MODULE 1

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

Sources:
 https://todayinsci.com/
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264742373_Scientific_and_Cultural_Knowledge_in_Intercultural_Science_Education_Student_Per
ceptions_of_Common_Ground
 https://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/science-technology-innovation/innovation-and-translation.html

1. Discuss the interactions between Science and Technology and society throughout history;
2. Discuss how scientific and technological knowledge develop;
3. Trace the historical developments in Science and Technology
4. Demonstrate appreciation for the developments in Science and Technology by reviewing
some products of development.

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 Science focuses on the Natural World. Through science, we understand the natural world
such us by studying animals, plants, rocks, and all other kinds of matter. Science is not
concerned with supernatural world which cannot be tested and is not governed by natural
world.

 Science goes through experiments. Hypothesis or tentative ideas shall be tested and should
arrive at a number of consistent results and observations so it can be taken as true. Anything
that can be subjected to experimentation and not give any observable data cannot be
considered as science.

 Science relies on evidence. As science requires experimentation and observation, it is only

right that it would look for pieces of evidence that will support the truthfulness of something.
Thus, science works only with testable ideas. Evidences that are relevant to the matter being
studied are what scientists are looking for to confirm something to be of science. However,
scientific knowledge is open to question and revision as new ideas surface and new
evidences are discovered.

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 Figure 1: Interconnection of 3 concepts in STS
Reference: https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/american-technological-advances-1867-1947

Figure 1 shows the interconnections of these 3 concepts in STS. (1) We know that science is
a systematized body of knowledge that explains natural phenomena. This body of knowledge
seeks to improve quality of living in the society, both humans and their surroundings. (2) Science
also informs the field of technology because technology is the use or application of scientific
knowledge for a specific goal or purpose. (3) We know that society and its elements demand on
the field of science in terms of the knowledge that it will produce such as reproductive health,
global warming, climate change, etc. (4) Technology as well demands more scientific knowledge
as it improves and refines scientific theories in the practice of science. (5) Society benefits from
technology because it provides several conveniences in our daily living such as in transportation,
communication, food and cooking, medicine, hygiene, etc. (6) Technology simplifies and
improves the quality of living that is evident throughout centuries. These developments showcase
how human flourish the knowledge and how society evolves in rapid change driven by
technology.

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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ITS CHALLENGES

Science is as old as the world itself. Many Philosophers and Scientists have contributed to
the development of science specifically in the 16th to 18th Centuries in Europe. Why in Europe?
The probable answer is the invention of printing press that cascaded the knowledge and the
blooming intellectual activities done in different places of learning and the growing number of
scholars done in various fields of human interests. Scientific revolution was the period of
enlightenment when the developments in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and
mathematics changed the views of society about nature which leads to the emergence of
modern science.

Scientific revolution was the golden age for the people who committed to scholarly life in
science, but conflicts were also experienced by some scientific individuals that lead to their painful
death or condemnation from the religious institutions which tried to preserve their faith, religions,
and theological views. Religious institutions have great influences in the society which affect the
acceptance of early works of scientists. But these influences did not stop the great scientists to
satisfy their curiosity towards the natural and physical world.

Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries, and
Technology

In this part of the lesson, notable scientists are discussed. For sure, there were many scientists
who worked before and after these individuals. However, it is important to note that these men,
particularly through their ideas, had shaken the world.

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a. Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus was a busy man. His duty as a canon

as a doctor affected his time to formally publish his
work and advance his career in astronomy. The
publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the
scientific revolution.

Source: https://www.famousscientists.org/nicolaus-
 He rediscovered what some of the ancient
copernicus/
Greeks had known that the sun was at the
center of the solar system and that the Earth revolves around it. (Heliocentric Model)

 Although the Copernican model makes sense now, during those times, it was judged to
be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. The
Catholic Church banned the Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest
of the 16th Century.

b. Charles Darwin

 Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution.

He changed our concept of the world’s creation and
its evolution. He published the book The Origin of
Species in 1589. This book is considered to be one of
the most important works in scientific literature. His
book presented evidence on how species evolved
over time and presented traits and adaptation that
differentiate species. Darwin’s accomplishment was
so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to
which he made major contributions: evolutionary
biology and philosophy of science.

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 Source: https://www.biography.com/scientist/charles-darwin

c. Isaac Newton
 He was born1642. He helped define the laws of gravity and planetary
motion, co – founded calculus and explained the laws of light and color.

d. Albert Einstein
 He became the most scientist of the 20th century. His
work had profound impact on everything from
quantum theory to nuclear power and the atom bomb.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

Source:
https://www.space.com/15524-albert-
e. Sigmund Freud einstein.html

 Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. However, apart from

these, Freud also made a significant contribution in the scientific world
through the development of an important observational method to gather
reliable data to study human’s inner life, this method is called as
psychoanalysis. This method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study
the human mind and neurotic illness.

Source:
https://www.newyorker.com/humor/daily-
shouts/sigmund-freud-the-untold-story

Cradles of Science:

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

 Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the
border of South America.

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Maya Civilization:

 The Maya Civilization is one of the famous

civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000
years. These people are known for their works in
astronomy. They incorporated their advanced
understanding of astronomy into their temples and
other religious structures. This allows them to sue their
temples for their astronomical observation. For
example, the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is
situated at the location of the Sun during the spring
and fall equinoxes.

Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
ushistory1os2xmaster/chapter/the-americas/

 The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.
These calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning their activities and in
observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations.

 They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different
communities.

 They used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations

especially in the field of arts. The Mayans built looms for
weaving cloth and devised a rainbow glittery paints made
from a mineral called mica.

Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
ushistory1os2xmaster/chapter/the-americas/

 They are also believed to be the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years ago.

 They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as
the Mayan hieroglyphics. They were also skilled in mathematics and created number
system based on the numeral 20.

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  They independently developed the concept of zero and positional value, even before the
Romans did.

The Inca Civilization:

 The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday
life:
o Roads paved with stones;
o Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
o Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their water crops to grow in all
types of land;
o Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season.
o The first suspension bridge
o Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that
only experts can interpret; and
o Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized
artistic achievements.
Sources:
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/khipu-inca-
The Aztec Civilizations: culture/wAGc66qUY07CkQ

 Mandatory Education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children
mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age.

 Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan
culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as
part of their tribute to their Gods.

 Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that would

prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles which could help during surgery.

 Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural

farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas
and surrounded by canals.

 Aztec calendar. It enables them to plan their activities, rituals

and planting season.

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 Sources:
https://ezgrogarden.com/history-of-
hydroponics-2/aztec-chinampas-of-central-
america/

 Invention of the Canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.

Developments of Science in Asia:

Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a
host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. India, China, and
the Middle East Civilizations are the countries that contributed to the great contributions in the
field of Science, technology, and mathematics.

India:

 They are known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works. Their iron steel is
considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole Roman empire.

 India is also famous in medicine. For example,

Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC is still
practiced as a form of alternative medicine using
the medicinal properties of plants that led them to
develop medicines. Susruta Samhita it describes
different surgical and other medical procedures
famous in Ancient India.
Sources:
https://www.biospectrumindia.com/views/81/13185/present-scenario-of-
indian-ayurveda-industry-and-the-road-ahead.html

 Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy.

 They developed theories on the configuration of the universe
 Mean longitudes of the planets
 True longitudes of planets’
 Lunar and solar eclipses
 Moon’s crescent;
 Conjunctions of the planets with each other;
 Conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars
 Paths of the Sun and Moon

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  Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. They tried to standardize measurement
of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo- daro ruler.
 Aryabhatiya, Indian Astronomer and mathematician introduced a number of
trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of
algebra.

China:

China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life
like medicines, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music among others.
Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan,
Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the Old
Silk Road.
 They are known for traditional medicines. They discovered various medical properties and
uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of
acupuncture.

 In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools.

o Compass, papermaking gunpowder, and printing tools;

o Iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller;
o They developed design of different models of bridges;
o First seismological detector, and dry dock facility.

Sources: Sources:
http://www.computersmiths.com/chin http://environmentalchina.history.lmu.build/agricultural-
eseinvention/compass.htm systems/cast-iron-tools/

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 Sources:
https://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/worlds-first-
seismoscope-53454/

Middle East Countries:

The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims.
The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the
Bryzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the
intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge
to create innovations and develop new ideas.

 Muslim scientist and alchemists also played an important role in

the foundation of modern chemistry (Durant, 1980). In particular,
some scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of
Sources:
Chemistry”. https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1809338.J
abir_ibn_Hayyan

 Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008). He wrote the book “Book of Healing” and The
Canon of Medicine were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in
Europe during the 17th century.
 Among his contribution is the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious
diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000).

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Development of Science in Africa:

Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of
the planet long before the Europeans colonized it.

 The ancient Egypt civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances
in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
 The development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the
layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River.
 These early Science activities in Egypt especially in building their homes and
cities.
 Egyptian was known to be a center of alchemy which is known as the medieval forerunner
of chemistry.
 They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied
important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis for the treatment of diseases.

 Astronomy was also famous in the African region.

 African used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar or combination
of three.
 Metallurgy was also famous in the African region.
 They invented metal tools used in their homes, agriculture, and in building their
magnificent architectures.
 Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in Africa n
continent.
 Lebombo Bone – used as a tool for
multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation or a six-
month lunar calendar. Ancient
Egyptians are good in the four
fundamental mathematical
operations and other mathematical Sources:
skill. http://www.taneter.org/math.html

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ACTIVITY #1: WATCH AND LEARN! Watch the following video clips and answer the succeeding
questions per video clip. You can access the videos by clicking the provided link or by playing the
downloaded videos in your flash drive.

CLIP 1: Timeline of Major Scientific Inventions and Discoveries –

Part 1: Ancient Period to 19th Century

Link: https://youtu.be/t96ElfeuhK0

Guide Questions:
1. In the ancient humans, what were the basis of their technology in daily living?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.

2. From the video, cite examples how technology evolves in the following aspects of living:
a. defense -
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
b. engines & machinery –
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
c. publications –
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
d. environment –
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
f. transportation –
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.

g. mathematics –

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
g. biology and medicine –
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.

CLIP 2: Ang Siyentipikong Rebolusyon ng Panahon ng Transpormasyon

Link: https://youtu.be/8wnElXwT5Wg

Mga tanong:
1. Anu-anong mga sinaunang paniniwala at ideya ang nabago ng siyentipikong rebolusyon?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Anu-anong mga suliranin ang kinaharap ng mga scientists sa rebolusyong siyentipiko?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________.

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 CLIP 3: Siyentipikong Rebolusyon: Medisina, Chemistry, at Rationalism

Link : https://youtu.be/AVRPV1W08A0
Mga tanong:
1. Pagkumparahin ang mga datos na ibinigay ng mga sumusunod:
1.1. Galen;
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2. Andreas Vesalius; at
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
1.3. William Harvey
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Anu-ano ang mga kontribusyon ng mga sumusunod sa rebolusyong siyentipiko?

2.1. Robert Boyle;
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.2. Antoine Lavoisier;
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.3. Rene Descartes; at,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.4. Francis Bacon?

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ACTIVITY: STUDENT’S REFELCTION: Answer the following questions.

STUDENT’S REFLECTION:

1. What have you learned from the

Development of Science Discoveries in
our History?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
________________.
2. In your own experience, how do you use
science and technology in your daily living
and in your community?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
________________.

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Prieto, N. G., Vega, V. A., Felipe, E. F., & Meneses, J. L. (2019). Science, Technology and
Society. LORIMAR PUBLISHER, INC.

Serafica, J. J., Pawilen, G. T., Caslib, B. N., & Alata, E. P. (n.d.). Science, Technology and
Society (1st ed.). REX Bookstore.

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