Constants and key equations in Chemical Reaction

Name Symbol Value (in SI units)

Avogadro’s number NA 6.0221367 · 1023 mol-1

Boltzmann’s
constant k 1.380658 · 10-23 J · K-1

Faraday’s number F 9.64853 · 104 C · mol-1

Ice melting point (1 atm) Tis 273.15 K

Speed of light in vacuum c 2.99792 · 108 m · s-1

Planck’s konstant h 6.626075 · 10-34 J · s

Gas constant R 8.3145 J · K-1 · mol-1

= 1.987 cal · K-1 · mol-1
= 0.08206 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1

Interconversion between units:

1 cal = 4.184 J
1 Volt · coulomb = 1 J
1 L · atm = 101.325 J = 24.217 cal
1 Å = 10-10 m
1 mm Hg (or 1 Torr) = 133.322 J · m-3
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101325 Pa
1 J = 107 erg
 Mathematical Equations

Straight line y = ax + b
Logarithmic rules ln(a·b) = ln a + ln b ln(a / b) = ln a – ln b

ln(ar) = r ln a ln a = ln 10 · log10 a

Differential relations
Function f(x) Derivative of function f´(x)
ln x x-1
ex ex
ekx k · ekx
ax ax · ln a
xa a · xa-1
x-1 -x-2
!
√𝑥 = x½ "√$
= ½x-½

Integration of functions

Function f(x) Stem function ∫ f(x)dx

ln x x ln x - x
ex ex
1 kx
ekx k
e

ax
ax
ln a
1
xa a+1
xa+1

x-1 ln |x|
2 3
√x = x½ x2
3
 Physical chemistry equations – “our tool box”

n = m/M N = Na·n

%
c = n/V 𝑋i = ∑ %i
i i

Ideal gas law

P - pressure n - number of moles PV=nRT Pi = xi · Ptotal
R - gas constant T - temperature
V-volume

ΔU = q + w H =U+PV

G = H – TS d G = –S d T + V dP

dw = -Pex dV ΔH = ΔU + Δng RT

G(ci) = Gi° + RT lnci G(Pi) = Gi° + RT lnPi

dqrev
dS = T
ΔH = qP ΔU = qV

ΔF = F(final state) – F(initial state)

∂U ∂H
CV = ( ∂T ) CP = ( ∂T )
V P

γ γ
cC ∙ cδD δ
cC ∙ cD
∆G = ∆G° + RT lnQ Q = + α ∙ c β, Ka = + α ∙ cβ ,
cA B cA B
not equilibrium equilibrium

∆G
∂∆G ∂4 5 ∆H
∆G = ∆H + T ( ∂T ) - T
. =-
P ∂T T2
P
 a H+ ∙ a A- corg
Ka = aHA
aH+ ∙ aOH- = Kw K' = cw

∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 - 𝑇∆𝑆 -∆r 𝐺° = 𝑅 𝑇 ln 𝐾a

d ln 6a ∆ 8°
r 6 ∆r 8° 1 1
d7
= 97 "
ln 62 = - 9
(7 - 7 )
1 2 1

7
∆r 𝐻°(𝑇2 ) = ∆r 𝐻°(𝑇1 ) + ∫7 2 ∆r 𝐶P d𝑇
1

: ∆8(evaporation) 1 1
ln 2 = - ( - ) or ∆𝐻(sublimation)
:1 9 72 71

∆8(transition)
∆𝑆 = 7(transition)
∆𝐺(𝑒𝑞) = 0

𝑃A = 𝑋A ∙ 𝑃A* Δ𝑃 = 𝑋; ∙ 𝑃<∗

97 " 97 2
∆𝑇b = ∆8(fordampning)
#
∙ 𝑋2 ∆𝑇f = ∆8(smelte)
f
∙ 𝑋2

∆𝑇b = 0.51 ∙ 𝑚 ∆Tf = 1.86 ∙ 𝑚

𝜋 = 𝑐 𝑅 𝑇

𝑃; = 𝐾 ∙ 𝑋; 𝑃; = 𝐾´ − ∆> 𝐺° = 𝑅 𝑇 ln 𝐾? 𝑚;

v = k(T)[A]a [B]b k(T) = A ∙ exp(-Ea/RT)

𝑘" 𝐸𝑎 1 1
ln = − + − ,
𝑘! 𝑅 𝑇" 𝑇!
EMF= Eright – Eleft EMF°= E°right – E°left Electromotive force and standard electromotive force
constants for the cell potential at 25ºC on page 526 in
pdf version
∆r 𝐺° = -𝑅 𝑇 ln 𝐾a = −𝑛 𝐹 𝐸𝑀𝐹°

97 ["ox"] FGHI ["ox"]

𝐸 = 𝐸° + %@ 𝑙𝑛 ["red"] 𝐸 = 𝐸° + %
𝑙𝑜𝑔 ["red"]

Q= It=nzF