvent extraction.

The principle of solvent extraction is to extract a desired substance from a mixture by
using a solvent. The solvent must be able to dissolve the desired substance, but not the other
substances in the mixture. This typically involves adding the solvent to the mixture, and then
separating the solvent and the desired substance from the rest of the mixture.

Process involved in solvent extraction are as follows:

1. Place a separatory funnel in an iron ring attached to an iron stand.
2. Pour the mixture from part A into the separatory funnel.
3. Add 15 mL of DCM, then cap the funnel.
4. Invert the funnel and shake gently to mix the two phases.
5. Vent the pressure that builds up frequently.
6. Let the funnel stand on the iron ring to allow complete separation of the two phases.
7. Remove the stopper and run off the first layer into a flask, being careful not to include
any of the second layer.
8. Add the second layer of solvent to a new flask and repeat the extraction process. Make
sure to use fresh solvent each time.
9. Transfer the extracts into a pre-weighed evaporating dish and evaporate until dry. You can
do this on a steam bath or hot plate set to low heat.
10. Once dry, wipe the dish clean, weigh it, and calculate the weight of the residue.
11. Compare the appearance of the residue with the original mixture.
 2. When extracting an aqueous solution with an organic solvent and after agitation and settling, the
two layers are of very similar appearance. You know that the organic layer contains your product
and the aqueous layer is the waste layer, but you are not 100% certain which layer is which. What
simple test might you perform to determine which is the organic layer?

Mixing the solvent using the sodium chloride and cholesterol for example may seem
impossible to determine which is the organic layer. These are both white crystalline solids but in
fact, we can use their physical properties to separate them with ease. Sodium chloride is an ionic
compound that is water soluble. Cholesterol, on the other hand, is a steroid which is a type of
lipid, and is therefore nonpolar and largely water insoluble. However, cholesterol will easily
dissolve in a nonpolar solvent. Since these two solvent are immiscible, meaning they do not mix,
we will get two layers. On the bottom will be an aqueous layer, which contains all the water and
all the sodium chloride, which has dissolved and dissociated in the water. On top will be an
organic layer, which contains all the ether, and all cholesterol, which has dissolved in the ether.
The water is on the bottom because it is more dense than the ether. The funnel should be open to
drain the aqueous until we just barely get to the organic layer and then we pour that out the top of
the funnel into something else. Evaporate the solvents to get your substances separated.

3. Prepare a schematic diagram of how to separate the mixture of a. cholesterol and sodium chloride
b. Benzoic acid, Aniline and 1,4-Dibromobenzene.

a. cholesterol and sodium chloride

b. Benzoic acid, Aniline and 1,4-Dibromobenzene

 4. Which layer (upper or lower) will each of the following organic solvents usually form when being
used to extract an aqueous solution?

A. Toluene B. Hexane C. Acetone

Hence, the densities are 0.87 g/mL (toluene), 0.66 g/mL (hexane), and 0.78 g/mL (acetone).
Given that they are all compared to the density of water (1 g/mL), they should all float on top of it or the
(upper layer) when being used to extract an aqueous solution.

As a general rule, organic solvents will float on top of aqueous layers because they are less dense.

5. You weigh out exactly 1.00 mg of benzoic acid and dissolve it in a mixture of 2.0 mL of diethyl
ether and 2.0 mL of water. After mixing and allowing the layers to separate, the ether layer is
removed, dried, and concentrated to yield 0.68 mg of benzoic acid. What is the Kp value
(ether/water) for this system?
Kp is the distribution coefficient which is based on Nernst distribution.

Given, volume of et diethyl ether = 2.0 mL

Volume of water = 2.0 mL
Mass of benzoic acid in diethyl ether = 0.68 mg
Mass of benzoic acid in water = (1.00 - 0.68) mg = 0.32 mg
Cone of benzoic acid in diethyl ether = 0.68 mg ÷ 2.0 mL = 0.34 mg/mL
Cone of benzoic acid in water = 0.32 mg÷ 2.0 mL = 0.16 mg/ mL
Partition coefficient, P value for ether/water system,
Kp = 0. 34 mg/mL = 2.125
0.16 mg/ mL

Conclusion:

Based on the results, what can you conclude? (Your conclusion may not be the same as the one presented
in the video since you have different data). (formulate a short summary or conclusion based on the
assigned task that you’re given)

Therefore, we conclude that solvent extraction is extracting a desired substance from a mixture
by using a solvent. This usually involves adding the solvent to the mixture, and then separating the
solvent and the desired substance from the rest of the mixture. To determine which layer is which, one can
simply add distilled water to the funnel. Whichever layer increases in size must be the aqueous layer and
the other is the organic layer.

The low Solubility of benzoic acid in water complicates its application in products containing large
amounts of water. Therefore, the formula is Kp, because Kp is the distribution coefficient which is based
on the Nernst distribution.

The denser a solvent, the lower laying it will settle in a Separatory funnel when carrying out a
Liquid-liquid extraction, Therefore as a result Toluene,Hexane and Acetone will float on the upper of
aqueous layers because they are less dense.