Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 1

Instructor’s Guide to Accompany

Digital Signal Processing: Fundamentals and Applications

Part 1: Chapter 2 – Chapter 8

Lizhe Tan
Jean Jiang
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 2

Chapter 2

2.1
 e j 2 1500t  e  j 2 1000t  j 2 1500 t
5cos(2 1000t )  5     2.5e  2.5e  j 2 1500t
 2 
c1  2.5 and c1  2.5
a.
X( f )
2.5

f kHz
1.5 1.5

b.
Xs( f )
2.5 /T

f kHz
9.5 8 6.5 1.5 1.5 6.5 8 9.5 14.5 16 17.5

2.2
x(t )  e j 2 3200t  2.5e j 2 2500t  2.5e j 2 2500t  e j 2 3200t
a.

Xs( f )
2.5 / T

f kHz
11.2 10.5 5.5 4.8 3.2 2.5 2.5 3.2 4.8 5.5 8 10.5 11.212.8 13.5 16 18.5 19.2

b.
Y( f )

f kHz
3.2 2.5 2.5 3.2
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 3

2.3 x(t )  e j 2 2200t  1.5e j 2 1500t  1.5e j 2 1500t  e j 2 2200t

a.

Xs( f )
1.5 / T

f kHz
10.29.5 8 7.55.8 2.21.5 1.5 2.2 5.8 7.5 8 9.5 10.2 13.8 14.5 16 17.5 18.2

b.
Y( f )

f kHz
2.21.5 1.5 2.2

2.4 x(t )  e j 2 4200t  1.5e j 2 1500t  1.5e j 2 1500t  e j 2 4200t

a.
Xs( f ) Aliasing noise
1.5 / T

f kHz
11.8 9.5 8 7.5 4.2 3.8 1.5 1.5 3.8 4.2 7.5 8 9.5 11.8 12.2 14.5 16 17.5 19.8 20.2

b.
Y( f ) Aliasing noise

f kHz
3.8 1.5 1.5 3.8
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 4

2.5
x(t )  e j 2 4500t  2.5e j 2 2500t  2.5e j 2 2500t  e j 2 4500t
a.

Xs( f ) Aliasing noise

2.5 / T

f kHz
11.5 10.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 8 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 16 18.519.5

b.
Y( f )
Aliasing noise

f kHz
3.5 2.5 2.5 3.5

c. The aliasing frequency = 3.5 kHz

2.6
2.5  j 2 4500t 2.5 j 2 7500t
x(t )  e  5e  j 2 5500t  5e j 2 5500t  e
j j
a.

Xs( f )
5 /T

f kHz
10.5 8.5 7.5 5.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 5.5 7.5 8 8.5 10.5 13.5 15.5 16 16.518.5

b.
Y( f )

f kHz
2.5 0.5 0.5 2.5

c. The aliasing frequencies: 0.5 kHz and 2.5 kHz.

Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 5

2.5  j 2 7000t 2.5 j 2 7000t

2.7 x(t )  e  4e j 2 5000t  4e j 2 5000t  e
j j

a.
Aliasing noise
Xs( f )
4/T

f kHz
11 9 8 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 8 9 11 13 15 16 17 19

b.
Aliasing noise
Y( f )

f kHz
3 1 1 3

c. The aliasing frequencies: 1 kHz and 3 kHz.

2.5  j 2 7500t 2.5 j 2 7500t

2.8 x(t )  e  5e  j 2 5000t  5e j 2 5000t  e
j j
a.
Aliasing noise
Xs( f )
5/T

f kHz
11 8.5 8 7.5 5 3 0.5 0.5 3 5 7.5 8 8.5 11 13 15.5 1616.5 19

b.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 6

Aliasing noise
Y( f )

f kHz
3 0.5 0.5 3

c. The aliasing frequencies: 0.5 kHz and 3 kHz.

2.9
Choose C2  0.1  F
1.4142 1.4142
R1  R2    2251 
C2  2 f c  0.1106  2 1000
1 1
C1    0.05  F
R1R2  2 f c  2251 2251 0.1106   2 1000 
2 2

0.1  F
Vin 2.25 k 2.25 k Vo


0.05  F

2.10
2n
 f   500 
4
1  a  1  
 fc   1000 
% aliasing level    8.39%
2n 4
 f  fa   4000  500 
1  s  1  
 fc   1000 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 7

2.11
Choose C2  0.1  F
1.4142 1.4142
R1  R2    2813 
C2  2 f c  0.1106  2  800
1 1
C1    0.05  F
R1R2  2 f c  2813  2813  0.1106   2  800 
2 2

0.1  F
Vin 2.813 k 2.813 k Vo


0.05  F

2.12
2n
 f   400 
4
1  a  1  
 fc   800 
% aliasing level    6.43%
2n 4
 f  fa   4000  400 
1  s  1  
 fc   800 

2.13
2n
 f   3200 
4
1  a  1  
 fc   3200 
a. % aliasing level    57.44%
2n 4
 f  fa   8000  3200 
1  s  1  
 fc   3200 
2n
 f   1000 
4
1  a  1  
 fc   3200 
b. % aliasing level    20.55%
2n 4
 f  fa   8000  1000 
1  s  1  
 fc   3200 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 8

2.14
When n  7
2n
 f   3200 
27
1  a  1  
 fc   3200 
% aliasing level    8.26%
2n 27
 f  fa   8000  3200 
1  s  1  
 fc   3200 
The order of the anti-aliasing filter should be seven (7).

2.15
2n
 f   3100 
4
1  a  1  
 fc   3100 
a. % aliasing level    52.55%
2n 4
 f  fa   8000  3100 
1  s  1  
 fc   3100 
2n
 f   900 
4
1  a  1  
 fc   3100 
b. % aliasing level    18.79%
2n 4
 f  fa   8000  900 
1  s  1  
 fc   3100 

2.16
When n  6
2n
 f   3100 
26
1  a  1  
 fc   3100 
% aliasing level    9.05%
2n 26
 f  fa   8000  3100 
1  s  1  
 fc   3100 
The order of the anti-aliasing filter should be six (6).

2.17
a. fT  3200 / 8000  0.4
 sin( fT  )   sin(0.4 ) 
% distortion  1   100%  1   100%  24.32%
  fT   0.4 
b. fT  1500 / 8000  0.1875
 sin( fT  )   sin(0.1875 ) 
% distortion  1   100%  1   100%  5.68%
  fT   0.1875 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 9

2.18
sin(0.2 )
f  4000 Hz, fT  4000 1/ 20000  0.2 , and gain   0.9355 (0.58 dB)
0.2
sin(0.8 )
f  16000 Hz, fT  16000 1/ 20000  0.8 , and gain   0.2339 (12.62 dB)
0.8
Maximum allowable gain variation from 0 to 4000 Hz = 2-0.58=1.42dB
40 -12.62 = 27.38 dB rejection at frequency 16000 Hz.


20log 1   4000 / fc  2 n 1/ 2
 1.42

20log 1  16000 / f  
2 n 1/ 2
c  27.38
Then
1
n log  (102.738  1) /(100.142  1)  / log 16000 / 4000   2.6158  3
2
4000
fc   4686 Hz
100.142  1
1/ 6

2.19
a. fT  3000 / 8000  0.375
 sin( fT  )   sin(0.375 ) 
% distortion  1   100%  1   100%  21.58%
  fT   0.375 
b. fT  1600 / 8000  0.2
 sin( fT  )   sin(0.2 ) 
% distortion  1   100%  1   100%  6.45%
  fT   0.2 
2.20
f  4000 Hz, fT  4000 1/ 22000  0.18182 , and
sin(0.18182 )
gain   0.9465 (0.48 dB)
0.18182
f  16000 Hz, fT  18000 1/ 22000  0.818182 , and
sin(0.81812 )
gain   0.2104 (13.54 dB)
0.81812
Maximum allowable gain variation from 0 to 4000 Hz = 2-0.48=1.52dB
40 -13.54 = 26.46 dB rejection at frequency 18000 Hz.


20log 1   4000 / fc  2 n 1/ 2
 1.52

20log 1  16000 / f  
2 n 1/ 2
c  26.46
Then
1
n log  (102.646  1) /(100.152  1)  / log 18000 / 4000   2.3138  3
2
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 10

4000
fc   4624 Hz
100.152  1
1/ 6

2.21
b1b0=01

2.22
1 1  1 1 
V0  VR  b1  b0   5    0  1  1.25 Volts
2 4  2 4 
2.23
b1b0=10

2.24
1 1  1 1 
For b1b0=11, V0  VR  b1  b0   5   1  1  3.75 Volts
2 4  2 4 
1 1  1 1 
For b1b0=10, V0  VR  b1  b0   5   1   0   2.5 Volts
2 4  2 4 

2.25
a. L  24  16 levels
x x 5
b.   max min   0.3125
L 16
c. xq  0  10  0.3125  3.125
3.2  x  xmin   10.24  0 
d.   10.24 , i  round    round    round 10.24   10
0.3125      
binary code =1010
e. eq  0.075

2.26
a. L  25  32 levels
x x 4
b.   max min   0.125
L 32
c. xq  0  10  0.125  1.25
1.2  x  xmin   9.6  0 
d.   9.6 , i  round    round    round  9.6   10 binary
0.125      
code =1010
e. eq  0.05

2.27
a. L  23  8 levels
x x 5
b.   max min   0.625
L 8
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 11

c. xq  2.5  2  0.625  1.25

1.2
d. x    1.92 ,
0.625
 x  xmin   1.92  (4) 
i  round    round    round  2.08   2
     
binary code =010
e. eq  0.05

2.28
a. L  28  256 levels
x x 5
b.   max min   0.01953125
L 256
c. xq  2.5  205  0.01953125  1.5039
1.5
d. x    76.8 ,
0.01953125
 x  xmin   76.8  (128) 
i  round    round    round  204.8  205
     
binary code =11001101
e. eq  0.0039

2.29
xmax  xmin 20
a. L  26  64 levels b.     0.3125
L 64
c. SNRdB  1.76  6.02  6  37.88 dB

2.30
xmax  xmin 5
a. L  26  64 levels b.     0.078125
L 64

c.
 
SNRdB  4.77  20  log xrms / x max  6.02  6
dB
 4.77  20  log  0.25   36.12  28.85

2.31
a. See Program 2.1
b.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 12

1
Quantized x(n)

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (sec.)

c. SNR = 37 dB

2.32
a. Use Program 2.1
b.
4

1
Quantized x(n)

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (sec.)

c. SNR = 35 dB

2.33

a. See Program 2.2

b.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 13

we.dat: "we"
5

Original speech
0

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
5
Quantized speech

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
1
Quantized error

-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time (sec.)

c. SNR = 26.9 dB

2.36

1  1  0.5 1 0.5 e jk0t 1 sin(2 k / T )
(a) ak   p(t )e  jk0t dt   e  jk0t
dt   ,
T  T   T   jk0 
T 2 k / T
0  2 / T  2 f s

1 sin(2 k / T )  j 2 kf t
p(t )   e s

k  T 2 k / T
1  sin(2 k / T )
(b) X s ( f )   X ( f  fs )
T k  2 k / T
1  sin(2 k / T )
(c) Ys ( f )  X s ( f )   X ( f  fs )
T k  2 k / T
1
For  f s / 2  f  f s / 2 , Ys ( f )  X s ( f )  X(f )
T
The output spectrum with sample and hold:
sin( fT )
Yh ( f )  T Ys ( f )
 fT
The output spectrum with ideal recovery
Yhideal ( f )  T Ys ( f )
Distortion
sin( fT )
Distortion  1  Yh ( f ) /( Yh ideal ( f ) )  1 
 fT
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 14

2.37

1  1 1 1 e jk0t
ak   p(t )e  jk0t dt   e  jk0t dt 
T  T 0 T  jk0
(a) 0 ,
 jk0 jk0 / 2  jk0 / 2
1 1 e 1 e e 1 sin(k / T )
  e  jk0 / 2  e jk / T
T jk0 T jk0 T k / T
0  2 / T  2 f s

1 sin(k / T )  j 2 kf st
p(t )  Te
k 
 jk / T

k / T
e

1  sin(k / T )
(b) X s ( f )   e jk / T X ( f  fs )
T k  k / T
1  sin(k / T )
(c) Ys ( f )  X s ( f )   e jk / T X ( f  fs )
T k  k / T
1
For  fc / 2  f  f c / 2 , Ys ( f )  X s ( f )  X ( f )
T
The output spectrum with sample and hold:
sin( fT )
Yh ( f )  T Ys ( f )
 fT
The output spectrum with ideal recovery
Yhideal ( f )  T Ys ( f )
Distortion
sin( fT )
Distortion  1  Yh ( f ) /( Yh ideal ( f ) )  1 
 fT
2.38
1  1 [sin(2 k / T )]2
(a) ak   p(t )e  jk0t
dt  , 0  2 / T  2 f s
T  T (2 k / T )2

1 [sin(2 k / T )]2  j 2 kf st
p(t )   e
k  T (2 k / T ) 2
1  [sin(2 k / T )]2
(b) X s ( f )  
T k  (2 k / T ) 2
X ( f  kf s )

1  [sin(2 k / T )]2
(c) Ys ( f )  X s ( f )   X ( f  kf s )
T k  (2 k / T )2
1
For  f s / 2  f  f s / 2 , Ys ( f )  X s ( f )  X ( f )
T
The output spectrum with sample and hold:
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 15

sin( fT )
Yh ( f )  T Ys ( f )
 fT
The output spectrum with ideal recovery
Yhideal ( f )  T Ys ( f )
Distortion
sin( fT )
Distortion  1  Yh ( f ) /( Yh ideal ( f ) )  1 
 fT

2.39
[1   2C 2 ( f a / f c )]
(a) AL  1/ (1   2C 2 [( f s  f a ) / f c ]) /1/ [1   2C 2 ( f a / f c )] 
(1   2C 2 [( f s  f a ) / f c ])
(b) f c  3.4 kHz, f a  1 kHz, f s  8 kHz, n  4 ,
  1 dB  20  log10 (1/ 1   2 )   2  0.2589 , f a / f c  1/ 3.4  0.2941
( f s  f a ) / f c  7 / 3.4  2.0588
C4 (0.2941)  cos[4cos1 (0.2941)]  0.3679 ,
C4 (2.0588)  cosh[4cosh 1 (2.0588)]  110.8205
[1  0.2589  0.36792
AL   0.018
(1  0.2589 110.82052

2.40
2
 N m
N

N N
 2   i
2 A / 2  12  Ai2 / 2
  2 Ai / 2m , P   Ai2 / 2 , N    i 1  , SNR  i 1

12 12  N
m
 2 Ai / 2 
i 1 i 1

 i 1 
2.41
2
 2  2 A1 A2 / 2 
m

  2 A1 A2 / 2 , N 
m

12 12
Since x(t )  A1 A2 cos[(1  2 )t  1  2 ]/ 2  A1 A2 cos[(1  2 )t  1  2 ]/ 2 .
3( A1 A2 ) 2
P  ( A1 A2 / 2)2 / 2  ( A1 A2 / 2) 2 / 2  ( A1 A2 ) 2 / 4 , SNR  2
 2 A1 A2 / 2m 
2.42
N
3 Ai2 / 2
0 1 1 30 1 2 P
N   eq2 deq  eq   , SNR   i 1
  3  3 N  N m
 2 Ai / 2 
 i 1 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 16

2.43
 1 1 3 1 2 3( A1 A2 ) 2 / 4
N   eq2 deq  eq   , SNR 
0  3 0 3  2 A1 A2 / 2m 
2

Chapter 3

3.1

6 0

-0.5
4
-1
(a)

(b)
2
-1.5

0 -2
-5 0 5 -5 0 5 10
n n

0 6

-2 4
(c)

(d)

-4 2

-6 0
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
n n

3.2
a.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x ( n) 1.000 0.5000 0.2500 0.1250 0.0625 0.0313 0.0156 0.0078

b.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x ( n) 0.0000 2.9389 4.7553 4.7553 2.9389 0.0000 -2.9389 -4.7553

c.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x ( n) 4.3301 3.3457 2.0377 0.5226 -1.0396 -2.5000 -3.7157 -4.5677

d.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x ( n) 0.0000 1.1588 1.6531 1.7065 1.5064 1.1865 0.8463 0.5400
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 17

1 5

0.5 0
(a)

(b)
0 -5
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
n n

5 2

1.5

0 1
(c)

(d)
0.5

-5 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
n n

3.3

8 0

6 -1

4 -2
(a)

(b)

2 -3

0 -4
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
n n

6 0

4 -2
(c)

(d)

2 -4

0 -6
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
n n
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 18

3.4
xa =[ 1.0000 0.2500 0.0625 0.0156 0.0039 0.0010 0.0002 0.0001]
xb =[ 0 2.8532 1.7634 -1.7634 -2.8532 -0.0000 2.8532 1.7634]
xc =[ 5.1962 2.4404 -1.2475 -4.4589 -5.9671 -5.1962 -2.4404 1.2475]
xd =[ 0 0.6180 0.5878 0.4045 0.2378 0.1250 0.0594 0.0253]

1 4

0.5 0
(a)

(b)
-2

0 -4
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
n n

10 0.8

5 0.6

0 0.4
(c)

(d)

-5 0.2

-10 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
n n

3.5
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 19

10

5
(a)

-5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
n

2
(b)

-2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
n

3.6
a. x(n)  3 (n)   (n  1)  2 (n  2)   (n  3)   (n  5)
b. x(n)   (n  1)   (n  2)   (n  4)   (n  5)

3.7

-2
(a)

-4

-6
-5 0 5 10
n

2
(b)

-2
-5 0 5 10
n

3.8
a. x(n)   (n  1)  0.5 (n  1)  3 (n)  2.5 (n  2)   (n  3)  0.5 (n  4)   (n  5)
b. x(n)  0.5 (n  1)  0.5 (n)   (n  1)  0.5 (n  2)   (n  4)   (n  5)
 Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 20

3.9
a. x(n)  e0.5nu (n)  (0.6065)n u (n)
b. x(n)  5sin(0.2 n)u (n)
c. x(n)  10cos(0.4 n   / 6)u (n)
d. x(n)  10e n sin(0.15 n)u(n)  10(0.3679) n sin(0.15 n)u(n)

3.10
a. Let y1 (n)  5 x1 (n)  2 x12 (n) , y2 (n)  5x2 (n)  2 x22 (n)
y1 (n)  y2 (n)  5x1 (n)  2 x12 (n)  5x2 (n)  2 x22 (n)
For x(n)  x1 (n)  x2 (n)
y (n)  5 x(n)  2 x 2 (n)  5  x1 (n)  x2 (n)   2  x1 (n)  x2 (n) 
2

 5 x1 (n)  5 x2 (n)  2 x12 (n)  2 x22 (n)  4 x1 (n) x2 (n)

Since y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y(n) , the system is a nonlinear system.
b. Let y1 (n)  x1 (n  1)  4 x1 (n) , y2 (n)  x2 (n  1)  4 x2 (n)
y1 (n)  y2 (n)  x1 (n  1)  x2 (n  1)  4 x1 (n)  4 x2 (n)
For x(n)  x1 (n)  x2 (n)
y (n)  x(n  1)  4 x(n)   x1 (n  1)  x2 (n  1)   4  x1 (n)  x2 (n) 
 x1 (n  1)  x2 (n  1)  4 x1 (n)  4 x2 (n)
Since y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y(n) , the system is a linear system.
c. Let y1 (n)  4 x13 (n)  2 x1 (n) , y2 (n)  4 x23 (n)  2 x2 (n)
y1 (n)  y2 (n)  4 x13 (n)  2 x1 (n)  4 x23 (n)  2 x2 (n)
For x(n)  x1 (n)  x2 (n)
y (n)  4 x3 (n)  2 x(n)  4  x1 (n)  x2 ( n)   2  x1 ( n)  x2 ( n) 
3

 4 x13 (n)  8 x12 (n) x2 (n)  8 x1 (n) x22 (n)  4 x23 ( n)  2 x1 ( n)  2 x2 ( n)

Since y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y(n) , the system is a nonlinear system.

3.11
a. x(n)  e0.5nu (n)  (0.6065)n u (n)
b. x(n)  4sin(0.3 n)u (n)
c. x(n)  7.5cos(0.1 n   / 3)u (n)
d. x(n)  20e n sin(0.3 n)u(n)  20(0.3679)n sin(0.3 n)u(n)

3.12
a. Let y1 (n)  4 x1 (n)  8x13 (n) , y2 (n)  4 x2 (n)  8x23 (n)
y1 (n)  y2 (n)  4 x1 (n)  8 x13 (n)  4 x2 (n)  8 x23 (n)
For x(n)  x1 (n)  x2 (n)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 21

y (n)  4 x(n)  8 x 3 (n)  4  x1 ( n)  x2 ( n)   8  x1 ( n)  x2 ( n) 

3

Since y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y(n) , the system is a nonlinear system.

b. Let y1 (n)  x1 (n  3)  3x1 (n) , y2 (n)  x2 (n  3)  3x2 (n)
y1 (n)  y2 (n)  x1 (n  3)  x2 (n  3)  3x1 (n)  3x2 (n)
For x(n)  x1 (n)  x2 (n)
y (n)  x(n  3)  3 x(n)   x1 (n  3)  x2 (n  3)   3  x1 (n)  x2 (n) 
 x1 (n  1)  x2 (n  1)  3 x1 (n)  3 x2 ( n)
Since y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y(n) , the system is a linear system.
c. Let y1 (n)  5x12 (n  1)  3x1 (n) , y2 (n)  5x22 (n)  3x2 (n)
y1 (n)  y2 (n)  5x12 (n  1)  3x1 (n)  5x22 (n  1)  3x2 (n)
For x(n)  x1 (n)  x2 (n)
y (n)  5 x 2 (n  1)  3 x(n)  5  x1 (n  1)  x2 ( n  1)   3  x1 ( n)  x2 ( n) 
2

 5 x12 (n  1)  10 x1 (n  1) x2 (n  1)  5 x22 (n  1)  3 x1 ( n)  3 x2 ( n)
Since y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y(n) , the system is a nonlinear system.

3.13
a. For x1 (n)  x(n  n0 ) , y1 (n)  5x1 (n  10)  5x(n  10  n0 )
Since y (n  n0 )  5 x   n  n0   10   5 x(n  10  n0 )  y1 (n)
The system is time invariant.
b. For x2 (n)  x(n  n0 ) so that x2 (n2 )  x(n2  n0 ) , y2 (n)  4 x2 (n2 )  4 x2 (n2  n0 )
Since shifting y (n  n0 )  4 x  (n  n0 ) 2   4 x(n 2  2nn0  n02 )  y2 (n)
The system is time invariant.

3.14
a. Since the output is depending on the current input and past inputs, the system is causal.
b. Since the output is depending on the future input x(n  4) , the system is a non-causal
system.

3.15
a. causal system, since the system output depends on the current input and past inputs.
b. noncausal system, since the system output depends on a future input.
c. causal system, since the equation can be rewritten as
y(n)  2 x(n  3)  2 y(n  2)
The system output is depending on the past input and the past output which is in turn
based on the past outputs.

3.16
a. h(n)  0.5 (n)  0.5 (n  2)
b. h(n)  (0.75)n ; n  0
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 22

c. h(n)  1.25 (n)  1.25(0.8) n ; n  0

3.17
a. causal system, since the system output depends on the current input and past input and
output.
b. noncausal system, since the system output depends on a future input x(n  2) .
c. causal system, since the equation can be rewritten as
y(n)  0.2 x(n  1)  2 y (n  2)
The system output is depending on the past input and the past output which is in turn
based on the past outputs.

3.18
a. h(n)  0.2 (n)  0.3 (n  2)
b. h(n)  0.5(0.5) n ; n  0
c. h(n)  (5 / 3) (n)  (5 / 3)(0.6) n ; n  0

3.19
a. h(n)  5 (n  10)
b. h(n)   (n)  0.5 (n  1)

3.20

2 2

1.5 1.5
(a) h(-k)
(a) h(k)

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
k k

2 2

1.5 1.5
(b) h(-k+2)

(b) h(-k-3)

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
k k
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 23

3.21
2 2

1 1

(a) h(-k)
(a) h(k)
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
k k

2 2

1 1
(b) h(-k+1)

(b) h(-k-2)
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
k k

3.22
y (0)  4 , y (1)  6 , y (2)  8 , y (3)  6 , y (4)  5 , y (5)  2 , y (6)  1 ,
y (n)  0 for n  7

3.23
y (0)  4 , y(1)  2 , y (2)  0 , y (3)  6 , y (4)  3 , y (5)  2 , y (6)  1
y (n)  0 for n  7

3.24
y (0)  0 , y (1)  1 , y (2)  2 , y (3)  1 , y (4)  0 ,
y (n)  0 for n  4

3.25
Since h(n)  0.5 (n)  100 (n  2)  20 (n  10)
and S  0.5  100  20  120.5 = finite number, the system is stable.

3.26
a. h(n)  2.5 (n  5)
b. h(n)  2 (n)  1.2 (n  1)

3.27
Since h(n)  5 (n)  30 (n  3)  10 (n  20)
and S  5  30  10  45 = finite number, the system is stable.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 24

3.28

a. h(n)  (0.75)n u(n) , S   (0.75) k  1/ 1  0.75   4 = finite, the system is stable.
k 0

b. h(n)  (2) n u(n) , S   (2) k  1  2  22    = infinite, the system is unstable.
k 0

3.29

1  (1.5) k 1
a. h(n)  (1.5)n u (n) , S   (1.5)k  lim   = infinite, the system is
k  1  ( 1.5)
k 0
unstable.

b. h(n)  (0.5)n u (n) , S   (0.5) k  1/(1  (0.5))  2 / 3 = finite, the system is stable.
k 0

3.30
(a)
y(n)  x(n  3)
(1)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n  3) ;
Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  x2 (n  3) ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) , y3 (n)  x3 (n  3)   x1 (n  3)   x2 (n  3) ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)   x1 (n  3)   x2 (n  3)  y3 (n)
The system is linear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n  3) ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  x2 (n  3)  x1 (n  3  n0 ) ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  x1[(n  n0 )  3]  x1 (n  n0  3)  y2 (n) ;
The system is time varying.
(3)
Since y (1)  x(1  3)  x(4) depending on the future input, the system is non-causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  x(n  3)  M
The system is BIBO stable

Linear, time varying, non-causal, stable

(b)
y (n)  x(n  1)  0.5 y (n  2) ;
Impulse response:
h(n)  0, n  1 h(n)  0, n  1 , h(1)  1 , h(2)  0 , h(3)  0.5 ,
h ( n)  1
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 25


y ( n)   h(k )x(n  k )
k 
(1)

Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)   h(k )x (n  k )
k 
1


Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)   h(k )x (n  k ) ;
k 
2

Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) ,

  
y3 (n)   h(k )  x1 (n  k )   x2 (n  k )   y3 (n)    h(k ) x1 (n  k )   h (k ) x (n  k )
2
k  k  k 

 
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)   
k 
h(k )x1 (n  k )    h(k )x (n  k )  y (n) ;
k 
2 3

The system is linear.

(2)

Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)   h(k )x (n  k ) ;
k 
1

 
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  
k 
h(k )x2 (n  k )   h(k )x (n  n
k 
1 0  k) ;

Check y1 (n  n0 )   h(k )x (n  n
k 
1 0  k )  y2 ( n) ;

The system is time invariant.

(3)
Since y (n) is depending on past input and past output, the system is causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then
 
1
y ( n)   h(k )x(n  k )  M
k 

k 
h(k )  M 1  0.5  0.52...  M
1  0.5
 2M  

The system is BIBO stable

Linear time invariant, causal, stable

(c)
y (n)  nx(n  1)  x(n)
(1)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  nx1 (n  1)  x(n) ;
Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  nx2 (n  1)  x2 (n) ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) ,
y3 (n)  nx3 (n  1)  x3 (n)  n x1 (n  1)  n x2 (n  1)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)   nx1 (n  1)   x1 (n)   nx2 (n  1)   x2 (n)  y3 (n)
The system is linear.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 26

(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  nx1 (n  1)  x(n) ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  nx2 (n  1)  x2 (n)  nx1 (n  1  n0 )  x1 (n  n0 ) ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  (n  n0 ) x1 (n  1  n0 )  x1 (n  n0 )  y2 (n) ;
The system is time varying.
(3)
Since y (n) is depending on the current input and past input, the system is causal.
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  nx(n  1)  x(n)  ( n  1)M  
The system is not BIBO stable

Linear, time varying, causal, unstable

(d)
y ( n)  x ( n)
(1)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n) ;
Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  x2 (n) ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) , y3 (n)  x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n)  y3 (n)
The system is nonlinear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n) ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  x1 (n  n0 )  y2 (n) ;
The system is time invariant.
(3)
Since y (n) depending on the current input, the system is causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  x(n)  M
The system is BIBO stable

Nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable

3.31
(a)
1 x0

y (n)  sign[ x(n)] , where sign( x)   0 x  0
 1 x  0

(1)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 27

Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  sign[ x1 (n)] ;

Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  sign[ x2 (n)] ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) , y3 (n)  sign[ x3 (n)]  sign[ x1 (n)   x2 (n)] ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)    sign[ x1 (n)]    sign[ x2 (n)]  y3 (n)
The system is nonlinear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  sign[ x1 (n)] ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  sign[ x2 (n)]  sign[ x1 (n  n0 )] ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  sign[ x1 (n  n0 )]  y2 (n) ;
The system is time invariant
(3)
Since y (n) depending on the current input, the system is causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  sign[ x(n) ]  1
The system is BIBO stable

Nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable

(b)
y (n)  truncate[ x(n)]
(1)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  truncate[ x1 (n)] ;
Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  truncate[ x2 (n)] ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) , y3 (n)  truncate[ x3 (n)]  truncate[ x1 (n)   x2 (n)] ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)    truncate[ x1 (n)]    truncate[ x2 (n)]  y3 (n)
The system is nonlinear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  truncate[ x1 (n)] ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  truncate[ x2 (n)]  truncate[ x1 (n  n0 )] ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  truncate[ x1 (n  n0 )]  y2 (n) ;
The system is time invariant.
(3)
Since y (n) depending on the current input, the system is causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  truncate[ x(n)]  M
The system is BIBO stable

Nonlinear, time invariant, causal , stable

(c)
y (n)  round [ x(n)]
(1)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 28

Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  round [ x1 (n)] ;

Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  round [ x2 (n)] ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) , y3 (n)  round [ x3 (n)]  round [ x1 (n)   x2 (n)] ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)    round [ x1 (n)]    round [ x2 (n)]  y3 (n)
The system is nonlinear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  round [ x1 (n)] ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  round [ x2 (n)]  round[ x1 (n  n0 )] ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  round [ x1 (n  n0 )]  y2 (n) ;
The system is time invariant
(3)
Since y (n) depending on the current input, the system is causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  round[ x(n)]  M  0.5
The system is BIBO stable

Nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable

3.32
(a)
y (n)  x(n) x(n  1)
(1)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n) x1 (n  1) ;
Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  x2 (n) x2 (n  1) ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) ,
y3 (n)  x3 (n) x3 (n 1)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) x1 (n 1)   x2 (n  1) ;
Check  y1 (n)   y2 (n)   x1 (n) x1 (n  1)   x2 (n) x2 (n  1)  y3 (n)
The system is nonlinear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n) x1 (n  1) ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  x2 (n) x2 (n  1)  x1 (n  n0 ) x1 (n  1  n0 ) ;
Check y1 (n  n0 )  x1 (n  n0 ) x1 (n  n0  1)  y2 (n) ;
The system is time invariant.
(3)
Since y (n) depending on the current input and past input, the system is causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then y(n)  x(n) x(n 1)  x(n) x(n 1)  M 2  
The system is BIBO stable
Nonlinear, time invariant, causal stable
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 29

(b)
y (n)  x(n)  0.2 x(n  1) y (n  2)
(1)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n)  0.2 x1 (n  1) y1 (n  2) ;
Let x2 (n)  input , y2 (n)  x2 (n)  0.2 x2 (n  1) y2 (n  2) ;
Let x3 (n)   x1 (n)   x2 (n) ,
y3 (n)  x3 (n)  0.2 x3 (n  1) y3 (n  2)   x1 (n)   x2 (n)  0.2[ x1 (n  1)   x2 (n  1)] y3 (n  2)

Check
 y1 (n)   y2 (n)   x1 (n)   0.2 x1 (n  1) y1 (n  2)   x2 (n)   0.2 x2 (n  1) y2 (n  2)
  x1 (n)   x2 (n)   0.2 x1 (n  1) y1 (n  2)   0.2 x2 (n  1) y2 (n  2)  y3 (n)
The system is nonlinear.
(2)
Let x1 (n)  input , y1 (n)  x1 (n)  0.2 x1 (n  1) y1 (n  2) ;
Let x2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 ) , y2 (n)  x1 (n  n0 )  0.2 x1 (n  n0  1) y2 (n  2) , Eqn (1)
Check y1 (n  n0 )  x1 (n  n0 )  0.2 x1 (n  n0  1) y1 (n  n0  2) , Eqn (2)
If y2 (n)  y1 (n  n0 ) , Eqn 1 and Eqn 2 are the same.
The system is time invariant.
(3)
Since y (n) depending on the current input, past input and past output, the system is
causal
(4)
Let x(n)  M   , then
y(n)  x(n)  0.2 x(n 1) y(n  2)  x(n)  0.2 x(n 1) y(n  2)  M  0.2M y(n  2)
y(0)  M  0.2M y(2)  M
y(1)  M  0.2M y(1)  M
y(2)  M  0.2M y(0)  M  0.2M 2
y(3)  M  0.2M y(1)  M  0.2M 2
y(4)  M  0.2M y(2)  M  0.2M ( M  0.2M )  M  0.2M 2  0.22 M 3
y(5)  M  0.2M y(3)  M  0.2M (M  0.2M )  M  0.2M 2  0.22 M 3
y(6)  M  0.2M y(4)  M  0.2M [M  0.2M 2  0.22 M 3 ]  M  0.2M 2  0.22 M 3  0.23 M 4 ]
…..
The system is not BIBO stable!
But when x(n)  M  1   , y(n)  1  0.2  0.22  ...  1/(1  0.2)  1.25 for n   ,
then the system is stable.
Nonlinear, time invariant causal, not BIBO stable
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 30

3.33
N N N
(a) r  1 ,  rk 
k M
 1k 
k M
 1  N  M 1
k M
N N M
1  r N  M 1 r M  r N 1
N M
r  1,  r   rk
r  r r
n M M n M

k M n 0 n 0 1 r 1 r

r  r N 1
M
1
(b) when r  1 , M  0 , N   , from (a)  r k  
k 0 1 r 1 r
3.34
(a) y(n)  ay (n  1)  x(n)  ay (n  1)   (n)
n  0 , y (0)  ay (1)   (0)  a  0  1  1  h(0)
n  1 , y (1)  ay (0)   (1)  a  1  0  a  h(1)
n  2 , y(2)  ay(1)   (2)  a  a  0  a2  h(2)
….
h(n)  a nu (n)
(b)
Try: y(n)  a 2 y(n  2)  x(n)  a 2 y(n  2)   (n)
n  0 , y(0)  a 2 y(2)   (0)  a 2  0  1  1  h(0)
n  1 , y(1)  a 2 y(1)   (1)  a 2  0  0  0  h(1)
n  2 , y(2)  a 2 y(0)   (2)  a 2 1  0  a 2  h(2)
n  3 , y(3)  a 2 y(1)   (3)  a 2  0  0  0  h(3)
n  4 , y(4)  a 2 y(2)   (4)  a 2  a 2  0  a 4  h(4)
….
We can predict y(n)  a 2 y(n  2)  x(n) .

3.35
n 1
y ( n)  y (n  1)   (n)
n 1 n 1
n  0, y (0)  0 y (1)  1 (0)  1  h(0)
n 1, y(1)  (1/ 2) y (0)  (1/ 2) (1)  1/ 2  h (1)
n  2, y(2)  (2 / 3) y (1)  (1/ 3) (2)  (2 / 3)  (1/ 2)  1/ 3  h (2)
n  3, y(3)  (3/ 4) y (1)  (1/ 4) (3)  (3/ 4)  (1/ 3)  1/ 4  h (3)
….
We can predict h(n)  1/(n  1)

3.36
(a)
y (n)  x(n)* h(n)  0 , n  0
1  a n 1
n
y (n)  x(n)* h(n)   a  k
, n0
k 0 1 a
(b)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 31

n 
1 an
n  0 , y (n)  h(n)* x(n)   ak   a
k  m0
m n
a
n

1 a 1 a
0 
1
n  0 , y (n)  h(n)* x(n)  a
k 
k
  am 
m0 1 a

3.37
n 0 
Let m  n  k , y (n)  
k 
x ( k ) h( n  k )   x(n  m)h(m)   h(k ) x(n  k )
m  k 0
3.38

x(k )  0 for k  0 , y (n)   x(k )h(n  k ) ,
k 0
 n
Let m  n  k , y (n)   x(n  m)h(m)   x ( n  k ) h( k )
mn k 
n
Since h(k )  0 for k  0 , then y (n)   h(k ) x(n  k )
k 0
0 n
Let m  n  k , y (n)   x(m)h(n  m)   x(k )h(n  k )
mn k 0

Chapter 4

4.1
X (0)  1 , X (1)  2  j , X (2)  1 , X (3)  2  j

4.2

X (0)  10 , X (1)  2  2 j , X (2)  2 , X (3)  2  2 j

4.3
X =[ 0.2000 0.4000 - 0.2000i -0.2000 0.4000 + 0.2000i]

4.4
X =[2.0000 0.4000 - 0.4000i 0.4000 0.4000 + 0.4000i]

4.5
From 4.2: X (0)  10 , X (1)  2  2 j , X (2)  2 , X (3)  2  2 j
x(0)  4 , x(1)  3 , x(2)  2 , x(3)  1

4.6
X (0)  10 , X (1)  3.5  4.3301 j , X (2)  2.5  0.8660 j , X (3)  2 ,
X (4)  2.5  0.8660 j , X (5)  3.5  4.3301 j

4.7
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 32

x =[0.8000 0.6000 0.4000 0.2000]

4.8
X =[ 2.00 0.70 - 0.866i 0.50 - 0.1732i 0.40 0.50+ 0.1732i 0.70 + 0.866i]

4.9
From 4.4: X (0)  10 , X (1)  3.5  4.3301 j , X (2)  2.5  0.8660 j , X (3)  2 ,
X (4)  2.5  0.8660 j , X (5)  3.5  4.3301 j
x (0)  4 , x (4)  0

4.10
f  2.5 Hz and f max  10 kHz

4.11
x (0)  0.8 , x (4)  0

4.12
N  4000 , f  4 Hz, f max  f s / 2  8 kHz

4.13
N  4096 , f  0.488 Hz

4.14
X (0)  6 , X (1)  2  2 j , X (2)  6 , X (3)  2  2 j

f Hz 0 25 50 75
Ak 1.5 0.707 1.5 0.707
Pk 2.25 0.5 2.25 0.5
k degree 0 45 0 -45

4.15
a. w = [ 0.0800 0.2532 0.6424 0.9544 0.9544 0.6424 0.2532 0.0800 ]
b. w=[ 0 0.1883 0.6113 0.9505 0.9505 0.6113 0.1883 0]

4.16
a. xw=[ 0 0.4000 0 -0.8000 0 0]
b. xw=[0 0.3979 0 -0.9121 0 0.0800 ]
c. xw=[ 0 0.3455 0 -0.9045 0 0]

4.17
a.
w=[ 0.0800 0.1876 0.4601 0.7700 0.9723 0.9723 0.7700 0.4601 0.1876 0.0800]
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 33

b.
w=[0 0.1170 0.4132 0.7500 0.9698 0.9698 0.7500 0.4132 0.1170 0]

4.18
a. xw =[ 0 0.0800 0 -0.1600 0 0]
b. xw =[0 0.0796 0 -0.1824 0 0.0160]
c. xw =[ 0 0.0691 0 -0.1809 0 0]

4.19
a. A0  0.1667 , A1  0.3727 , A2  0.5 , A3  0.3727
0  00 , 1  154.430 , 2  00 , 3  154.430
P0  0.0278 , P1  0.1389 , P2  0.25 , P3  0.1389
b. A0  0.2925 , A1  0.3717 , A2  0.6375 , A3  0.3717
0  00 , 1  145.130 , 2  00 , 3  145.130
P0  0.0856 , P1  0.1382 , P2  0.4064 , P3  0.1382
c. A0  0.1875 , A1  0.4193 , A2  0.5625 , A3  0.4193
0  00 , 1  153.430 , 2  00 , 3  153.430
P0  0.0352 , P1  0.1758 , P2  0.3164 , P3  0.1758

4.20
a. f  8000 /100  80 Hz, b. Sine one cycles  (1/ 2000) /(1/ 8000)  4 samples, and
100 samples /4 samples= 25, which is multiple of the cycles, there is no spectral leakage.
b. f  8000 / 73  109.59 Hz, 4) Since 73 samples/ 4 samples is not multiple of the
cycles, spectral leakage occurs significantly without using the window function.

4.21
bit index bit revesal
6 10
00 x(0)  4 X (0) 00
4 W40  1 2
01 x(1)  3 X (2) 10
1 2  j2
2 W4  1
0
10 x(2)  2 X (1) 01
1 2 W 1   j W40  1 2  j 2
11 x(3)  1 4 X (3) 11
1 1

X (0)  10 , X (1)  2  2 j , X (2)  2 , X (3)  2  2 j , 4 complex multiplications

4.22
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 34

bit index 1 bit revesal

12 16
00 X ( 0)  10
4
~ x(0)  4 00
4 W40  1 8 1
01 X (1)  2  j 2 ~ 4 x (2)  2 10
8 W40  1 1 12 1
10 X (2)  2 ~ ~0 4 x(1)  3 01
1  j 4 W41  j W4  1 4 1
11 X (3)  2  j 2 4 x(4)  1 11
1 1

x(0)  4 , x(1)  3 , x(2)  2 , x(3)  1 , 4 complex multiplications

4.23
bit index bit revesal
1.2 2
00 x(0)  0.8 X ( 0) 00
0.8 W40  1 0.4
01 x(1)  0.6 X (2) 10
0.4 W4  1
0 1 0.4  j 0.4
10 x(2)  0.4 X (1) 01
1 0.4 W 1   j W40  10.4  j 0.4
11 x(3)  0.2 4 X (3) 11
1 1

X (0)  2 , X (1)  0.4  0.4 j , X (2)  0.4 , X (3)  0.4  0.4 j , 4 complex
multiplications

4.24
bit index 1 bit revesal
2.4 3.2
00 X (0)  2
4
~ x (0)  0.8 00
0.8 W40  1 1.6 1
01 X (1)  0.4  j 0.4 ~
4 x (2)  0.4 10
1.6 W40  1 1 2.4 1
10 X (2)  0.4 ~ ~0
4 x(1)  0.6 01
1  j 0.8 W41  j W4  1 0.8 1
11 X (3)  0.4  j 0.4 4 x (4)  0.2 11
1 1

x(0)  0.8 , x(1)  0.6 , x(2)  0.4 , x(3)  0.2 , 4 complex multiplications

4.25
6 10
x(0)  4 X (0)
2 2  j2
x(2)  2 X (1)
W40  1 1 4 2
x(1)  3 X ( 2)
2 W40  1 1 2  j2
x(3)  1 X (3)
W 1
4
0
1 W41   j 1

X (0)  10 , X (1)  2  2 j , X (2)  2 , X (3)  2  2 j , 4 complex multiplications

4.26
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 35

1
12 16
X (0)  10 4
1 x(0)  4
8 12
X (2)  2 ~
4
x(1)  3
W40  1 1 4 8 1
X (1)  2  j 2 ~
4
x(2)  2
 j 4 W40  1 1 1
4
X (3)  2  j 2 4
x(3)  1
~ 1 ~ 1
W40  1 W41  j

x(0)  4 , x(1)  3 , x(2)  2 , x(3)  1 , 4 complex multiplications

4.27
0.4 0.6
x (0)  0.8 X (0)
1.2 1.2  j 0.6
x (2)  0.4 X (1)
W40  1 1 0.2 0.2
x (1)  0.4 X ( 2)
0.6 W40  1 1 1.2  j 0.6
x (3)  0.2 X (3)
W 1
4
0
1 W41   j 1

X (0)  0.6 , X (1)  1.2  j 0.6 , X (2)  0.2 , X (3)  1.2  j 0.6 , 4 complex
multiplications

4.28
1
0.8 3.2
X (0)  0.6 4
1 x (0)  0.8
0.4 1.6
X (2)  0.2 ~
4
x (1)  0.4
W40  1 1 2.4 1.6 1
X (1)  1.2  j 0.6 ~
4
x (2)  0.4
 j1.2 W40  1 1 1
0.8
X (3)  1.2  j 0.6 4
x (3)  0.2
~ 1 ~ 1
W40  1 W41  j

x(0)  0.8 , x(1)  0.4 , x(2)  0.4 , x(3)  0.2 , 4 complex multiplications

4.29
a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% generate the sine wave sequence
fs=8000; T=1/fs; % Sampling rate and sampling period
t=0:T:0.1;
x1=5*cos(2*pi*500*t);
x2=5*cos(2*pi*1200*t+0.25*pi);
x3=5*cos(2*pi*1800*t+0.5*pi);
x=x1+x2+x3;
% apply the FFT algorithm
N=length(x);
index_t=[0:1:N-1];
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 36

f=[0:1:N-1]*fs/N; %Map frequency bin to frequency (Hz)

Ak=abs(fft(x))/N; %Calculate amplitude spectrum
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,x);grid
xlabel('Time(sec.)');ylabel('(a) Signal x(n)');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(f,Ak);grid
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');ylabel('(b) Amplitude Spectrum');
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b.
20

10
(a) Signal x(n)

-10

-20
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time(sec.)

3
(b) Amplitude Spectrum

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Frequency (Hz)

4.30
a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
close all;clear all
% generate the sine wave sequence
fs=8000; T=1/fs; % Sampling rate and sampling period
N=240;
t=0:T:(N-1)*T;
x1=5*cos(2*pi*500*t);
x2=5*cos(2*pi*1200*t+0.25*pi);
x3=5*cos(2*pi*1800*t+0.5*pi);
x=x1+x2+x3;
% apply the FFT algorithm with zero padding
x=[x,zeros(1,16)];
N=length(x);
index_t=[0:1:N-1];
f=[0:1:N-1]*fs/N; %Map frequency bin to frequency (Hz)
xf=abs(fft(x))/N; %Calculate amplitude spectrum
%using Bartlett window
x_b=x.*bartlett(N)'; %Apply triangular window function
xf_b=abs(fft(x_b))/N; %Calculate amplitude spectrum
subplot(2,2,1);plot(index_t,x);grid
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('(a) x(n)');axis([ 0 255 -20 20]);
subplot(2,2,2);plot(f,xf);grid;axis([0 8000 0 2.5]);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('(b)(1) Ak (no window)');
subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,xf_b);grid; axis([0 8000 0 1.2]);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('(b) (2) Triangular windowed Ak');
%using Hamming window
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 37

x_hm=x.*hamming(N)'; %Apply Hamming window function

xf_hm=abs(fft(x_hm))/N; %Calculate amplitude spectrum
subplot(2,2,4); plot(f,xf_hm);grid;axis([0 fs 0 1.2]);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('(b) (3) Hamming windowed Ak');
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b.
20 2.5

(b)(1) Ak (no window)

2
10
1.5
(a) x(n)

0
1
-10
0.5

-20 0
0 100 200 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Time index n Frequency (Hz)
(b) (2) Triangular windowed Ak

1 (b) (3) Hamming windowed Ak 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

c. Hamming window has least spectral leakage.

4.33
(a) WNN  e j (2 / N ) N  e j 2  1 (b) WNN / 2  e j (2 / N )( N / 2)  e j  1
(c) WNN / 4  e j (2 / N )( N / 4)  e j 2 / 4   j
(d) WN m  e j (2 / N )(  m)  e j 2 m / N 1  e j 2 m / N  e j 2 N / N  e j 2 ( N m) / N  WNN m

4.34
N 1
Since X (k )   x(n)WNnk ,
n 0
*
N 1 N 1 N 1
 N 1 
X ( N  k )   x(n)W n ( N k )
N   x(n)W W nN
N
 nk
N   x(n)W  nk
N    x(n)WNnk   X * (k )
n 0 n 0 n 0  n 0 

4.35
x ( n )   ( n  m)
N 1 N 1
X (k )   x(n)WNnk    (n  m)WNnk  WNkm
n 0 n 0

4.36
x ( n)  1
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 38

 N 1

N 1 N 1 N 1   1 N k 0
X (k )   x(n)WNnk  WNnk   e(  j 2 k / N ) n  n 0
(  j 2 k / N ) N
n 0 n 0 n 0 1  e 0 k 0
 1  e j 2 k / N

4.37
N 1 N 1 N 1
X (k )   x(n)WNnk   WNnk   e(  j 2 k / N ) n
n 0 n  0, even n  0, even
N 1 N 1
If k  0 , X (k )  
n  0,even
e(  j 2 k / N ) n  
n  0, even
1 N / 2
N 1 N 1 N 1
If k  N / 2 , X (k )  
n  0,even
e(  j 2 k / N ) n  
n  0, even
e j n  
n 0, even
1 N / 2

Else
N / 2 1
1  e(  j 4 k / N )( N / 2)
X (k )  
m0
e(  j 4 k / N ) m 
1  e (  j 4 k / N ) m
0

4.38
x(n)  1/ 2  (1/ 4)e j (2 n / N )  (1/ 4)e j (2 n / N )
N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1
X (k )   x(n)WNnk  (1/ 2) e(  j 2 k / N ) n  (1/ 4) e(  j 2 ( k 1) / N ) n  (1/ 4) e(  j 2 ( k 1) / N ) n
n 0 n 0 n 0 n 0
Use results in 4.36
N 1
k  0 , X (k )  (1/ 2) e(  j 2 k / N ) n  0  0  N / 2
n 0
N 1
k  1 , X (k )  0  (1/ 4) e(  j 2 ( k 1) / N ) n  0   N / 4
n 0
N 1
k  1 , X (k )  0  (1/ 4)  0  (1/ 4) e(  j 2 ( k 1) / N ) n   N / 4
n 0
Elsewhere
X (k )  0

4.39
x ( n)  n
Note :
S  0 1 2  3   N  1  N ( N  1) / 2 ;
r  r N ( N  1)r N
S  0  r  2r 2  3r 3   ( N  1)r N 1  
(1  r )2 1 r
N 1 N 1 N 1
k  0 , X (k )   x(n)WNnk   ne(  j 2 k / N ) n   n  N ( N  1) / 2
n 0 n 0 n 0
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 39

N 1
WNk  WNkN ( N  1)WNkN WNk  1 ( N  1) N
k  0 , X (k )   n(WNk ) n     
n 0 (1  WN )
k 2
(1  WN )
k
(1  WN ) (1  WN ) (1  WNk )
k 2 k

4.40
  k (2n  1)    m(2n  1)  e
j k (2 n 1) /(2 N )
 e  j k (2 n 1) /(2 N ) e j m (2 n 1) /(2 N )  e  j m (2 n 1) /(2 N )
cos   cos   
 2N   2N  2 2
j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N ) j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )  j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )  j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )
 (1/ 4)e  (1/ 4)e  (1/ 4)e  (1/ 4)e

1 N 1
  k (2n  1)    m(2n  1)  1 N 1
k m0,
N

n 0
cos 
 2N


cos 
 2N  N

 (1/ 4)  (1/ 4)  (1/ 4)  (1/ 4)  1
n 0

k m0
1 N 1   k (2n  1)    m(2n  1) 

N n 0
cos 
 2N 

cos 
 2N 
1 N 1 1 N 1 1 N 1 1 N 1
  (1/ 4)e j 2 k (2 n 1) /(2 N )  1/ 4  1/ 4   e  j 2 k (2 n 1) /(2 N )
N n 0 N n 0 N n 0 N n 0
N 1 N 1
1 1
 e j k / N  (1/ 4)e j 2 kn / N  1/ 4  1/ 4  e  j k / N  e  j 2 kn / N )  1/ 2
N n 0 N n 0

Else
1 N 1 e j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) N 1 j ( k  m) n / N e j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) 1  e j ( k  m) N / N
A 
N n 0
(1/ 4) e j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )

4N

n 0
e 
4N 1  e j ( k  m ) / N
1 N 1 e j ( k m ) /(2 N ) N 1 j ( k m) n / N e j ( k m ) /(2 N ) 1  e j ( k m )
B   (1/ 4)e j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )
  e 
N n 0 4N n 0 4N 1  e j ( k m ) / N
1 N 1 e  j ( k m ) /(2 N ) N 1  j ( k  m ) n / N
C   (1/ 4)e  j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )   e
N n 0 4N n 0

e  j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) 1  e  j ( k  m ) e  j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) 1  e  j ( k  m ) e j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) 1  e  j ( k  m)

   
4N 1  e  j ( k  m ) / N 4 Ne  j ( k m ) / N e j ( k m ) / N  1 4N 1  e j ( k  m ) / N

1 N 1
e j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) N 1
D
N
 (1/ 4)e
n 0
 j ( k  m )(2 n 1) /(2 N )

4N
e
n 0
 j ( k  m ) n / N

 j ( k  m ) /(2 N )  j ( k  m )  j ( k  m ) /(2 N )
e 1 e e 1  e j ( k  m ) e j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) 1  e j ( k  m)
  
4N 1  e  j ( k  m ) / N 4 Ne j ( k  m ) / N e j ( k  m ) / N  1 4N 1  e j ( k  m ) / N

e j ( k  m ) /(2 N ) 1  e j ( k m )  1  e j ( k m ) e j ( k m ) /(2 N ) 2 j sin[ (k  m)]

A D   0
4N 1  e j ( k  m ) / N 4N 1  e j ( k  m ) / N

e j ( k m ) /(2 N ) 1  e j ( k m )  1  e j ( k m ) e j ( k m ) /(2 N ) 2 j sin[2 (k  m)]

BC    0
4N 1  e j ( k m ) / N 4N 1  e j ( k m ) / N
Thus A  B  C  D  0
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 40

4.41
Assuming the following is true,
1 N 1   k (2n  1) 
x(n)   a(k ) X DCT (k ) cos  
N k 0  2N 
we can verify the X DCT (k ) .
N 1
  m(2n  1)  N 1 1 N 1   k (2n  1)    m(2n  1) 

n 0
2x ( n ) cos 
 2N    2  a(k ) X DCT (k ) cos 
 n 0 N k 0  2N

 2N 

N 1
  k (2m  1)  N 1
1 N 1
  k (2n  1)    m(2n  1) 

n 0
2x(n) cos 
 2N    2a(k ) X DCT (k )  cos 
 k 0 N n 0  2N

 2N 

Using results in Problem 4.41

If k  m  0
N 1
1 N 1
  k (2n  1)    m(2n  1) 
 2a(k ) X DCT (k )
k 0 N
 cos 
n 0 2N 
 2N   2a(0) X DCT (0) 1  X DCT (0)

That is,
N 1
  m(2n  1) 
 2x(n) cos 
n 0 2N   X DCT (0)


If k  m  0
N 1
1 N 1
  k (2n  1)    m(2n  1)  1
 2a(k ) X DCT (k )
k 0 N
 cos 
n 0 2N 

 2N 

 2a(m) X DCT (m)   X DCT (m)
2
Thus, we prove
N 1
  k (2m  1) 
n 0
2x(n) cos 
 2N   X DCT (m)

for given
1 N 1   k (2n  1) 
x(n)   a(k ) X DCT (k ) cos  
N k 0  2N 

4.42
1 N 1
  2 nk   2 nk  
X DHT (k ) 
N
 x(n) cos  N 
  cos 
 N 

n 0 

1 N 1
  2 mk   2 mk  
N
X (k ) cos 
DHT   sin  
k 0   N   N 
1 N 1 N 1   2 nk   2 nk     2 mk   2 mk  
  x(n) cos    sin    cos    sin  
N k 0 n 0   N   N    N   N 
Changing the summation order loads to
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 41

1 N 1
  2 mk   2 mk  
N
X (k ) cos 
DHT   sin  
k 0   N   N 
1 N 1 N 1
  2 nk   2 nk     2 mk   2 mk  
  x(n) cos    sin    cos    sin  
N n0 k 0   N   N    N   N 
1 N 1
  2 mk   2 mk  
N
X DHT (k ) cos    sin  
k 0   N   N 
1 N 1 N 1
  2 nk   2 mk   2 nk   2 mk 

N
 x(n) cos  N 
 cos 
 N 
  sin 
 N 
 cos 
 N 

n 0 k 0 
 2 nk   2 mk   2 mk   2 mk  
 cos   sin    sin   sin  
 N   N   N   N 
1 N 1
  2 mk   2 mk  
N
X DHT (k ) cos    sin  
k 0   N   N 
1 N 1
1 N 1
  2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k 

N
 2 x(n) cos  N
  cos 
  N
  sin 
  N
  sin 
  N


n 0 k 0 
 2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k  
 sin    s in    cos    cos  
 N   N   N   N 

1 N 1
  2 mk   2 mk  
N
X DHT (k ) cos    sin  
k 0   N   N 
1 N 1 N 1
  2 (n  m)k   2 (n  m)k  

N
 x(n) cos  N
  sin 
  N


n0 k 0 

1 N 1
  2 mk   2 mk  
N
X DHT (k ) cos    sin  
k 0   N   N 
2 ( n  m ) k 2 ( n  m ) k
1 N 1
1 N 1  j j 1 j 2 ( nN m ) k 1  j 2 ( nN m ) k 

N
 x ( n) 2   e
k 0 
N
e N
 e
j
 e
j

n 0 
When m  n , the right summation exists
1 N 1   2 mk   2 mk   1 1 N 1 1 1

N k 0
X DHT ( k )  cos    sin    x ( m)  (1  1)  x(m) 2 N  x(m)
  N   N  N 2 k 1 N 2
That is,
1 N 1   2 nk   2 nk  
x(n)   X DHT (k ) cos    sin  
N k 0   N   N 

4.42
function Xk= ifftdinf(x)
% IFFT using decimation-in-frequency method
XX=fftdinf2(x);
k=bitrev(1:1:length(XX));
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 42

Xk=XX(k);
Xk=Xk/length(Xk);
end
function Xk = fftdinf2(x)
% IFFT using decimation-in-frequency method
M=ceil(log2(length(x)));
x=[x zeros(1,2^M-length(x))]; %paddig zeros to have a length of power
of 2
N=length(x);
if (N==1)
Xk=x;
else
a=x(1:N/2)+x(N/2+1:N);
b=x(1:N/2)-x(N/2+1:N);
Xk=[fftdinf2(a) fftdinf2(b.*exp(2*pi*j*[0:1:N/2-1]/N))];
end
end
function k = bitrev(x)
% bit reversal in terms of the integer
% x=1:1:2^M
N=length(x);
if N==1
k=x;
else
k=[bitrev(x(1:2:N)) bitrev(x(2:2:N))];
N=N/2;
end
end
4.42

function Xk = ifftdint(x)
% IFFT using decimation-in-time method, no need for bit reversal
algorithm
M=ceil(log2(length(x)));
x=[x zeros(1,2^M-length(x))]; %padding zeros to have a length of
power of 2
N=length(x);
if (N==1)
Xk=x;
else
G=fftdint(x(1:2:N));
H=fftdint(x(2:2:N)).*exp(2*pi*j*[0:1:N/2-1]/N);
Xk=[G+H G-H];
end
Xk=Xk/length(Xk);
end

Chapter 5

5.1
4z z
a. X ( z )  , b. X ( z ) 
z 1 z  0.7
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 43

4z 4z
c. X ( z )  2
 ,
z e z  0.1353
4 z[ z  0.8  cos(0.1 )] 4 z ( z  0.7608)
d. X ( z )  2  2
z  [2  0.8 z cos(0.1 )]  0.8 2
z  1.5217 z  0.64
4e3 sin(0.1 ) z 0.06154 z
e. X ( z )   2
z  2e z cos(0.1 )  e
2 3 6
z  0.0947 z  0.00248

5.2
z z
a. X ( z )  
z  1 z  0.5
z 4 z[z  e3 cos (0.1 )] z 3 ( z  0.0474)
b. X ( z )  2 
z  [2e3 cos (0.1 )]z  e6 z 2  0.0948 z  0.0025
5.3
3 z 3 2z
a. X ( z )  , b. X ( z ) 
z 1 z  0.5
5z 2
6 z[ z  0.6 cos(0.2 )] 6 z[ z  0.4854]
c. X ( z )  , d. X ( z )  2  2
z e 2
z  1.2 cos(0.2 ) z  0.6 2
z  0.9708 z  0.36
4e3 sin(0.2 ) 0.1171
e. X ( z )   2
z  2e cos(0.2 ) z  e
2 3 6
z  0.0806 z  0.0025
5.4
z z
a. X ( z )  
z  1 z  0.75
e2 sin(0.3 ) z 3 e2 sin(0.3 ) z 2
b. x X ( z )  2 z 
z  2e2 cos(0.3 ) z  e22 z 2  2e2 cos(0.3 ) z  e4

5.5
a. X ( z )  15 z 3  6 z 5
b. x(n)  15 (n  3)  6 (n  5)

5.6
a. x(n)  4 (n)  10u(n)  (0.5) n u(n) b. x(n)  5u(n)  10nu(n)  2.5n(0.8)n u (n)
c. x(n)  1.25sin(126.870 n)u(n)
d. x(n)  4u(n  5)  (n  2)u(n  2)   (n  8)  (0.5) n6 u(n  6)

5.7
a. X ( z )  X1 ( z ) X 2 ( z )  (2  5z 2 )(4 z 4 )  8z 4  20 z 6
b. x(n)  8 (n  2)  20 (n  6)

5.8
a. x(n)  5 (n)  7(1)n u(n)  3(0.5)n u(n)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 44

b. x(n)  3(0.5)n u(n)  8(0.8)n u(n)  2.5n(0.8)n u(n)

c. x(n)  4.2433sin(1350 n)u(n)
d. x(n)  5u(n  6)  (n  3)u(n  3)   (n  10)  (0.75) n4 u(n  4)

5.9
5z 20 z
a. X ( z )  25   , x(n)  25 (n)  5(0.4)n u(n)  20(0.1) n u(n)
z  0.4 z  0.1
1.6667 z 1.6667 z
b. X ( z )   , x(n)  1.6667(0.2)n u (n)  1.6667(0.4)n u (n)
z  0.2 z  0.4
1.3514 z Az A* z
c. X ( z )   
z  0.2 z  P z  P*
where P  0.5  0.5 j  0.707450 , and A  1.1625  125.540
x(n)  1.3514(0.2)n u(n)  2.325(0.707)n cos(450  n  125.540 )
4.4 z 0.4 z 1.2 z
d. X ( z )    ,
z  0.6 z  0.1 ( z  0.1) 2
x(n)  4.4(0.6)n u (n)  0.4(0.1)n u (n )  12n (0.1)n u (n )

5.10
4.3333 z 5.333 z
Y ( z)   , y(n)  4.3333(0.5) u (n )  5.3333(0.8) u (n )
n n

z  0.5 z  0.8

5.11
50 50 z (100 / 3) z
a. X ( z )   
3 z  0.2 z  0.2
50 100
x(n)   (n)  50(0.2) n u (n)  (0.3) n u (n)
3 3
1.25 z 1.25 z
b. X ( z )   , x(n)  1.25(0.3) u (n)  1.25(0.5) u (n)
n n

z  0.3 z  0.5
16 z Az A* z
c. X ( z )   
z  0.75 z  P z  P*
where P  0.5  j 0.5  0.7071450 , and A  8  j 4  8.9443153.430
x(n)  16(0.75) n u(n)  17.8886(0.7071) n cos(450  n  153.430 )
2.4 z 2.4 z 0.4 z
d. X ( z )    ,
z  0.8 z  0.2 ( z  0.2) 2
x(n)  2.4(0.8)n u (n)  2.4(0.2)n u (n )  2n (0.2)n u (n )

5.12
3.8 z 2  0.06 z 2.4 1.4
Y ( z)   
( z  0.3)( z  0.2) z  0.3 z  0.2
y(n)  2.4(0.3)n u(n)  1.4(0.2) n u(n)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 45

5.13
9.84 z 29.46 z 20 z
Y ( z)   
z  0.2 z  0.3 z  0.4
y(n)  9.84(0.2)n u(n)  29.46(0.3) n u(n)  20(0.4) n u(n)

5.14
4 z 5z
a. Y ( z )   , y(n)  4(0.2)n u (n)  5(0.5)n u(n)
z  0.2 z  0.5
5z 5 z z
b. Y ( z )    ,
z  1 z  0.5 z  0.2
y(n)  5u (n)  5(0.5)n u (n )  (0.2)n u (n )

5.15
1.12 z 3  0.28 z 2  0.08 z 16.6667 z 18.5600 z 3.0133z
Y ( z)    
( z  0.6 z  0.08)( z  0.5)
2
z  0.6 z  0.4 z  0.2
y(n)  16.6667(0.5)n u(n)  18.5600(0.4) n u(n)  3.0133(0.2)n u (n)

5.16
z2  z Az A* z
a. Y ( z )   
z 2  0.6 z  0.25 z  P z  P*
where P  0.3  j 0.4  0.553.130 , and A  0.5  j1.625  1.7002  72.900
y(n)  3.4004(0.5)n cos(53.130  n  72.900 )
z3  z 2 3.0768 z Az A* z
b. Y ( z )    
( z  1)( z 2  0.6 z  0.25) z 1 z  P z  P*
where P  0.3  j 0.4  0.553.130 , and A  1.0385  j 0.1827  1.0544  170.220
y(n)  3.0768u(n)  2.1088(0.5)n cos(53.130  n  170.220 )

5.17
Az A* z
a. Y ( z )   , P  0.2  0.5 j  0.538568.200 , A  0.8602  54.460
zP zP *

y (n)  1.7204  0.5382  cos(n  68.200  54.460 )

n

1.6854 z Az A* z
b. Y ( z )    ,
z 1 z  P z  P*
where P  0.2  0.5 j  0.538568.200 , A  0.4910  136.250
y (n)  1.6845u (n)  0.982  0.5382  cos( n  68.200  136.250 )
n

5.18
z 2  0.3z Az A* z
a. Y ( z )   
z 2  0.2 z  0.17 z  P z  P*
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 46

where P  0.1  j 0.4  0.412375.960 , and A  0.5  j 0.5  0.7071  45.000

y(n)  1.4142(0.4123) n cos(75.960  n  45.000 )
z 3  0.3z 2 1.3402 z Az A* z
b. Y ( z )    
( z  1)( z 2  0.2 z  0.17) z 1 z  P z  P*
where P  0.3  j 0.4  0.553.130 , and A  0.1701  j 0.2423  0.2960  125.070
y(n)  1.3402u(n)  0.5920(0.5) n cos(53.130  n  125.070 )

5.19
(a)
1
x(0)  lim X ( z )  lim 0
z  z  z  0.5 z  0.06
2

z 1
x()  lim( z  1) X ( z )  lim 2 0
z 1 z 1 z  0.5 z  0.06

(b)
z
x(0)  lim X ( z )  lim 0
z  z  ( z  0.3)( z  0.5)

( z  1) z
x()  lim( z  1) X ( z )  lim 0
z 1 z 1 ( z  0.3)( z  0.5)

(d)
2 z ( z  0.4)
x(0)  lim X ( z )  lim 0
z  z  ( z  0.2) 2 ( z  0.8)

2( z  1) z ( z  0.4)
x()  lim( z  1) X ( z )  lim 0
z 1 z 1 ( z  0.2) 2 ( z  0.8)

5.20
(a)
z 2  0.5 z 3  0.19 z 4
z 2  0.5 z  0.06 1
1  0.5 z 1  0.06 z 2

0.5 z 1  0.06 z 2
0.5 z 1  0.25 z 2  0.03z 3

0.19 z 2  0.03 z 3
0.19 z 2  0.095 z 3  0.0114 z 4
This leads to
X ( z )  0  0 z 1  z 2  0.5z 3  0.19 z 4  ...
x(0)  x(1)  0 , x(2)  1 , x(3)  0.5 , x(4)  0.19
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 47

(b)
z 1  0.2 z 2  0.19 z 3  0.068 z 4
z 2  0.2 z  0.15 z
z  0.2  0.15 z 1

0.2  0.15 z 1
0.2  0.04 z 1  0.03 z 2

0.19 z 1  0.03 z 2
0.19 z 1  0.038 z 2  0.0285 z 3

0.068 z 2  0.0285 z 3
0.068 z 2  0.0136 z 3  0.0102 z 4

This leads to
X ( z )  0  z 1  0.2 z 2  0.19 z 3  0.068 z 4 
x(0)  0 , x(1)  1 , x(2)  0.2 , x(3)  0.19 , x(4)  0.068

5.21
(a)
z n 1 z n 1
X ( z ) z n 1  
( z 2  0.5 z  0.06) ( z  0.2)( z  0.3)
For n  0 ,

1 1 1
x(0)  Rz 0  Rz 0.2  Rz 0.3    0
( z  0.2)( z  0.3) z 0 z ( z  0.3) z 0.2 z ( z  0.2) z 0.3
For n  0
x(n)  ( Rz 0.2  Rz 0.3 )u (n  1)
 z n 1 z n 1  n 1 n 1
   u (n  1)  [10(0.2)  10(0.3) ]u (n  1)
 ( z  0.3) z 0.2
( z  0.2) 
z 0.3 

(b)
z  z n 1 zn
X ( z ) z n 1  
( z  0.3)( z  0.5) ( z  0.3)( z  0.5)
For n  0
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 48

x(n)  ( Rz 0.3  Rz 0.5 )u (n)

 zn zn 
   u (n)  [1.25(0.3)  1.25(0.5) ]u ( n)
n n

 ( z  0.5) z 0.3
( z  0.3) z  0.5 


(d)
n 1 2 z ( z  0.4)  z n 1 2( z  0.4) z n
X ( z) z  
( z  0.2)2 ( z  0.8) ( z  0.2)2 ( z  0.8)
For n  0
x(n)  ( Rz 0.8  Rz 0.2 )u (n)
 2( z  0.4) z n d  2( z  0.4) z n  
     u ( n)
 ( z  0.2) dz  ( z  0.8)  z 0.2 
2
z 0.8

 [2(n  1) z n  0.8nz n 1 ]( z  0.8)  (2 z n 1  0.8 z n ) 

x(n)   2.4(0.8) n   u ( n)
 ( z  0.8) 2 z  0.2 

 2.4(0.8) n  2n(0.2) n  2.4(0.2) n  u (n)

5.22
 
Y ( z )   e an x(n)z  n   x(n)(ea z )  n
n 0 n 0

Since X ( z )   x(n)z  n , thus Y ( z )  X ( zea )
n 0

5.23
 
Y ( z )   nx(n)z  n , X ( z )   x(n)z  n ,
n 0 n 0
 
dX ( z ) 1 Y ( z)
  nx(n)z  n 1    nx(n)z  n  
dz n 0 z n 0 z

dX ( z )
Y ( z)   z
dz
5.24
(a)
Y ( z )  [ y(1)  z 1Y ( z )]  [ y(2)  y(1) z 1  z 2Y ( z )]  0
1  z 1 z ( z  1) z ( z  1)
Y ( z)   2 
1
1 z  z 2
z  z  1 ( z  e )( z  e  j / 3 )
j / 3

(b)
n 1 z ( z  1) z n 1 ( z  1) z n
Y ( z) z  
( z  e j / 3 )( z  e j / 3 ) ( z  e j / 3 )( z  e  j / 3 )
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 49

( z  1) z n ( z  1) z n
y ( n)  
( z  e  j / 3 ) z  e j / 3
( z  e j / 3 ) z  e  j / 3
j / 3 j n / 3  j / 3  j n / 3
(e  1)e (e  1)e (e j / 3  1)e j n / 3 (e  j / 3  1)e  j n / 3
   
(e j / 3  e  j / 3 ) (e  j / 3  e j / 3 ) 2 j sin( / 3) 2 j sin( / 3)
e j ( n 1) / 3  e j n / 3  e  j ( n 1) / 3  e  j n / 3 sin[(n  1) ]  sin( n )
 
2 j sin( / 3) sin( / 3)

5.25
Y ( z )  2cos(0 )[ y(1)  z 1Y ( z)]  [ y(2)  y(1) z 1  z 2Y ( z)]
Y ( z )  2cos(0 )[ sin(0 )  z 1Y ( z)]  [ sin(20 )  sin(0 ) z 1  z 2Y ( z)]
2cos(0 )sin(0 )  sin(20 )  sin(0 ) z 1 z sin(0 ) z 1
Y ( z)  
1  2cos(0 ) z 1  z 2 z 2  2 z cos(0 ) z 1  1
Thus, y(n)  sin(n0 )u (n)

5.26
For n  1 , using long division loads to
b0  (b1  b0 a1 ) z 1
1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2  b3 z 3 ....
b0  b0 a1 z 1  b0 a2 z 2 ....

(b1  b0 a1 ) z 1  (b2  b0 a2 ) z 2  ...
(b1  b0 a1 ) z 1  (b1  b0 a1 )a1 z 2  (b1  b0 a1 )a2 z 2 ...

(b2  x(0)a2  x(1)a1 ) z 2  ...
We see
x(0)  b0 , x(1)  b1  x(0)a1 , x(2)  b2  [ x(0)a2  x(1)a1 ]
By prediction
x(n)  bn  [ x(0)an  x(1)an1  x(2)an2  x(n  1)a1 ]
That is
n
x(n)  bn   x(n  k )ak
k 1
5.27
 
X ( z )   x(n)z  n , X ( z 1 )   x(m)z m
n 0 m0
   
X ( z ) X ( z 1 )   x(n)z  n  x(m)z m   x(n) x(m) z m n
n 0 m0 n 0 m0
Applying line integral (Equation 5.21)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 50

1 dz   1 dz
 X ( z ) X ( z )   x(n) x(m)
1
 z mn
2 j C z n 0 m0 2 j c z
Since
1 dz 1 nm
2 j  c
z mn 
z 0 otherwise
Then


 z 1 X ( z ) X ( z 1 )dz   x 2 (n)
C
n 0

5.28
2
z 1 X ( z ) X ( z 1 ) j
 e j X (e j ) X (e  j )  e  j X (e j ) and dz  je j d 
z e

1 1
 x (n)  2 j 
2
z 1 X ( z ) X ( z 1 )dz   X (e j  ) d 
2

n 0
C 2 C

5.29
z (a  1) (a  1) z n
X ( z)  , and X ( z ) z n 1 
( z  a)( z  1) ( z  a)( z  1)
(a  1)1n
For n  0 , x(n)   res( X ( z ) z n 1  1
z 1 (1  a)
(a  1)a n
For n  0 , x(n)  res ( X ( z ) z n 1   an
z a (a  1)

5.30
( a  b) ( a  b) z n 1 ( a  b) z n
X ( z)   , and X ( z ) z 
(1  az 1 )( z  b) ( z  a)( z  b) ( z  a)( z  b)
(a  b)b n
For n  0 , x(n)   res( X ( z ) z n 1   bn
z b (b  a)
( a  b) a n
For n  0 , x(n)  res( X ( z ) z n 1   an
z a ( a  b)

Chapter 6

6.1
a. y (0)  0.5 , y(1)  0.25 , y(2)  0.125 , y (3)  0.0625 , y (4)  0.03125
b. y (0)  1 , y (1)  0 , y (2)  0.25 , y (3)  0 , y (4)  0.0625

6.2
a. y = [0.1000 0.5600 0.5860 0.4766 0.3485]
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 51

b. y=[ 0 0.5000 0.5500 0.4550 0.3355]

6.3
a. y (0)  2 , y (1)  2.3750 , y (2)  1.0312 , y (3)  0.7266 , y (4)  0.2910
b. y (0)  0 , y (1)  1 , y (2)  0.2500 , y (3)  0.3152 , y (4)  0.0781

6.4
a. H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 1 , b. y (n)  2 (n)  2 (n  1) , c. y(n)  5 (n)  10u(n)

6.5
1
a. H ( z )  1
, b. y(n)  (0.5)n u(n) , c. y(n)  0.6667u (n)  0.3333(0.5)n u (n)
1  0.5 z

6.6
1  0.25 z 2
H ( z)  , B( z )  1  0.25 z 2 , A( z )  1  1.1z 1  0.28 z 2
1  1.1z 1  0.28 z 2
6.7
0.5  0.5 z 1
H ( z)  2
, B( z )  0.5  0.5 z 1 , A( z )  1  0.6 z 2
1  0.6 z

6.8
0.25 z 2
H ( z)  , B( z )  0.25 z 2 , A( z )  1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 2
1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 2

6.9
H ( z )  1  0.3z 1  0.28 z 2 , A( z )  1 , B( z )  1  0.3z 1  0.28 z 2

6.10
a. y(n)  0.5 x(n)  0.5 x(n  1)
b. y(n)  0.5 x(n)  0.3 y(n  1)

6.11
a. y(n)  0.1x(n)  0.2 x(n  1)  0.3x(n  2)
b. y(n)  0.5 x(n)  0.5 x(n  2)  0.3 y(n  1)  0.8 y(n  2)

6.12
a. y(n)  x(n)  0.25 x(n  2)  1.1y (n  1)  0.18 y (n  2)
b. y(n)  x(n  1)  0.1x(n  2)  0.3x(n  3)

6.13
( z  1)( z  1)
a. H ( z ) 
( z  2)( z  3)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 52

( z  0.4)( z  0.4)
b. H ( z ) 
( z  0.2)( z  0.5)
( z  2  j )( z   j )
c. H ( z ) 
z ( z  1  j 2.2361)( z  1  j 2.2361)

6.14
13.3333 3.3333
a. Impulse response: H ( z )   ,
z z  0.75
y(n)  13.3333u(n)  3.3333(0.75)n u(n)
11.4286 1.4286
Step response: H ( z )   , y(n)  11.4286u (n)  1.4286(0.75)n u (n)
z 1 z  0.75
12.5 2.5
c. H ( z )   , y(n)  12.5u (n)  2.5(0.75) n u(n)
z  1 z  0.75

6.15
a. zero: z  0.5 , poles: z  0.25 ( z  0.25 ), z  0.5  0.7416 j ( z  0.8944 ), stable
b. zeros: z  0.5 j , poles: z  0.5 ( z  0.5 ), z  2  1.7321 j ( z  2.6458 ), unstable
c. zero: z  0.95 , poles: z  0.2 ( z  0.2 ), z  0.7071  0.7071 j ( z  1 ), marginally
stable
d. zeros: z  0.5 , z  0.5 , poles: z  1 ( z  1 ), z  1 , z  1 ( z  1 ), z  0.36
( z  0.36 ), unstable
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 53


Im(z) Im(z)

 Re(z)  Re(z)


(a) (b)

Im(z) Im(z)

2
 Re(z) 2   Re(z)

(c)
(d)

6.16
a. H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 2 , H (e j )  0.5  0.5e j 2
  sin 2 
H (e j )  0.5 1  cos 2    sin 2  , H (e j )  tan 1 
2 2

 1  cos 2 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 54

b.

 (radians)  H (e j  ) H (e j  ) H (e j )
f  f s (Hz) dB
2
0 0 1.000 0 dB 0.000
0.25 1000 0.707 -3.0102 dB 45.000
0.50 2000 0.0  dB 90.000
0.75 3000 0.707 -3.0102 dB 45.000
1.00 4000 1.000 0 dB 0.000

1
Absolute magnitude

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

c. Bandstop filter

6.17
a. H ( z )  0.5 z 1  0.5z 2 , H (e j )  0.5e j  0.5e j 2
  sin   sin 2 
H (e j )  0.5 1  cos     sin   , H (e j )  tan 1 
2 2

 cos   cos 2 
b.
 (radians)  H (e j  ) H (e j  ) H (e j )
f  f s (Hz) dB
2
0 0 1.000 0 dB 0.000
0.25 1000 0.924 -0.6877 dB 67.500
0.50 2000 0.707 -3.0102 dB 45.000
0.75 3000 0.383 -8.3432 dB 22.500
1.00 4000 0.000  dB 90.000
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 55

Absolute magnitude
0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

c. Lowpass

6.18
0.5 0.5
a. H ( z )  1
, H (e j  ) 
1  0.5 z 1  0.5e  j
0.5  0.5sin  
H (e j  )  , H (e j )   tan 1  
(1  0.5cos()) 2  (0.5sin ) 2  1  cos  
b.
 (radians)  H (e j  ) H (e j  ) H (e j )
f  f s (Hz) dB
2
0 0 1.000 0 dB 0.000
0.25 1000 0.6786 -3.3677 dB 28.680
0.50 2000 0.4472 -6.9897 dB 26.570
0.75 3000 0.3574 -8.9367 dB 14.640
1.00 4000 0.3333 -9.5424 dB 0.000
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 56

Absolute magnitude
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

0
Phase (degrees)

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

c. Lowpass

6.19
1 1
a. H ( z )  2
, H (e j  ) 
1  0.5 z 1  0.5e  j 2 
1  0.5sin 2 
H (e j  )  , H (e j )   tan 1  
(1  0.5cos 2) 2  (0.5sin 2) 2  1  0.5cos 2 
b.
 (radians)  H (e j  ) H (e j  ) H (e j )
f  f s (Hz) dB
2
0 0 0.6667 0 dB 0.000
0.25 1000 0.8944 -3.0102 dB 26.570
0.50 2000 2.000  dB 0.000
0.75 3000 0.8944 -3.0102 dB 26.570
1.00 4000 0.6667 0 dB 0.000
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 57

Absolute magnitude
1.5

0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

40
Phase (degrees)

20

-20

-40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

c. Bandpass filter

6.20
1  z 1  z 2
a. H ( z ) 
1  0.8 z 1  0.64 z 2
b. Zeros: 0.5000 + 0.8660i , 0.5000 - 0.8660i,
Poles: 0.4000 + 0.6928i, 0.4000 - 0.6928i
Im(z)

60 0
Re(z)

c. Stable since poles are inside the unit cycle.

d. and e.
j (1  cos   cos 2) 2  (sin   sin 2) 2
H (e ) 
(1  0.8cos   0.64 cos 2) 2  (0.8sin   0.64sin 2) 2
  sin   sin 2  1  0.8sin   0.64sin 2 
H (e j )  tan 1    tan  
 1  cos   cos 2   1  0.8cos   0.64 cos 2 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 58

 (radians)  H (e j  ) H (e j  ) H (e j )
f  f s (Hz) dB
2
0 0 1.1905 1.5144 dB 0.000
0.25 1000 0.9401 -0.5369 dB 35.290
0.50 2000 1.1399 1.1373 dB 24.230
0.75 3000 1.2217 1.1792 dB 7.400
1.00 4000 1.2295 1.7946 dB 0.000

1.5
Absolute magnitude

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

6.21
(1) a. H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 1 , H (e j )  0.5  0.5e j
 0.5sin  
H (e j )  (0.5  0.5cos ) 2  (0.5sin ) 2 , H (e j )  tan 1  
 0.5  0.5cos  
b. See table and plot
c. Lowpass filter
(2) a. H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 1 , H (e j )  0.5  0.5e j
 0.5sin  
H (e j )  (0.5  0.5cos ) 2  (0.5sin ) 2 , H (e j )  tan 1  
 0.5  0.5cos  
b. See table and plot
c. Highpass filter
(3) a. H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 2 , H (e j )  0.5  0.5e j 2
 0.5sin 2 
H (e j )  (0.5  0.5cos 2) 2  (0.5sin 2) 2 , H (e j )  tan 1  
 0.5  0.5cos 2 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 59

b. See table and plot

c. Bandstop filter
(4) a. H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 2 , H (e j )  0.5  0.5e j 2
 0.5sin 2 
H (e j )  (0.5  0.5cos 2) 2  (0.5sin 2) 2 , H (e j )  tan 1  
 0.5  0.5cos 2 
b. See table and plot
c. Bandpass filter

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j ) (c) H (e j ) (d) H (e j )

0 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0.25 0.9239 0.3827 0.7071 0.7071
0.50 0.7071 0.7071 0.0000 1.0000
0.75 0.3827 0.9239 0.7071 0.7071
1.00 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000

1 1
(a) Absolute magnitude

(b) Absolute magnitude

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (radians) Frequency (radians)

1 1
(c) Absolute magnitude

(d) Absolute magnitude

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (radians) Frequency (radians)

6.22
0.5
a. H ( z ) 
1  0.2 z 1
0.3333z 0.8333z
b. Y ( z )   , y(n)  0.3333(0.2)n u(n)  0.8333(0.5)n u(n)
z  0.2 z  0.5

6.23
0.5
a. H ( z ) 
1  0.7 z 1  0.1z 2
b. y(n)  0.5556u(n)  0.111(0.2) n u(n)  0.5556(0.5) n u( n)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 60

6.24
a. y (n)  x(n)  2 x(n  1)  0.5 y(n  1)

x ( n) 1
 y(n)

z 1 0.5
z 1
2

x (n  1) y (n  1)

b. w(n)  x(n)  0.5w(n  1)

y(n)  w(n)  2w(n  1)

x ( n) w( n ) 1 y ( n)
+ +

0.5 z 1 2

w(n  1)

6.25
a. y(n)  x(n)  0.9 x(n  1)  0.1x(n  2)  0.3 y(n  1)  0.04 y(n  2)

x ( n) 1
 y(n)

z 1 0.9 0.3 z 1
x (n  1)
+
y (n  1)
z 1 0.1 0.04 z 1
x ( n  2) y ( n  2)

b. w(n)  x(n)  0.3w(n  1)  0.04w(n  2)

y(n)  w(n)  0.9w(n  1)  0.1w(n  2)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 61

x ( n) w( n ) 1 y ( n)
+ +

0.3 z 1 0.9

w(n  1)

0.04 z 1 0.1

w( n  2 )

( z  1)( z  0.1) 1  z 1 1  0.1z 1

c. H ( z )   
( z  0.4)( z  0.1) 1  0.4 z 1 1  0.1z 1

w1 (n)  x(n)  0.4w1 (n  1)

y1 (n)  w1 (n)  w1 (n  1)
w2 (n)  y1 (n)  0.1w2 (n  1)
y(n)  w2 (n)  0.1w2 (n  1)

x ( n) w1 ( n) 1 y1 (n) w2 ( n) 1 y ( n)
+ + + +

0.4 z 1 1 0.1 z 1 0.1

2.1z 3.6 z 2.1 3.6

d. H ( z )  2.5    2.5  1

z  0.4 z  0.1 1  0.4 z 1  0.1z 1

y1 (n)  2.5x(n)
w2 (n)  x(n)  0.4w2 (n  1)
y2 (n)  2.1w2 (n)
w3 (n)  x(n)  0.1w3 (n  1)
y3 (n)  3.6w3 (n)
y(n)  y1 (n)  y2 (n)  y3 (n)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 62

2.5 y1 (n)

w2 (n) 2.1 y2 ( n ) y ( n)
x ( n) + + +
0.4 z 1

y3 ( n )
w3 (n) 3.6
+ +

0.1 z 1

6.26
a. y (n)  x(n)  0.5 x(n  1)
y (n)  x(n)  0.7 x(n  1)
y (n)  x(n)  0.9 x(n  1)
b. From frequency responses, the filter (c) emphasizes high frequencies most.

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j ) (c) H (e j )

0 0.5000 0.3000 0.1000
0.25 0.6368 0.7071 0.7329
0.50 1.1189 1.2207 1.3454
0.75 1.3990 1.5748 1.7558
1.00 1.5000 1.7000 1.9000
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 63

(a) Abs. magnitude

2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency (radians)
(b) Abs. magnitude

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency (radians)
(c) Abs. magnitude

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

6.27
>> [H W]=freqz([1 2 1],[1 -0.5 0.25],512);
>> subplot(2,1,1);plot(W,abs(H),'k');grid;
>> xlabel('Frequency (radians)');ylable('Absolute magnitude');
>> xlabel('Frequency (radians)');ylabel('Absolute magnitude');
>> subplot(2,1,2);plot(W,angle(H)*180/pi,'k');grid;
>> xlabel('Frequency (radians)');ylabel('Phase (degrees)');
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 64

Absolute magnitude
4

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

0
Phase (degrees)

-50

-100

-150

-200
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

6.28
a.
>> x=[1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625];
>> Xi=[-1 0]; Yi=[1 2];
>> Zi=filtic([0 1],[1 0.75 0.125],Yi,Xi);
>> y=filter([0 1],[1 0.75 0.125],x,Zi)
y = -2.0000 2.3750 -1.0313 0.7266 -0.2910
b.
>> x=[1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625];
>> y=filter([0 1],[1 0.75 0.125],x)
y = 0 1.0000 -0.2500 0.3125 -0.0781

6.29
a.
>> freqz([1 -1 1],[1 -0.9 0.81],512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 65

20

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-20

-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

b. Notch filter
c. y(n)  x(n)  x(n  1)  x(n  2)  0.9 y(n  1)  0.81y(n  2)
d.

0
y1

-2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sample number n
1

0
y2

-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sample number n
2

0
y3

-2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sample number n

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>n=0:1:999;
>>x1=cos(pi*1000*n/8000);x1=[0 0 x1];
>>x2=cos((8/3)*pi*1000*n/8000); x2=[0 0 x2];
>>x3=cos(6*pi*1000*n/8000); x3=[0 0 x3];
>>w1=zeros(1,1002); w2=w1; w3=w1;y1=w1;y2=w2;y3=w3;
>>for nn=3:1:1002
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 66

w1(nn)=x1(nn)+0.9*w1(nn-1)-0.81*w1(nn-2);
y1(nn)=w1(nn)-w1(nn-1)+w1(nn-2);
w2(nn)=x2(nn)+0.9*w2(nn-1)-0.81*w2(nn-2);
y2(nn)=w2(nn)-w2(nn-1)+w2(nn-2);
w3(nn)=x3(nn)+0.9*w3(nn-1)-0.81*w3(nn-2);
y3(nn)=w3(nn)-w3(nn-1)+w3(nn-2);
>>end
>>y1=y1(3:1002);y2=y2(3:1002);y3=y3(3:1002);
>> subplot(3,1,1),plot(n,y1,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n');ylabel('y1');
>> subplot(3,1,2),plot(n,y2,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n');ylabel('y2');
>> subplot(3,1,3),plot(n,y3,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n'); ylabel('y3');

0
y1

-2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sample number n
1

0
y2

-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sample number n
2

0
y3

-2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sample number n

e.
>> n=0:1:999;
>> x1=cos(pi*1000*n/8000);
>> x2=cos((8/3)*pi*1000*n/8000);
>> x3=cos(6*pi*1000*n/8000);
>> y1=filter([1 -1 1],[1 -0.9 0.81],x1);
>> y2=filter([1 -1 1],[1 -0.9 0.81],x2);
>> y3=filter([1 -1 1],[1 -0.9 0.81],x3);
>> subplot(3,1,1),plot(n,y1,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n');ylabel('y1');
>> subplot(3,1,2),plot(n,y2,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n');ylabel('y2');
>> subplot(3,1,3),plot(n,y3,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n'); ylabel('y3');
See figure in (d)

6.30
>>n=0:1:999;
>>x1=cos(pi*1000*n/8000);x1=[0 0 x1];
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 67

>>x2=cos((8/3)*pi*1000*n/8000); x2=[0 0 x2];

>>x3=cos(6*pi*1000*n/8000); x3=[0 0 x3];
>>y1=zeros(1,1002); y2=y1; y3=y1;
>>for nn=3:1:1002
y1(nn)=x1(nn)-x1(nn-1)+x1(nn-2)+0.9*y1(nn-1)-0.81*y1(nn-2);
y2(nn)=x2(nn)-x2(nn-1)+x2(nn-2)+0.9*y2(nn-1)-0.81*y2(nn-2);
y3(nn)=x3(nn)-x3(nn-1)+x3(nn-2)+0.9*y3(nn-1)-0.81*y3(nn-2);
>>end
>>y1=y1(3:1002);y2=y2(3:1002);y3=y3(3:1002);
>> subplot(3,1,1),plot(n,y1,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n');ylabel('y1');
>> subplot(3,1,2),plot(n,y2,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n');ylabel('y2');
>> subplot(3,1,3),plot(n,y3,'k');grid; xlabel('Sample number n'); ylabel('y3');

See plots in Problem 6.29

6.33
X ( z )  z  N (aN z N  aN 1 z N 1  ...  a0  ...  aN z  N )
X (re j )  (re j )  N [aN (re j ) N  aN 1 (re j ) N 1  ...  a0  ...  a N (re j )  N ]
 (r N e  jN )[aN r N e jN  aN 1r N 1e j ( N 1)  ...  a0  ...  a N r  N e  jN ]  0
Assume z  r 1e j is also a zero of X ( z ) we can verify
X (re j )  (r 1e  j )  N [aN (r 1e  j ) N  aN 1 (r 1e  j ) N 1  ...  a0  ...  aN ( r 1e  j )  N ]
 (r  N e jN )[aN r  N e  jN  aN 1r  ( N 1) e  j ( N 1)  ...  a0  ...  a N r N e jN ]  0

6.34
(a)
H ( z )  1  0.5 z 1
(b)
1  0.7 z 1  0.1z 2 (1  0.5 z 1 )(1  0.2 z 1 )
H ( z)  1
 1
 1  0.5 z 1
1  0.2 z 1  0.2 z
They are equivalent.

6.35
(a)
z z
X ( z)  and Y ( z ) 
z  0.5 ( z  0.5)( z  0.25)
1
H ( z)  Y ( z) / X ( z) 
z  0.25
(b)
Y ( z) 1 4 4
  
z ( z  0.5)( z  0.25) ( z  0.5) ( z  0.25)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 68

4z 4z
Y ( z)   , y(n)  4(0.5)n u (n)  4(0.25)n u (n)
( z  0.5) ( z  0.25)

6.36
(a)
H ( z )  b0  b1 z 1  b1 z 2 , H (e j )  b0  e1.5 jb1 (e j 0.5  e j 0.5 )  b0  2b1e1.5 j cos 0.5
For z  e j 0 , b0  2b1  1
For z  e j 2 / 3 , b0  b1  0
b0  1/ 3 , b1  1/ 3
(b)
H (e j )  b0  b1e j  b1e j 2  1/ 3  (2 / 3)e j1.5 cos(0.5)

 (radians) H (e j  ) H (e j )
0 1.000 0.000
0.25 0.8047 45.000
0.50 0.3333 90.000
2 / 3 0.0000 143.670
0.75 0.1381 45.000
1.00 0.3333 0.000

6.37
H (e j )  1  re j (  )  1  r cos(   )  jr sin(   )
(a)
H (e j )  [1  r cos(   )]2  [r sin(   )]2

 1  2r cos(   )  r 2 cos 2 (   )  r 2 sin 2 (   )]2  1  2r cos(   )  r 2

(b)
 r sin(   ) 
H (e j )  tan 1  
1  r cos(   ) 
(c)
r=0.8, theta=pi/3
 (radians) H (e j  )
0 0.9165
0.25 0.3071
0.50 0.5043
0.75 1.1072
1.00 1.5620
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 69

6.38
1 1
H (e j  )   j (  )

1  re 1  r cos(   )  jr sin(   )
(a)
H (e j )  1/ [1  r cos(   )]2  [r sin(   )]2

 1/ 1  2r cos(   )  r 2 cos 2 (   )  r 2 sin 2 (   )]2  1/ 1  2r cos(   )  r 2

(b)
 r sin(   ) 
H (e j )   tan 1  
1  r cos(   ) 
(c)
r=0.8, theta=pi/3,

 (radians) H (e j  )
0 1.0911
0.25 3.2527
0.50 1.9828
0.75 0.9032
1.00 0.6402

6.39
(a)
1 a (1  a ) z 1 a 1 a
H ( z)  1
 , H (e j  )   j
, H (e j  ) 
1  az za 1  ae 1  2a cos()  a 2
Lowpass filter
1 a
Dc gain,   0 , H (e j 0 )  1
1  2a cos(0)  a 2
3-dB bandwidth
(1  a) 1 1  a 2  2(1  a ) 2 
H (e j  )   =>  3dB  cos 1  
1  2a cos()  a 2 2  2a 
(b)
1  a 1  z 1 j 1  a 1  e  j 1 a 2  2 cos 
H ( z)  1
, H ( e )   j
, H (e j  ) 
2 1  az 2 1  ae 2 1  2a cos()  a 2
1 a 2  2 cos 0
Dc gain,   0 , H (e j 0 )  1
2 1  2a cos(0)  a 2
3-dB bandwidth
1 a 2  2 cos  1  2a 
H (e j  )   =>  3dB  cos 1  2
2 1  2a cos()  a 2
2 1  a 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 70

(b) is better lowpass filter since parameter a can easily be used.

6.40
z 1
Y ( z )  e j0 z 1Y ( z )  1, Y ( z )  j 0 1

1 e z z  e j
j0 n
y(n)  (e ) u(n)  cos n0u(n)  j sin n0u(n)

6.41
(a)
1  z 1 j 1  e  j
H ( z)  , H ( e ) 
1  az 1 1  ae j
1  e j 2
Passband gain    , H (e j )   j

1  ae 1 a
The lowpass filter can be
2 1  e  j
H L (e j  )   ,
1  a 1  ae j
2 1  z 1 1  a 1  z 1
that is, H L ( z )   
1  a 1  az 1 1  a 1  az 1
1 a
y ( n)   x(n)  x(n  1)  ay(n  1)
1 a
(b)
Pole: z  a , zero: z  1
Im(z)

 - pole
- zero

 Re(z)

(c)
Choose a=0.5
1 1  z 1 j 1 1  e  j
H L ( z)  , H L ( e ) 
3 1  0.5 z 1 3 1  0.5e j

 (radians) H (e j  ) H (e j )
0 1.3333 00 0
0.25 0.8359 51.180
0.50 0.4216 71.570
0.75 0.1824 82.140
1.00 0.0000 900
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 71

6.42
H ( z )  1  z  M , and H (e j )  1  e jM   1  cos( M )  j sin( M )
(a)
H (e j )  [1  cos( M )]2  [sin( M )]2  2  2 cos( M )
  sin( M ) 
H (e j )  tan 1  
1  cos( M ) 
(b) set H (e j )  1  e jM   0 => e jM   1  e j (2k 1) , k  0,1, 2,...
  (2k  1) / M , k  0,1, 2,...

6.43
1  e j (  ) 1  cos(   )  j sin(   )
H (e j  )   j (  )

1  re 1  r cos(   )  jr sin(   )

(a)
H (e j )  [1  cos(   )]2  [sin(   )]2 / [1  r cos(   )]2  [ r sin(   )]2

 1  2 cos(   )  cos 2 (   )  sin 2 (   )]2 / 1  2r cos(   )  r 2 cos 2 (   )  r 2 sin 2 (   )]2

 2  2 cos(   ) / 1  2r cos(   )  r 2
(b)
 sin(   )   r sin(   ) 
H (e j )  tan 1    tan 1  
1  cos(   )  1  r cos(   ) 
(c)
r=0.8, theta=pi/4,

 (radians) H (e j  )
0 1.0732
0.25 0.0000
0.50 1.0732
0.75 1.1043
1.00 1.1099

6.44
(a)
j (1  e j z 1 )(1  e j z 1 ) 1  2 cos  z 1  z 2
H (e )  
(1  re j z 1 )(1  re j z 1 ) 1  2r cos  z 1  r 2 z 2
(b) Use results in 4.43
2  2 cos(   ) 2  2 cos(   )
H (e j  )  
1  2r cos(   )  r 2
1  2r cos(   )  r 2
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 72

(c)
r=0.8, theta=pi/4,

 (radians) H (e j  )
0 1.1517
0.25 0.0000
0.50 1.1912
0.75 1.2270
1.00 1.2320

6.45
(a)
  
1
y (n)   a k x(n  kD) , Y ( z )   a k X ( z ) z  kD , H ( z )   (az  D ) k 
k 0 k 0 k 0 1  az  D
(b)
1   1
Y ( z )    a   a k X ( z ) z  kD  X ( z ) ,
a  k 0 a
1  
1 1  1 1 (1/ a)  a  (1/ a)(1  az  D ) z  D  a
H ( z )    a   a k z  kD     a  D
  
a  k 0 a a  1  az a 1  az  D 1  az  D
(c)
e jD  a ,
H (e j  ) 
1  ae jD
[cos( D)  a]2  [sin( D]2 cos 2 ( D)  2a cos( D  a 2  sin 2 ( D]
H (e j  )  
[1  a cos( D)]2  [a sin( D]2 1  2a cos( D)  a 2 cos 2 ( D)  a 2 sin 2 ( D)
1  2a cos( D  a 2
 1
1  2a cos( D)  a 2

Chapter 7

7.1
a. H ( z )  0.2941  0.3750 z 1  0.2941z 2
y (n)  0.2941x(n)  0.3750 x(n  1)  0.2941x( n  2)
H (e j )  e j  0.3750  0.5882cos() 

b. H ( z )  0.0235  0.3750 z 1  0.0235 z 2

y (n)  0.0235x(n)  0.3750x (n  1)  0.0235x (n  2)
H (e j )  e j  0.3750  0.0470cos()

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j )

0 0.9623 0.4220
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 73

0.25 0.7909 0.4082

0.50 0.3750 0.3750
0.75 0.0409 0.3418
1.00 0.2132 0.3280

1
(a) Absolute magnitude

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

0.5
(b) Absolute magnitude

0.45

0.4

0.35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Frequency (Radians)

7.2
a. H ( z )  0.3027  0.6000 z 1  0.3027 z 2
y (n)  0.3027 x(n)  0.6000 x (n  1)  0.3027 x (n  2)
H (e j )  e j  0.6000  0.6054cos()

b. H ( z )  0.0242  0.6000 z 1  0.0242 z 2

y(n)  0.0242 x(n)  0.6000 x(n  1)  0.0242 x( n  2)
H (e j )  e j  0.6000  0.0484cos() 

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j )

0 0.0054 0.5520
0.25 0.1719 0.5661
0.50 0.6000 0.6000
0.75 1.0281 0.6339
1.00 1.2054 0.6480
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 74

1.5

(a) Absolute magnitude

1

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

0.65
(b) Absolute magnitude

0.6

0.55
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

7.3
a. H ( z )  0.1514  0.1871z 1  0.2000 z 2  0.1871z 3  0.1514 z 4
y(n)  0.1514 x(n)  0.1871x (n  1)  0.2x (n  2)  0.1871x (n  3)  0.1514x( n  4)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.2000  0.3562cos()  0.3028cos(2) 

b. H ( z )  0.0121  0.1010 z 1  0.2000 z 2  0.1010 z 3  0.0121z 4

y(n)  0.0121x(n)  0.1010 x(n  1)  0.2 x(n  2)  0.1010 x(n  3)  0.0121x(n  4)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.2000  0.2020cos()  0.0242cos(2) 

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j )

0 0.8770 0.4262
0.25 0.4646 0.3428
0.50 0.1028 0.1758
0.75 0.0646 0.0572
1.00 0.1286 0.0222
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 75

Absolute magnitude
0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

0.8
Absolute magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

7.4
a. H ( z )  0.0000  0.3183z 1  0.5000 z 2  0.3183z 3  0.0000 z 4
y(n)  0.3183x(n  1)  0.5x (n  2)  0.3183x (n  3)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.5000  0.6366cos() 

b. H ( z )  0.0  0.1719 z 1  0.5000 z 2  0.1719 z 3  0.0 z 4

y(n)  0.1719 x(n  1)  0.5 x(n  2)  0.1719 x(n  3)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.5000  0.3438cos() 

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j )

0 0.1366 0.1562
0.25 0.0499 0.2569
0.50 0.5000 0.5000
0.75 0.9501 0.7431
1.00 1.1366 0.8438
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 76

1.5

Absolute magnitude
1

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

1
Absolute magnitude

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (radians)

7.5
a. H ( z )  0.0444  0.0117 z 1  0.0500 z 2  0.0117 z 3  0.0444 z 4
y(n)  0.0444 x(n)  0.0117 x(n  1)  0.0500 x(n  2)  0.0117 x(n  3)  0.0444 x(n  4)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.0500  0.0234cos   0.0888cos 2 

b. H ( z )  0.0035  0.0063z 1  0.0500 z 2  0.0063z 3  0.0035z 4

y(n)  0.0035 x(n)  0.0063x(n  1)  0.0500 x(n  2)  0.0063x(n  3)  0.0035x(n  4)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.0500  0.0126cos   0.0070cos 2 

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j )

0 0.0154 0.0556
0.25 0.0665 0.0589
0.50 0.1388 0.0570
0.75 0.0335 0.0411
1.00 0.0622 0.2132
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 77

0.2

(a) Absolute magnitude

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

0.06
(b) Absolute magnitude

0.05

0.04

0.03
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

7.6
a. H ( z )  0.0444  0.0117 z 1  0.9500 z 2  0.0117 z 3  0.0444 z 4
y(n)  0.0444 x(n)  0.0117 x(n  1)  0.9500 x(n  2)  0.0117 x(n  3)  0.0444 x(n  4)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.9500  0.0234cos   0.0888cos 2 

b. H ( z )  0.0035  0.0063z 1  0.9500 z 2  0.0063z 3  0.0035z 4

y(n)  0.0035 x(n)  0.0063x(n  1)  0.9500 x(n  2)  0.0063x(n  3)  0.0035x(n  4)
H (e j )  e j 2  0.9500  0.0126cos   0.0070cos 2 

 (radians) (a) H (e j ) (b) H (e j )

0 1.0154 0.9444
0.25 0.9335 0.9411
0.50 0.8612 0.9430
0.75 0.9665 0.9589
1.00 1.0622 0.9696
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 78

1.2

(a) Absolute magnitude

1.1

0.9

0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

0.98
(b) Absolute magnitude

0.97

0.96

0.95

0.94
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Radians)

7.7
a. Hanning window, b. filter length =63, c. cut-off frequency = 1000 Hz

7.8
a. Blackman window, b. filter length =89, c. cut-off frequency = 1750 Hz

7.9
a. Hamming window
b. filter length =45
c. lower cut-off frequency = 1500 Hz, upper cut-off frequency =2300 Hz

7.10
a. Blackman window, b. filter length =111
c. lower cut-off frequency = 1400 Hz, upper cut-off frequency =2200 Hz

7.11
a. y (n)  0.25x (n)  0.5x (n  1)  0.25x (n  2)

x ( n) 0.25
 y(n)

z 1 0.5
+
x (n  1)
z 1 0.25
x ( n  2)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 79

b. y(n)  0.25 x(n)  x(n  2)  0.5x(n  1)

x ( n) 0.25
  y(n)

z 1 0.5
+
x ( n  1)
z 1
x ( n  2)

7.12
y(n)  0.2  x(n)  x(n  4)   0.5  x(n  1)  x(n  3)   0.3x(n  3)

x ( n) 0.2
  y(n)

z 1 0.5
x (n  1)
+

z 1 0.3
x ( n  2)
z 1
x (n  3)
z 1
x ( n  4)
\

7.13
N  3 , c  3 /10 , 0  0 , H 0  1 , 1  2 / 3 , H1  0
H ( z )  0.3333  0.3333z 1  0.3333z 2

7.14
N  3 , c   / 2 , 0  0 , H 0  0 , 1  2 / 3 , H1  1
H ( z )  0.3333  0.6667 z 1  0.3333z 2

7.15
N  5 , 0  0 , H 0  1 , 1  2 / 5 , H1  1 , 2  4 / 5 , H 2  0
H ( z )  0.1236  0.3236 z 1  0.6 z 2  0.3236 z 3  0.1236 z 4

7.16
N  5 , 0  0 , H 0  0 , 1  2 / 5 , H1  0 , 2  4 / 5 , H 2  1
H ( z )  0.1236  0.3236 z 1  0.4 z 2  0.3236 z 3  0.1236 z 4
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 80

7.17
N  7 , 0  0 , H 0  0 , 1  2 / 7 , H1  0 ,
2  4 / 7 , H 2  1 , 3  6 / 7 , H 3  0
H ( z )  0.1718  0.2574 z 1  0.0636 z 2  0.2857 z 3  0.0636 z 4  0.2574 z 5  0.1781z 6

7.18
N  7 , 0  0 , H 0  1 , 1  2 / 7 , H1  1 ,
2  4 / 7 , H 2  0 , 3  6 / 7 , H 3  1
H ( z )  0.1718  0.2574 z 1  0.0636 z 2  0.7143z 3  0.0636 z 4  0.2574 z 5  0.1781z 6

7.19  p  10(1/ 20)  1  0.1221 ,  s  10( 40/ 20)  0.01

 p 0.1221 12 Ws
  
s 0.01 1 Wp
Wp  1 , Ws  12

7.20  p  10(1/ 20)  1  0.1221 ,  s  10( 30/ 20)  0.0316

 p 0.1221 39 Ws
  
 s 0.0316 10 Wp
Wp  10 , Ws  39

7.21  p  10(1/ 20)  1  0.1221 ,  s  10( 60/ 20)  0.001

 p 0.1221 122 Ws
  
s 0.001 1 Wp
Wp  1 , Ws  122

7.22  p  10(1/ 20)  1  0.1221 ,  s  10( 25/ 20)  0.0562

 p 0.1221 22 Ws
  
 s 0.0562 10 Wp
Wp  10 , Ws  22

7.23
Hamming window, filter length= 33, lower cut-off frequency =3500 Hz
>> B=firwd(33,1,3500*2*pi/10000,0,4);
B = -0.0009 0.0019 -0.0015 -0.0012 0.0054 -0.0067 0.0000 0.0129 -0.0204
0.0088 0.0223 -0.0506 0.0405 0.0302 -0.1461 0.2552 0.7000 0.2552
-0.1461 0.0302 0.0405 -0.0506 0.0223 0.0088 -0.0204 0.0129 0.0000
-0.0067 0.0054 -0.0012 -0.0015 0.0019 -0.0009
>> freqz(B,1,512,10000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 81

50

Magnitude Response (dB) 0

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000

-3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.24
Hamming window, filter length=53,
lower cut-off frequency=1250 Hz, upper cut-off frequency=2250 Hz
>> B=firwd(53,3,1250*2*pi/8000,2250*2*pi/8000,4);
B = 0.0005 0.0008 0 0.0011 0.0010 -0.0038 -0.0044 0.0040 0.0064
-0.0009 0.0000 0.0014 -0.0144 -0.0136 0.0223 0.0289 -0.0121 -0.0200
0 -0.0288 -0.0254 0.0898 0.1066 -0.1057 -0.2052 0.0474 0.2500
0.0474 -0.2052 -0.1057 0.1066 0.0898 -0.0254 -0.0288 0 -0.0200
-0.0121 0.0289 0.0223 -0.0136 -0.0144 0.0014 0.0000 -0.0009 0.0064
0.0040 -0.0044 -0.0038 0.0010 0.0011 0 0.0008 0.0005
>> freqz(B,1,512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 82

50

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

1000
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.25
Lowpass filter: Hamming window, filter length=91, cut-off frequency =2000 Hz
High filter: Hamming window, filter length=91, cut-off frequency =2000 Hz

>> BL=firwd(91,1,2000*2*pi/44100,0,4);
>> freqz(BL,1,512,44100)
>> BH=firwd(91,2,0,2000*2*pi/44100,4);
>> freqz(BH,1,512,44100)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 83

50

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10

5000
Phase (degrees)

-5000

-10000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10

7.26
a.
>> B1=firwd(41,1,1600*2*pi/8000,0,1);
B = -0.0000 -0.0159 -0.0104 0.0110 0.0189 -0.0000 -0.0216 -0.0144 0.0156
0.0275 -0.0000 -0.0336 -0.0234 0.0267 0.0505 -0.0000 -0.0757 -0.0624
0.0935 0.3027 0.4000 0.3027 0.0935 -0.0624 -0.0757 -0.0000 0.0505
0.0267 -0.0234 -0.0336 -0.0000 0.0275 0.0156 -0.0144 -0.0216 -0.0000
0.0189 0.0110 -0.0104 -0.0159 -0.0000
>> freqz(B1,1,512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 84

b.
>> B2=firwd(41,1,1600*2*pi/8000,0,2);
B = 0 -0.0008 -0.0010 0.0017 0.0038 -0.0000 -0.0065 -0.0050 0.0062
0.0124 -0.0000 -0.0185 -0.0140 0.0174 0.0353 -0.0000 -0.0605 -0.0530
0.0842 0.2876 0.4000 0.2876 0.0842 -0.0530 -0.0605 -0.0000 0.0353
0.0174 -0.0140 -0.0185 -0.0000 0.0124 0.0062 -0.0050 -0.0065 -0.0000
0.0038 0.0017 -0.0010 -0.0008 0
>> freqz(B2,1,512,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-10

-20

-30

-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000

-3000

-4000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

c.
>> B3=firwd(41,1,1600*2*pi/8000,0,3);
B = 0 -0.0001 -0.0003 0.0006 0.0018 -0.0000 -0.0045 -0.0039 0.0054
0.0116 -0.0000 -0.0194 -0.0153 0.0194 0.0401 -0.0000 -0.0685 -0.0590
0.0913 0.3009 0.4000 0.3009 0.0913 -0.0590 -0.0685 -0.0000 0.0401
0.0194 -0.0153 -0.0194 -0.0000 0.0116 0.0054 -0.0039 -0.0045 -0.0000
0.0018 0.0006 -0.0003 -0.0001 0
>> freqz(B3,1,512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 85

50

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

d.
>> B4=firwd(41,1,1600*2*pi/8000,0,4);
B = -0.0000 -0.0014 -0.0011 0.0014 0.0032 -0.0000 -0.0058 -0.0048 0.0062
0.0129 -0.0000 -0.0206 -0.0160 0.0200 0.0409 -0.0000 -0.0690 -0.0592
0.0914 0.3010 0.4000 0.3010 0.0914 -0.0592 -0.0690 -0.0000 0.0409
0.0200 -0.0160 -0.0206 -0.0000 0.0129 0.0062 -0.0048 -0.0058 -0.0000
0.0032 0.0014 -0.0011 -0.0014 -0.0000
>> freqz(B4,1,512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

e.
>> B5=firwd(41,1,1600*2*pi/8000,0,5);
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 86

B = 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 0.0002 0.0008 -0.0000 -0.0022 -0.0021 0.0031

0.0073 -0.0000 -0.0142 -0.0119 0.0160 0.0348 -0.0000 -0.0643 -0.0569
0.0898 0.2997 0.4000 0.2997 0.0898 -0.0569 -0.0643 -0.0000 0.0348
0.0160 -0.0119 -0.0142 -0.0000 0.0073 0.0031 -0.0021 -0.0022 -0.0000
0.0008 0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0000 0.0000
>> freqz(B5,1,512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000

-3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.27
a.
>> B1=firwd(21,1,1000*2*pi/8000,0,4);
B = 0.0025 0.0026 -0.0000 -0.0087 -0.0211 -0.0243 0.0000 0.0608 0.1452
0.2200 0.2500 0.2200 0.1452 0.0608 0.0000 -0.0243 -0.0211 -0.0087
-0.0000 0.0026 0.0025
>> [h1 f]=freqz(B1,1,512,8000);

b.
>> B2=firwd(31,1,1000*2*pi/8000,0,4);
B = -0.0012 -0.0020 -0.0021 0.0000 0.0048 0.0099 0.0099 -0.0000 -0.0189
-0.0362 -0.0347 0.0000 0.0684 0.1528 0.2228 0.2500 0.2228 0.1528
0.0684 0.0000 -0.0347 -0.0362 -0.0189 -0.0000 0.0099 0.0099 0.0048
0.0000 -0.0021 -0.0020 -0.0012
>> [h2 f]=freqz(B2,1,512,8000);

c.
>> B3=firwd(41,1,1000*2*pi/8000,0,4);

B = 0.0000 0.0010 0.0018 0.0017 -0.0000 -0.0032 -0.0061 -0.0057 0.0000

0.0096 0.0172 0.0153 -0.0000 -0.0241 -0.0430 -0.0390 0.0000 0.0713
0.1556 0.2238 0.2500 0.2238 0.1556 0.0713 0.0000 -0.0390 -0.0430
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 87

-0.0241 -0.0000 0.0153 0.0172 0.0096 0.0000 -0.0057 -0.0061 -0.0032

-0.0000 0.0017 0.0018 0.0010 0.0000
>> [h3 f]=freqz(B3,1,512,8000);

>> subplot(3,1,1),plot(f,20*log10(abs(h1)));grid
>> subplot(3,1,2),plot(f,20*log10(abs(h2)));grid
>> subplot(3,1,3),plot(f,20*log10(abs(h3)));grid

100
0
(a)

-100
-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)
200

0
(b)

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)
200

0
(c)

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

7.28
a.
>> B1=firwd(31,2,0,2500*2*pi/8000,3);
B= 0 -0.0002 -0.0004 0.0025 -0.0018 -0.0056 0.0113 -0.0000 -0.0232
0.0246 0.0183 -0.0664 0.0367 0.1077 -0.2909 0.3750 -0.2909 0.1077
0.0367 -0.0664 0.0183 0.0246 -0.0232 -0.0000 0.0113 -0.0056 -0.0018
0.0025 -0.0004 -0.0002 0
>> freqz(B1,1,512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 88

100

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-100

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

500
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

b.
>> B2=firwd(31,2,0,2500*2*pi/8000,4);
B = 0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0011 0.0045 -0.0026 -0.0070 0.0130 -0.0000 -0.0247
0.0256 0.0188 -0.0675 0.0370 0.1081 -0.2911 0.3750 -0.2911 0.1081
0.0370 -0.0675 0.0188 0.0256 -0.0247 -0.0000 0.0130 -0.0070 -0.0026
0.0045 -0.0011 -0.0014 0.0016
>> freqz(B2,1,512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

500
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

c.
>> B3=firwd(31,2,0,2500*2*pi/8000,5);
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 89

B = -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0002 0.0011 -0.0009 -0.0029 0.0066 -0.0000 -0.0166

0.0191 0.0153 -0.0594 0.0345 0.1047 -0.2888 0.3750 -0.2888 0.1047
0.0345 -0.0594 0.0153 0.0191 -0.0166 -0.0000 0.0066 -0.0029 -0.0009
0.0011 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0000
>> freqz(B3,1,512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

1000
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.29
a.
>> B1=firwd(41,3,2500*2*pi/8000,3000*2*pi/8000,3);
B= 0 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0000 0.0007 0.0014 -0.0073 0.0092
0.0040 -0.0272 0.0334 -0.0000 -0.0539 0.0719 -0.0176 -0.0720 0.1093
-0.0455 -0.0686 0.1250 -0.0686 -0.0455 0.1093 -0.0720 -0.0176 0.0719
-0.0539 -0.0000 0.0334 -0.0272 0.0040 0.0092 -0.0073 0.0014 0.0007
-0.0000 -0.0002 -0.0001 0.0001 0
>> freqz(B1,1,512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 90

Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

500
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

b.
>> B2=firwd(41,3,2500*2*pi/8000,3000*2*pi/8000,5);
B = 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000 0.0003 0.0007 -0.0039 0.0053
0.0025 -0.0185 0.0244 -0.0000 -0.0445 0.0624 -0.0160 -0.0676 0.1055
-0.0448 -0.0683 0.1250 -0.0683 -0.0448 0.1055 -0.0676 -0.0160 0.0624
-0.0445 -0.0000 0.0244 -0.0185 0.0025 0.0053 -0.0039 0.0007 0.0003
-0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
>> freqz(B2,1,512,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

1000
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 91

7.30
>> B=firwd(41,4,2500*2*pi/8000,3000*2*pi/8000,4);
B = 0.0013 -0.0016 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 -0.0010 -0.0018 0.0088 -0.0106
-0.0044 0.0293 -0.0353 0.0000 0.0555 -0.0734 0.0179 0.0726 -0.1098
0.0456 0.0686 0.8750 0.0686 0.0456 -0.1098 0.0726 0.0179 -0.0734
0.0555 0.0000 -0.0353 0.0293 -0.0044 -0.0106 0.0088 -0.0018 -0.0010
0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 -0.0016 0.0013
>> freqz1(B,1,512,8000)
10
Magnitude Response (dB)

-10

-20

-30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-1000

-2000

-3000

-4000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.31
>> B=firfs(17,[1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0])
B = 0.0398 -0.0488 -0.0346 0.0660 0.0315 -0.1075 -0.0299 0.3188 0.5294
0.3188 -0.0299 -0.1075 0.0315 0.0660 -0.0346 -0.0488 0.0398
>> freqz(B,1,512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 92

50

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.32
>> B=firfs(21,[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0])
B = 0.0594 -0.0858 -0.0212 0.0952 -0.0212 -0.0858 0.0594 0.0594 -0.0858
-0.0212 0.0952 -0.0212 -0.0858 0.0594 0.0594 -0.0858 -0.0212 0.0952
-0.0212 -0.0858 0.0594
>> freqz(B,1,512,8000)
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

400
Phase (degrees)

200

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 93

7.33
>> B=firwd(41,1,1600*2*pi/8000,0,4);
>> x=1.2*sin(2*pi*1000*[0:1:399]/8000)-1.5*cos(2*pi*2800*[0:1:399]/8000);
>> y=filter(B,1,x);
>> n=0:1:399;
>> x=1.2*sin(2*pi*1000*n/8000)-1.5*cos(2*pi*2800*n/8000);
>> y=filter(B,1,x);
>> subplot(2,1,1),plot(n,x);xlabel('n');ylabel('Input');grid
>> subplot(2,1,2),plot(n,y);xlabel('n');ylabel('Output');grid

2
Input

-2

-4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
n

1
Output

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
n

7.34
 1   40 
   
 p  10 20   1  0.1220 ,  s  10 20   0.01 , Ws  12 and Wp  1
------------------------------------------------------------------
>> fs=8000;
>> f=[0 0.3 0.375 1];
>> m=[1 1 0 0];
>> W=[1 12];
>> b=remez(53,f,m,W);
>> freqz(b,1,512,fs)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B =[ 0.0020 -0.0003 -0.0043 -0.0086 -0.0089 -0.0032 0.0049 0.0083 0.0029
-0.0073 -0.0121 -0.0048 0.0098 0.0173 0.0075 -0.0134 -0.0252 -0.0120
0.0190 0.0387 0.0204 -0.0300 -0.0684 -0.0420 0.0656 0.2114 0.3156
0.3156 0.2114 0.0656 -0.0420 -0.0684 -0.0300 0.0204 0.0387 0.0190
-0.0120 -0.0252 -0.0134 0.0075 0.0173 0.0098 -0.0048 -0.0121 -0.0073
0.0029 0.0083 0.0049 -0.0032 -0.0089 -0.0086 -0.0043 -0.0003 0.0020]
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 94

50

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.35
 1   40 
   
 p  10  1  0.1220 ,  s  10
 20 
 0.01 , Ws  12 and Wp  1  20 

-------------------------------------------------------
>> fs=8000;
>> f=[0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1];
>> m=[0 0 1 1 0 0];
>> W=[12 1 12];
>> b=remez(53,f,m,W);
>> freqz1(b,1,512,fs)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
B =[ -0.0004 -0.0013 -0.0000 0.0003 -0.0006 -0.0002 0.0041 0.0068 -
0.0010
-0.0140 -0.0140 0.0049 0.0207 0.0126 -0.0057 -0.0066 0.0027 -0.0108
-0.0393 -0.0232 0.0545 0.1041 0.0301 -0.1138 -0.1533 -0.0139 0.1565
0.1565 -0.0139 -0.1533 -0.1138 0.0301 0.1041 0.0545 -0.0232 -0.0393
-0.0108 0.0027 -0.0066 -0.0057 0.0126 0.0207 0.0049 -0.0140 -0.0140
-0.0010 0.0068 0.0041 -0.0002 -0.0006 0.0003 -0.0000 -0.0013 -0.0004
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 95

50

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

500
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

7.38
1  1  /2
h( n) 
2  
H (e j )e jn d  
2 
 /2
je jn d 
 /2
1   jn 1  cos( n / 2) sin( n / 2)
  e  2 e jn   
2  n jn   / 2 2n n 2

7.39
1  1  1 
 H (e j )e jn d    cos  / 2e jn d     [e
j  ( n 1/ 2)
h( n)   e j ( n 1/ 2) d 
2  2  4 


1  e j ( n 1/ 2) e j ( n 1/ 2)  sin[( n  1/ 2) / 2] sin[( n  1/ 2) / 2]
     
4  j (n  1/ 2) j (n  1/ 2)   2 (n  1/ 2) 2 ( n  1/ 2)

7.40
1 M
 2 k (n  M )  
h( n)   0  H k cos  2M  1   , for 0  n  M
N
H  2
 k 1  
 2 k 
k  2 k /(2M  1) , H k  j k    and H 0  0
 2M  1 
1  M  2 k   2 k (n  M )  
h(n)   2   cos    , for 0  n  M
N  k 1  2M  1   2M  1  
7.41
1 M
 2 k (n  M )  
h(n)   H 0  2 H k cos    , for 0  n  M
N k 1  2M  1  
k  2 k /(2M  1) and H k  cos k / 2  cos[ k /(2M  1)] , H 0  1
1 M
 k   2 k (n  M )  
h(n)  1  2 cos   cos    , for 0  n  M
N k 1  2M  1   2M  1  
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 96

7.42
1  1  1 
h( n)   H (e j )e jn d    ( j) 2 e jn d       d
2

2  2  2 


1   2 jn 2 jn 2   sin n 2 cos n 2sin n
  e  e  e jn     
2  jn ( jn) 2
( jn) 3
  n n2 n 2

7.43
1  M
 2 k (n  M )  
h( n) 
N  0  H k cos  2M  1   , for 0  n  M
H  2
 k 1  
2
 2 k 
2
k  2 k /(2M  1) , H k  jk    and H 0  0
 2M  1 
1  M  2 k   2 k (n  M )  
2

h ( n )   2   cos    , for 0  n  M
N  k 1  2M  1   2M  1  

4.44
1  1 0 1  /2
  H (e  
j
h( n)  )e jn d   je jn d   je jn d 
2  2  /2 2 0

0  /2
1  1 jn  1  1 jn  1  cos(n / 2) 2sin 2 (n / 4)
  n e    n e   
2  / 2 2 0 n n

Chapter 8

8.1
0.3333  0.3333z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.3333z 1
y(n)  0.3333x(n)  0.3333 x( n  1)  0.3333 y( n  1)
8.2
a.
0.3375  0.3375 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.3249 z 1
y (n)  0.3375 x(n)  0.3375 x(n  1)  0.3249 y( n 1)

b.
freqz([0.3375 0.3375],[1 -0.3249],512,200)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 97

Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40

-60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-50

-100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)

8.3
a.
0.6625  0.6625 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.3249 z 1
y (n)  0.6225x(n)  0.6225x (n  1)  0.3249 y (n  1)
b.
>> freqz([0.6225 -0.6225],[1 -0.3594],512,200)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40

-60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 98

8.4
a.
0.6340  0.6340 z 2
H ( z)  b=
1  0.2679 z 2
y(n)  0.6340 x(n)  0.6340x (n  2)  0.2679 y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.6340 0 0.6340],[1 0 0.2679],512,120)

20
Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hertz)

8.5
a.
0.2113  0.2113 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.8165 z 1  0.5774 z 2
y(n)  0.2113x(n)  0.2113x (n  2)  08165 y (n  1)  0.5774 y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.2113 0 -0.2113],[1 -0.8165 0.5774],512,120)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 99

Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40

-60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hertz)

8.6
a.
0.4005  0.4005 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.1989 z 1
y (n)  0.4005 x(n)  0.4005 x(n  1)  0.1989 y( n 1)
b.
>> freqz([0.4005 0.4005],[1 -0.1989],512,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40

-60
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 100

8.7
a.
0.1867  0.3734 z 1  0.1867 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.4629 z 1  0.2097 z 2
y(n)  0.1867 x (n)  0.3734x (n  1)  0.1867x (n  2)  0.4629 y (n  1)  0.2097 y( n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.1867 0.3734 0.1867],[1 -0.4629 0.2097],512,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-50

-100

-150

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.8
a.
0.1667  0.5000 z 1  0.5000 z 2  0.1667 z 3
H ( z) 
1  0.3333 z 2
y(n)  0.1667 x(n)  0.5x (n  1)  0.5x (n  2)  0.1667x (n  3)  0.3333y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.1667 -0.5 0.5 -0.1667],[1 0 0.3333 0],512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 101

100

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-100

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

300
Phase (degrees)

200

100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.9
a.
0.0730  0.0730 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.8541z 2
y(n)  0.0730 x(n)  0.0730x (n  2)  0.8541y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.0730 0 -0.0730],[1 0 0.8541],512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 102

8.10
a.
0.9266  0.2899 z 1  0.9266 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.2899  0.8532 z 2
y (n)  0.9266 x (n)  0.2899x (n  1)  0.9266x (n  2)
 0.2899 y (n  1)  0.8532 y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.9266 -0.2899 0.9266],[1 -0.2899 0.8532],8000,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.11
a.
0.5677  0.5677 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.1354 z 1
y (n)  0.5677 x(n)  0.5677 x(n  1)  0.1354 y( n 1)
b.
>> freqz([0.5667 0.5667],[1 0.1354],512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 103

Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40

-60
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.12
a.
0.2430  0.4861z 1  0.2430 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.2457  0.2755 z 2
y (n)  0.2430 x (n)  0.4861x (n  1)  0.2430x (n  2)
 0.2457 y (n  1)  0.2755 y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.2430 0.4861 0.2430],[1 -0.2457 0.2755],512,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-50

-100

-150

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 104

8.13
a.
0.1321  0.3964 z 1  0.3964 z 2  0.1321z 3
H ( z) 
1  0.3432 z 1  0.6044 z 2  0.2041z 3
y (n)  0.1321x(n)  0.3964 x(n  1)  0.3964 x(n  2)  0.1321x(n  3)
 0.3432 y (n  1)  0.6044 y (n  2)  0.2041y (n  3)
b.
>> freqz([0.1321 -0.3964 0.3964 -0.1321],[1 0.3432 0.6044 0.2041],512,8000)

0
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.14
a.
0.1815  0.1815 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.6265 z 1  0.6370 z 2
y(n)  0.1815x(n)  0.1815x (n  2)  0.6265 y (n  1)  0.6370 y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.1815 0 -0.1815],[1 -0.6265 0.6370],512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 105

Magnitude Response (dB)

-20

-40

-60

-80
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.15
a.
0.9609  0.7354 z 1  0.9609 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.7354 z 1  0.9217 z 2
y (n)  0.9609 x (n)  0.7354x (n  1)  0.9609x (n  2)
0.7354 y (n  1)  0.9217 y (n  2)
b.
>> freqz([0.9609 0.7354 0.9609],[1 0.7354 0.9217],512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

100
Phase (degrees)

50

-50

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 106

8.16
a.
0.0380  0.1519 z 1  0.2278 z 2  0.1519 z 3  0.0380 z 4
H ( z) 
1  0.9784 z 1  0.7901z 2  0.2419 z 3  0.0377 z 4
y (n)  0.0380 x (n)  0.1519x (n  1)  0.2278x (n  2)  0.1519x (n  3)  0.0380 x( n  4)
 0.9784 y (n  1)  0.7901y (n  2)  0.2419 y (n  3)  0.0377 y (n  4)
b.
>> freqz([0.0380 0.1519 0.2278 0.1519 0.0380],[1 -0.9784 0.7901 -0.2419
0.0377],512,8000)

100
Magnitude Response (dB)

-100

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.17
a.
0.0242  0.0968 z 1  0.1452 z 2  0.0968 z 3  0.0242 z 4
H ( z) 
1  1.5895 z 1  1.6690 z 2  0.9190 z 3  0.2497 z 4
y (n)  0.0242 x (n)  0.0968x (n  1)  0.1452x (n  2)  0.0968x (n  3)  0.0242 x( n  4)
 1.5895 y (n  1)  1.6690 y (n  2)  0.9190 y (n  3)  0.2497 y (n  4)
b.
>> freqz([0.0242 0.0968 0.1452 0.0968 0.0242],[1 -1.5895 1.6690 -0.9190
0.2497],512,8000)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 107

100

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-100

-200

-300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

8.18

a.
0.00767  0.01534 z 2  0.00767 z 2
H ( z) 
1  1.4428 z 1  2.2935 z 2  1.2918 z 3  0.8027 z 4
y (n)  0.00767 x (n)  0.01534x (n  2)  0.00767x (n  4)
 1.4428 y (n  1)  2.2935 y (n  2)  1.2918 y (n  3)  0.8027 y (n  4)
b.
>> freqz([0.00767 0 -0.01534 0 0.00767],[1 -1.4428 2.2935 -1.2918 0.8027],512,8000)

50
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)

200
Phase (degrees)

100

-100

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hertz)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 108

8.19
a.
1
H ( z) 
1  0.3679 z 1
y (n)  x(n)  0.3679 y(n  1)
b. and c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f=0:0.1:5;T=0.1 % frequency range and sampling interval
w=2*pi*f; % frequency range in radians/sec
hs=freqs([10], [1 10],w); % analog magnitude frequency response
phis=180*angle(hs)/pi;
% for the z-transfer function H(z)
hz=freqz([1],[1 -0.3967],length(w)); % digital magnitude frequency response
phiz=180*angle(hz)/pi;
%plot magnitude and phase responses.
subplot(2,1,1), plot(f,abs(hs),'kx',f, abs(hz),'k-'),grid; axis([0 5 0 2]);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Mag. Responses')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(f,phis,'kx',f, phiz,'k-'); grid;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Phases (deg.)');
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H(z)
Mag. Responses

1.5

0.5 H(s)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz)

-20
Phases (deg.)

H(z)
-40

-60 H(s)

-80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz)

8.20
a.
0.0086 z 1
H ( z) 
1  1.7326 z 1  0.7408 z 2
y(n)  0.0086 x(n  1)  1.7326 y(n  1)  0.7408 y(n  2)
b. and c.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 109

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f=0:0.1:5;T=0.1; % initialize analog frequency range in Hz and sampling interval
w=2*pi*f; % convert the frequency range to radians/second
hs=freqs([1], [1 3 3],w); % calculate analog filter frequency responses
phis=180*angle(hs)/pi;
% for the z-transfer function H(z)
% calculate digital filter frequency responses
hz=freqz([0.0086],[1 -1.7326 0.7408],length(w));
phiz=180*angle(hz)/pi;
% plot magnitude and phase responses
subplot(2,1,1), plot(f,abs(hs),'kx',f, abs(hz),'k-'),grid;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Magnitude Responses')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(f,phis,'kx',f, phiz,'k-'); grid;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Phases (degrees)')
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5
Magnitude Responses

1 H(s)
H(z)

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz)

0
Phases (degrees)

-50 H(z)

-100

-150
H(s)
-200
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz)

8.21
a.
0.1  0.09781z 1
H ( z) 
1  1.6293z 1  0.6703z 2
y (n)  0.1x(n)  0.0978x(n  1)  1.6293 y (n  1)  0.6703y (n  2)
b. and c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f=0:0.1:5;T=0.1; % initialize analog frequency range in Hz and sampling interval
w=2*pi*f; % convert the frequency range to radians/second
hs=freqs([1 0], [1 4 5],w); % calculate analog filter frequency responses
phis=180*angle(hs)/pi;
% for the z-transfer function H(z)
% calculate digital filter frequency responses
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 110

hz=freqz([0.1 -0.09781],[1 -1.6293 0.6703],length(w));

phiz=180*angle(hz)/pi;
% plot magnitude and phase responses
subplot(2,1,1), plot(f,abs(hs),'kx',f, abs(hz),'k-'),grid;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Magnitude Responses')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(f,phis,'kx',f, phiz,'k-'); grid;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Phases (degrees)')
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0.4
Magnitude Responses

0.3
H(z)
0.2

0.1 H(s)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz)

100
Phases (degrees)

50 H(z)

-50
H(s)
-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz)

8.22
0.0385  0.0385 z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.9230 z 2
y(n)  0.0385 x(n)  0.0385 x(n  2)  0.9230 y(n  2)

8.23
0.9320  1.3180 z 1  0.9320 z 2
H ( z) 
1  1.3032 z 1  0.8492
y(n)  0.9320 x(n)  1.3180 x(n  1)  0.9329 x(n  2)  1.3032 y(n  1)  0.8492 y (n  2)

8.24
0.0785  0.0785 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.8429 z 1
y (n)  0.0785 x(n)  0.0785 x(n  1)  0.8429 y( n 1)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 111

8.25
0.9215  0.9215 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.8429 z 1
y (n)  0.9215 x(n)  0.9215 x(n  1)  0.8429 y( n 1)

8.26
0.0589  0.0589 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.8822 z 1
y (n)  0.0589 x(n)  0.0589 x(n  1)  0.8822 y( n  1)

8.27
0.9607  0.9607 z 1
H ( z) 
1  0.9215 z 1
y (n)  0.9607 x(n)  0.9607 x(n  1)  0.9215 y( n  1)

8.28
a.

x ( n) 0.3430
 y(n)

z 1 0.6859 0.7075 z 1
x (n  1)
+
y (n  1)
z 1 0.3430 0.7313 z 1

x ( n  2) y ( n  2)

x ( n) w(n) 0.3430 y ( n)
+ +

1
0.7075 z 0.6859

w(n  1)

z 1

0.7313 w( n  2) 0.3430
b.
Direct-form I:
y (n)  0.3430 x(n)  0.6859 x(n  1)  0.3430 x(n  2)
 0.7075 y (n  1)  0.7131y (n  2)

Direct-form II:
w(n)  x(n)  0.7075w(n  1)  0.7313w(n  2)
y1 (n)  0.3430w(n)  0.6859w(n  1)  0.3430w(n  2)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 112

8.29
a.
x ( n) w1 (n) 0.3430 y1 (n) w2 (n) 0.4371 y ( n)
+ + + +

1 1
0.7075 z 0.6859 0.1316 z 0.8742

z 1 0.3430 z 1 0.4371

0.7313 0.1733

b. for section 1: w1 (n)  x(n)  0.7075w1 (n  1)  0.7313w1 (n  2)

y1 (n)  0.3430w1 (n)  0.6859w1 (n  1)  0.3430w1 (n  2)
for section 2: w2 (n)  y1 (n)  0.1316w2 (n  1)  0.1733w2 (n  2)
y2 (n)  0.4371w2 (n)  0.8742w2 (n  1)  0.4371w2 (n  2)
8.30
0.9511z 1
0  2  200 /1000  0.4 , H ( z ) 
1.0000  0.6180 z 1  z 2
y(n)  0.9511x(n  1)  0.618 y (n  1)  y (n  2)

8.31
0.1951z 1
0  2  250 / 8000  0.0625 , H ( z ) 
1.0000  1.9616 z 1  z 2
y(n)  0.1951x(n  1)  1.9616 y(n  1)  y(n  2)

0.6203z 1 0.9168 z 1
8.32 a. H 852 ( z )  , H1477 ( z ) 
1  1.5687 z 1  z 2 1  0.7986 z 1  z 2
b. y852 (n)  0.6203x(n  1)  1.5678 y852 (n  1)  y852 (n  2)
y1477 (n)  0.9168 x(n  1)  0.7986 y1477 ( n 1)  y1477 ( n  2)
y9 (n)  y1477 (n)  y852 (n)

0.5205 z 1 0.9168 z 1
8.33 a. H 697 ( z )  , H 1477 ( z ) 
1  1.7077 z 1  z 2 1  0.7986 z 1  z 2
b. y697 (n)  0.5205 x(n  1)  1.7077 y697 (n 1)  y697 (n  2)
y1477 (n)  0.9168 x(n  1)  0.7986 y1477 ( n 1)  y1477 ( n  2)
y3 (n)  y1477 (n)  y697 (n)
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 113

2
8.34 X (0)  2 , X (0)  4 , A0  0.5 (single side)
2
X (1)  1  j3 , X (1)  10 , A1  1.5811 (single side)

2
8.35 X (2)  0 , X (2)  0 , A2  0.0 (single side)
2
X (3)  1  j 3 , X (3)  10 , A3  1.5811 (single side)

8.36 A0  2.5 , A2  0.5

8.37 A1  0.7071 , A3  0.7071

8.38
Chebyshev notch filter: order =2
0.9915  1.9042z 1  0.9915z 2
H ( z) 
1.0000  1.9042z 1  0.9830z 2
y (n)  0.9915 x(n)  1.9042 x( n  1)  0.9915 x( n  2)
 1.9042 y (n  1)  0.9830 y( n  2)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=8000;T=1/fs;
w0=2*pi*360; wa0=(2/T)*tan(w0*T/2);
wL=2*pi*330; waL=(2/T)*tan(wL*T/2);
wH=2*pi*390; waH=(2/T)*tan(wH*T/2);
waaL=wa0*wa0/waH;BW1=waH-waaL
waaH=wa0*wa0/waL;BW2=waaH-waL
[B,A]=lp2bs(2.8628,[1 2.8628],wa0,BW2);
[b,a]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(b,a,8000,8000);
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.39 Chebyshev notch filter 1: order =2

0.9915  1.9042z 1  0.9915z 2
H ( z) 
1.0000  1.9042z 1  0.9830z 2
y (n)  0.9915 x(n)  1.9042 x( n  1)  0.9915 x( n  2)
 1.9042 y (n  1)  0.9830 y( n  2)

See Problem 8.38.

Chebyshev notch filter 2: order =2
0.9917  1.3117z 1  0.9917z 2
H ( z) 
1.0000  1.3117z 1  0.9835z 2
y (n)  0.9917 x(n)  1.3117 x(n  1)  0.9917 x( n  2)
 1.3117 y (n  1)  0.9835 y( n  2)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 114

fs=8000;T=1/fs;
w0=2*pi*1080; wa0=(2/T)*tan(w0*T/2);
wL=2*pi*1050; waL=(2/T)*tan(wL*T/2);
wH=2*pi*1110; waH=(2/T)*tan(wH*T/2);
waaL=wa0*wa0/waH;BW1=waH-waaL
waaH=wa0*wa0/waL;BW2=waaH-waL
[B,A]=lp2bs(2.8628,[1 2.8628],wa0,BW2);
[b,a]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(b,a,8000,8000);
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.40
dp  2 (3000)  6000 ds  2 (4000)  8000
2  T   6000 /10000 
ap  tan  dp   20000  tan    27528 radians/se.
T  2   2 
2  T   8000 /10000 
as  tan  dp   20000  tan    61554 radians/sec
T  2   2 
vs  as / ap  61554 / 27528  2.24 and As  25 dB
 2  100.13  1  1
log10 (100.125  1)
n  3.5669 Choose n  4
2  log10 (2.24)
Butterworth filter order = n=4
0.1672  0.6687z 1  1.0031z 2  0.6687z 3  0.1672z 4
H ( z) 
1.0000  0.7821z 1  0.6800z 2  0.1827 z 3  0.0301z 4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=10000;T=1/fs;
wd=2*pi*3000; wa=(2/T)*tan(wd*T/2);
[B,A]=lp2lp(1,[ 1 2.6131 3.4142 2.6131 1],wa);
[b,a]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(b,a,512,fs);
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.41
dp  2 f  2 (3000)  6000 radians/second,
ds  2 f  2 (4000)  8000 radians/second, and T  1/ f s  1/ 8000 sec.
2  T   6000 /10000 
ap  tan  dp   20000  tan    27528 radians/se.
T  2   2 
2  T   8000 /10000 
as  tan  dp   20000  tan    61554 radians/sec
T  2   2 
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 115

vs  as / ap  61554 / 27528  2.24 and As  35 dB

 2  100.11  1  0.2589

1  10
0.135
1  
0.5

cosh   
 0.2589  
n  3.7342
cosh 1  2.24 
Chebyshev filter order = 4;
0.1103  0.4412z 1  0.6618z 2  0.4412z 3  0.1103z 4
H ( z) 
1.0000  0.1509z 1  0.8041z 2  0.1619z 3  0.1872z 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=10000;T=1/fs;
wd=2*pi*3000; wa=(2/T)*tan(wd*T/2);
[B,A]=lp2lp(0.2456,[ 1 0.9528 1.4539 0.7426 0.2756],wa);
[b,a]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(b,a,512,fs);
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.42 r  1   500 / 8000     0.8037 and   1750 / 8000   3600  78.750

K
1  0.8037  1  2  0.8037 cos157.50  0.8037 2
 0.1771
2 sin 78.750

>> r=1-500*pi/8000;
>> theta=1750*2*pi/8000;
>> K=(1-r)*sqrt(1-2*r*cos(2*theta)+r*r)/(2*abs(sin(theta)));
r = 0.8037
K =0.1771
-2*r*cos(theta)
ans = -0.3136

0.1771  0.1771z 2
H ( z) 
1  0.3136 z 1  0.6459 z 2

8.43
dpL  2 (1500)  3000 dpH  2 (2000)  4000
dsL  2 (1000)  2000 dsH  2 (2500)  5000
 3000 / 8000   4000 / 8000 
apL  16000  tan    10691 apH  16000  tan    16000
 2   2 
 2000 / 8000 
Fixing asL  16000  tan    6627
 2 
asH  apLapH / asL  25812 Ws  19185
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 116

 5000 / 8000 
Fixing asH  16000  tan    23946 ,
 2 
asL  apLapH / asH  7143 , Ws  16803
We choose a smaller bandwidth for aggressive design:
asH  23946 , asL  apLapH / asH  7143

vs  (asH  asL ) /(apH  apL )  (23946  7143) /(16000  10691)  3.17 and As  20 dB
 2  100.13  1  1
log10 (100.120  1)
n  1.9914 Choose n  2
2  log10 (3.17)

filter order 2n= 4

0.0300  0.0599z 2  0.0300z 4
H ( z) 
1.0000  0.6871z 1  1.5741z 2  0.5176z 3  0.5741z 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=8000;T=1/fs;
wL=2*pi*1500; waL=(2/T)*tan(wL*T/2);
wH=2*pi*2000; waH=(2/T)*tan(wH*T/2);
wa0=sqrt(waL*waH); BW=waH-waL
[B,A]=lp2bp(1,[1 1.4142 1],wa0,BW);
[b,a]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(b,a,512,8000);
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.44
a.
0.0003151+0.0009452z 1  0.0009452 z 2  0.0003151z 3
H LP ( z ) 
1.0000  2.7153z 1  2.4697 z 2  0.7519z 3
yLP (n)  0.0003151x(n)  0.0009452x(n  1)  0.0009452 x(n  2)  0.0003151x(n  3)
2.7153 yLP (n  1)  2.4697 yLP (n  2)  0.7519 yLP (n - 3)
0.8671  2.6013z 1  2.6013z 2  0.8671z 3
H HP ( z ) 
1.0000  2.7153z 1  2.4697 z 2  0.7519z 3
yHP (n)  0.8671x(n)  2.6013x(n  1)  2.6013x(n  2)  0.8671x(n  3)
2.7153 yHP (n  1)  2.4697 yHP (n  2)  0.7519 yHP (n - 3)

b.
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 117

Magnitude Response (dB)

0

-50

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10

0
Phase (degrees)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10
Magnitude Response (dB)

-50

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10

0
Phase (degrees)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hertz) 4
x 10
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 118

c.

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
4
x 10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=44100;T=1/fs;
wd=2*pi*1000; wa=(2/T)*tan(wd*T/2);
[B,A]=lp2lp(1,[ 1 2 2 1],wa);
[bL,aL]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(bL,aL,512,fs);
[hL,ff]=freqz(bL,aL,512,fs);
figure
[B,A]=lp2hp(1,[ 1 2 2 1],wa);
[bH,aH]=bilinear(B,A,fs)
freqz(bH,aH,512,fs);
[hH,ff]=freqz(bH,aH,512,fs);
figure
H=abs(hL)+abs(hH);
plot(ff,20*log10(abs(hL)),ff,20*log10(abs(hH)),'-.', ff,20*log10(H));
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.45
a.
0.5878 z 1
H ( z) 
1  1.6180 z 1  z 2
b.
y (n)  0.5878 x(n  1)  1.6180 y(n  1)  y(n  2)

c.
>> fs=8000; T=1/fs;
>> t=0:T:0.01;
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 119

>> x=zeros(1,length(t)); x(1)=1;

>> y=filter([0 0.5878],[1 -1.6180 1],x);
>> plot(t,y);grid;xlabel('Time (sec.)');ylabel('800-Hz tone');
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
800-Hz tone

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
Time (sec.)

8.46
a.
0.5686 z 1 0.2593z 1
H1 ( z )  H 2 ( z) 
1  1.6453 z 1  z 2 1  1.9316 z 1  z 2
b.
y1 (n)  0.5686 x(n  1)  1.6453 y1 ( n 1)  y1 ( n  2)
y2 (n)  0.2593x(n  1)  1.9316 y2 (n  1)  y2 (n  2)
c.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=8000;T=1/fs;
x=zeros(1,205);x(1)=1;
y1=filter([0 sin(2*pi*770/fs)],[1 -2*cos(2*pi*770/fs) 1],x);
y2=filter([0 sin(2*pi*1336/fs) ],[1 -2*cos(2*pi*1336/fs) 1],x);
y=y1+y2;
plot(N,y,'k');grid
ylabel('y(n) DTMF: number 5');xlabel('Sample number n')
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 120

1.5

1
y(n) DTMF: number 5
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sample number n

8.47
x(4)  0
for n  0,1, 2,3, 4
v0 (n)  2v0 (n  1)  v0 (n  2)  x(n)
y0 (n)  v0 (n)  v0 (n  1) with v0 (2)  0 , v0 (1)  0
X (0)  y0 (4)
2
X (0)  v02 (4)  v02 (3)  2v0 (4)v0 (3)
2
a. X (0)  1 ; b. X (0)  1 ; c. A0  0.25
for n  0,1, 2,3, 4
v1 (n)  v1 (n  2)  x(n)
y1 (n)  v1 (n)  jv1 (n  1) with v1 (2)  0 , v1 (1)  0
X (1)  y1 (4)
2
X (1)  v12 (4)  v12 (3)
2
a. X (1)  1  j 2 ; b. X (1)  5 ; c. A1  1.12 (single side)

8.48
x(4)  0
for n  0,1, 2,3, 4
v2 (n)  2v2 (n  1)  v2 (n  2)  x(n)
y2 (n)  v2 (n)  v2 (n  1) with v2 (2)  0 , v2 (1)  0
X (2)  y2 (4)
2
X (2)  v22 (4)  v22 (3)  2v2 (4)v2 (3)
2
a. X (2)  1 ; b. X (2)  1 ; c. A2  0.25
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 121

for n  0,1, 2,3, 4

v3 (n)  v3 (n  2)  x(n)
y3 (n)  v3 (n)  jv3 (n  1) with v3 (2)  0 , v3 (1)  0
X (3)  y3 (4)
2
X (3)  v32 (4)  v32 (3)
2
a. X (3)  1  j 2 ; b. X (3)  5 ; c. A3  0.559

8.49
770 1336
kL   205  20 , and k H   205  34
8000 8000
a.
1 1
H 20 ( z )  1 2
and H 34 ( z ) 
1  1.6359 z  z 1  1.0088 z 1  z 2
b.
v20 (n)  1.6359v20 (n  1)  v20 (n  2)  x(n) with x(205)  0 , for n  0,1, , 205
v34 (n)  1.0088v34 (n  1)  v34 (n  2)  x(n) with x(205)  0 , for n  0,1, , 205
c.
X (20)   v20 (205)    v20 (204)   1.6359  v20 (205)    v20 (204) 
2 2 2

2
2 X (20)
A20 
205
and
X (34)   v34 (205)    v34 (204)   1.1631 v34 (205)    v34 (204) 
2 2 2

2
2 X (34)
A34 
205
d.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs=8000;T=1/fs;
x=zeros(1,205);x(1)=1;
y1=filter([0 sin(2*pi*770/fs)],[1 -2*cos(2*pi*770/fs) 1],x);
y2=filter([0 sin(2*pi*1336/fs) ],[1 -2*cos(2*pi*1336/fs) 1],x);
y=y1+y2;
xDTMF=[y 0];
v20=filter(1,[1 -2*cos(2*pi*20/205) 1],xDTMF);
v34=filter(1,[1 -2*cos(2*pi*34/205) 1],xDTMF);
X20=sqrt(v20(206)^2+v20(205)^2-2*cos(2*pi*20/205)*v20(206)*v20(205));
X34=sqrt(v34(206)^2+v34(205)^2-2*cos(2*pi*34/205)*v34(206)*v34(205));
A20=2*X20/205
A34=2*X34/205
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A20 = 0.8818
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 122

A34 = 0.9147

8.50
a.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n=0:N-1;
sample=1.2*sin(2*pi*1000*n/10000)-1.5*cos(2*pi*4000*n/10000);
%direct-form I implementation
x=[0 0 0 0 0]; %input buffer [x(n) x(n-1) ..]
y=[0 0 0 0 0]; %output buffer [y(n) y(n-1) ... ]
b=[0.1103 0.4412 0.6618 0.4412 0.1603]; %Numerator coefficients [b0 b1 ...]
a=[1 0.1509 0.9041 -0.1619 0.1872]; %Denominator coefficients [1 a1 ...]
KKb=length(b); KKa=length(a);
for n=1:1:length(sample) % loop processing
for k=KKb:-1:2 % shift input by one sample
x(k)=x(k-1);
end
x(1)=sample(n); % get new sample
for k=KKa:-1:2 % shift input by one sample
y(k)=y(k-1);
end
y(1)=0; % perform IIR filtering
for k=1:1:KKb
y(1)=y(1)+b(k)*x(k);
end
for k=2:1:KKa
y(1)=y(1)-a(k)*y(k);
end
out(n)=y(1); %send filtered sample to the output array
end
subplot(2,1,1);plot(sample);grid;axis([0 500 -3 3]);
xlabel('Smaple number n');ylabel('Sample(n)');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(out);grid;axis([0 500 -3 3]);
xlabel('Smaple number n');ylabel('Out(n)');
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 123

Sample(n)
0

-2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Smaple number n

2
Out(n)

-2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Smaple number n

b.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n=0:N-1;
sample=1.2*sin(2*pi*1000*n/10000)-1.5*cos(2*pi*4000*n/10000);
%direct-form II implementation
w=[0 0 0 0 0]; %filter states [w(n) w(n-1) ..]
b=[0.1103 0.4412 0.6618 0.4412 0.1603]; %Numerator coefficients [b0 b1 ...]
a=[1 0.1509 0.9041 -0.1619 0.1872]; %Denominator coefficients [1 a1 ...]
KKb=length(b); KKa=length(a); KKw=length(w);
for n=1:1:length(sample) % loop processing
for k=KKw:-1:2 % shift input by one sample
w(k)=w(k-1);
end
w(1)=sample(n);
for k=2:1:KKa
w(1)=w(1)-a(k)*w(k); %IIR filtering
end
sum=0;
for k=1:1:KKb
sum=sum+b(k)*w(k); %FIR filtering
end
out(n)=sum; %send filtered sample to the output array
end
subplot(2,1,1);plot(sample);grid;axis([0 500 -3 3]);
xlabel('Smaple number n');ylabel('Sample(n)');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(out');grid;axis([0 500 -3 3]);
xlabel('Smaple number n');ylabel('Out(n)');
-------------------------------------------------------------
Plots are the same as ones in (b).
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 124

8.54

Im( z ) 1  r
1 r r3 r4
j aa H (e j3 dB ) 
ze H (e j 0 )  r1r2
r3 bb
j3dB
a  a   b  b r2  r4
r1 z  e
r b a H (e j3 dB )r3 1
 

r2 Re( z ) H (e ) j
r1 2

r b a  1  r  r3 BW3dB (rad )  2(1  r )

r4 2 BW3dB ( Hz ) / f s  2(1  r )   0  2 f 0 / f s

 BW3dB ( Hz ) 
r  1  
 fs 
f0 0  r  1
  0   360 0

fs

8.55
2 a
H (e j 0 )  H (e j3 dB ) 
Im( z ) 1 r1
f s / 4  fc  f s / 2
H (e j3 dB ) a 1   1
j0
 
H (e ) r1 2 2
1  z  e j3dB
1  2 1    0.9
a r1 a 1
 z  e j0 
Re( z ) r1 2

a  1 
1 
c    a    1  
2 f c / f s    1  

   1    2 f c / f s  1    0.9

8.56
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 125

Im( z ) 2 a
H (e j )  H (e j3 dB ) 
fc  f s / 4 1  r1
H (e j3 dB ) a 1  1
j
 
H (e ) r1 2 2
z  e j3dB
1 0    1
r 1   2
ze j  1a a 1
Re( z )  1  a
 r1 2
1
c  1  
2 f c / f s  1  
  1  2 f c / f s and 0    1

8.57
2 a
H (e j )  H (e j3 dB ) 
Im( z ) 1  r1
f s / 4  fc  f s / 2
H (e j3 dB ) a 1  1
j0
 
H (e ) r1 2 2
1  z  e j3dB
a2 1    0.9
a
r1 1  1
z  e j  
Re( z ) r1 2

  (1   )  c  2 f c / f s
1 
   1    2 f c / f s  1    0.9

8.58
h(n)  a1h(n  1)  a2 h(n  2)  ...  aN h(n  N )  b0 (n)  b1 (n  1)  ...  bM  (n  M )
(a)
When 0  n  M , b0 (n)  b1 (n  1)  ...  bM  (n  M )  bn
Thus
h(n)  a1h(n  1)  a2 h(n  2)  ...  aN h(n  N )  bn
(b)
When n  M , b0 (n)  b1 (n  1)  ...  bM  (n  M )  0
Thus
h(n)  a1h(n  1)  a2 h(n  2)  ...  aN h(n  N )
(c)
For M  n  M  N
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 126

hd ( M  1)  a1hd ( M )  a2 hd ( M  1)  ...  aN hd ( M  1  N )
hd (M  2)  a1hd (M  1)  a2 hd (M )  ...  aN hd (M  2  N )
…
hd (M  N )  a1hd (M  N  1)  a2 hd (M  N  2)  ...  aN hd (M )
This leads to the matrix form 1
For 0  n  M
hd ( M  1)  a1hd ( M )  a2 hd ( M  1)  ...  aN hd ( M  1  N )
hd (M  2)  a1hd (M  1)  a2 hd (M )  ...  aN hd (M  2  N )
…
hd (M  N )  a1hd (M  N  1)  a2 hd (M  N  2)  ...  aN hd (M )
This leads to the matrix form 1
hd (0)  b0
hd (1)  a1hd (0)  b1
…
hd ( M )  a1hd (M  1)  a2 hd (M  2)  ...  aM hd (0)  bM
This leads to the second matrix

8.59
1
M  5 , N  5 , hd (n)  u ( n)
n 1
A=[-1/6 -1/5 -1/4 -1/3 -1/2;
-1/7 -1/6 -1/5 -1/4 -1/3;
-1/8 -1/7 -1/6 -1/5 -1/4;
-1/9 -1/8 -1/7 -1/6 -1/5;
-1/10 -1/9 -1/8 -1/7 -1/6];

B=[1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11]';

>> a=inv(A)*B

a=
-2.7273
2.7273
-1.2121
0.2273
-0.0130

>> C=[ 1 0 0 0 0 ;
1/2 1 0 0 0;
1/3 1/2 1 0 0;
1/4 1/3 1/2 1 0;
1/5 1/4 1/3 1/2 1];
>> b=C*a
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 127

b=
-2.7273
1.3636
-0.7576
-0.1515
-0.1670

8.60
(a)
2
 N

E1    hd (n)   ak hd (n  k ) 
n  M 1  k 1 
Taking derivate of E1 to am and setting the result to zero leads:
E1 
 N

  2  hd (n)   ak hd (n  k ) hd (n  m)  0
am n  M 1  k 1 

N  

 ak
k 1

n  M 1
hd (n  k )hd (n  m)   
n  M 1
hd (n)hd (n  m) , m  1,..., N

(b)
2
  M

E2    hd (n)   bk v(n  k ) 
n 0  k 0 
Taking derivate of E2 to bm and setting the result to zero leads:
E2   M

  2  hd (n)   bk v(n  k ) v(n  m)  0
bm n0  k 0 
M  

 bk  v(n  k )v(n  m)   hd (n)v(n  m) , m  0,1,..., M

k 0 n 0 n 0

8.61
M  N  1 , hd (n)  2(0.5)n u(n)
 
a1  hd (n  1)hd (n  1)   hd (n)hd (n  1)
n2 n2
  
 hd (n)hd (n  1)  2(1/ 2) n 2(1/ 2) n 1 8 (1/ 2) n (1/ 2) n
a1  
n2
 
n2
 n2

 0.5
 h (n  1)h (n  1)  2(1/ 2)
n2
d d
n2
n 1
2(1/ 2) n 1
16 (1/ 2) (1/ 2)
n2
n n

n
1 z 1
H1 ( z )  1
 , h1 (n)  v(n)    u (n)
1  0.5 z z  0.5 2
Tan and Jiang’s Instructor’s Guide to Accompany to Digital Signal Processing 128

  
b0  v(n)v(n  m)  b1  v(n  1)v(n  m)   hd (n)v(n  m)
n 0 n 0 n 0
Then
  
b0  v(n)v(n)  b1  v(n  1)v(n)   hd (n)v(n)
n 0 n 0 n 0
  
b0  v(n)v(n  1)  b1  v(n  1)v(n  1)   hd (n)v(n  1)
n 0 n 0 n 0
  

 v(n)v(n)   (1/ 2) (1/ 2)   (1/ 4)

n 0 n 0
n n

n 0
n
 4/3
  

 v(n  1)v(n  1)   (1/ 2)n1 u(n  1)(1/ 2)n1u(n  1)  4 (1/ 4)n  4 / 3

n 0 n 0 n 1
  

 v(n)v(n  1)   (1/ 2) u(n)(1/ 2)

n 0 n 0
n n 1
u (n  1)  2 (1/ 4) n 2 / 3
n 1
 

 h (n)v(n)   2(1/ 2) (1/ 2)

n 0
d
n 0
n n
 8/3
  

 hd (n)v(n  1)   2(1/ 2)nu(n)(1/ 2)n1u(n 1)  4 (1/ 4) n  4 / 3

n 0 n 0 n 1

 4 / 3 2 / 3 b0  8 / 3  b0   2 
 2 / 3 4 / 3  b    4 / 3 ,  b    0 
  1    1  
Finally
2
H ( z) 
1  0.5 z 1