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IoT-Lecture-10 - Networking and Communication - III

The document discusses various wired communication technologies used in Internet of Things applications, including I2C, SPI, Ethernet, RS-232, UART, CAN, and Modbus. It provides details on how each protocol works, such as how data is encoded and transmitted. Ethernet and RS-232 are discussed in more depth, with sections on their history, packet structure, logical voltages, wiring, advantages, and disadvantages.

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ARNAV JAIN
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54 views

IoT-Lecture-10 - Networking and Communication - III

The document discusses various wired communication technologies used in Internet of Things applications, including I2C, SPI, Ethernet, RS-232, UART, CAN, and Modbus. It provides details on how each protocol works, such as how data is encoded and transmitted. Ethernet and RS-232 are discussed in more depth, with sections on their history, packet structure, logical voltages, wiring, advantages, and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

ARNAV JAIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE F411: Internet of Things (IoT)

Lecture-10:
Networking and Communication- III:
Wired Communication Technologies

Instructor & IC:


Dr Sandeep Kumar
Faculty, EEE Dept.
Wired communication technologies:
• I2C (or I2C): Inter-integrated circuit

• SPI: Serial peripheral interface

• Ethernet

• RS-232

• UART: Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter

• CAN: Controller Area Network

• Modbus
Serial peripheral interface (SPI)
Ethernet

• Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly


used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks
(MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).

• Ethernet standard is IEEE 802.3 protocol for the networking of


computers, workstations and other devices.

• It uses a 48-bit MAC address (Ethernet Address) assigned distinctly


to each computer on the LAN.

• It uses wired bus topology, and transmission speeds are 10 Mbps


(unshielded wire), 100 Mbps (shielded wire), 1 Gbps (high-quality
coaxial cable) and 10 Gbps (fiber-optic cables).
Ethernet evolution through four generations
Ethernet Packet
Ethernet Packet: Data Frame

Minimum and maximum lengths:


Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation:
Unicast/multicast/broadcast Ethernet addresses:

A Unicast transmission/stream sends IP packets to a single recipient on a network.


A Multicast transmission sends IP packets to a group of hosts on a network.

The broadcast destination address is a special case of the multicast address in which all
bits are 1s. A broadcast transmission sends IP packets to all hosts on the network.
Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation:

 signal and clock on one wire (XORed together)


 Manchester encoding is used.
 "0" = low-going transition
 "1" = high-going transition
Advantages of Ethernet:

1. To form an Ethernet, we do not need much cost. It is relatively


inexpensive as compare to other systems of connecting computers.
2. In Ethernet, all the node have the same privileges. It does not follow
client-server architecture.
3. It does not require any switches or hubs
4. Maintenance and administration are simple.
5. The cable used to connect systems in Ethernet is robust to noise.
6. As it is robust to the noise, the quality of the data transfer does not
degrade. The data transfer quality is good.
Disadvantages of Ethernet:

1. It offers a nondeterministic service (due to collisions)


2. It does not hold good for real-time applications as it requires deterministic service.
3. As the network cannot set priority for the packets, it is not suitable for a client-server
architecture.
4. Not suitable for traffic-intensive applications. If the traffic on the Ethernet increases,
the efficiency of the Ethernet goes down.
5. It provides connectionless communication over the network.
6. After receiving a packet, the receiver doesn’t send any acknowledgement.
7. If there is any problem in Ethernet, it is difficult to troubleshoot what cable or node
in the network causing an actual problem.
RS-232
Recommended Standard 232
RS-232
• Recommended Standard (RS) 232 is originally introduced in 1960 for the serial
transmission of communication data. It formally defines the signals connecting
a DTE with a DCE. The maximum data rate achievable is 1 Mbps.

• DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) refers to the terminals and computers that
sends and receives data.

• DCE (Data Communication Equipment) refers to communication equipment,


such as modems, which are responsible for data transferring to and from the
network.

• In RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits.

• Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by this


standard.
RS-232: Logical Voltages
• In RS-232 standard, a logic high ('1') is represented by a negative voltage
anywhere from -3 to -25V.

• While a logic low ('0') is represented by a positive voltage that can be


anywhere from +3 to +25V.

• On most of the PCs these signals swing from -13 to +13V.

• The more extreme voltages of an RS-232 signal help to make it less


susceptible to noise, interference, and degradation. This means that an
RS-232 signal can generally travel longer physical distances than their
TTL counterparts, while still providing a reliable data transmission.
RS-232: How Data is Transmitted?
• RS-232 communication is dependent on a set timing speed at which both pieces
of hardware can communicate. In other words, the hardware knows how long a
bit should be kept high or low.

• RS-232 also specifies the use of “start” and “stop” bits.

• Every time a character is sent, the following communication occurs:

• Start bit is sent.

• Data bits are sent (as per the ASCII code of character).

• Parity bit is sent.

• One or more stop bits are sent.


RS-232: How Data is Transmitted?
• The start bit is a logical ‘0’ sent on the line to tell the other device to start sampling.
• The stop bit is a logical ‘1’.
RS-232: Wiring
• The RS-232 specification
denotes usage of a 25 pin
cable, where each pin has a
specific usage.

• However, most devices never


need to use all of the pins, so
the cabling requirements for
specific devices may vary.

• Many common serial devices


(modems for example), use a 9
pin serial connection.
RS-232: Advantages
• RS232 interface is supported in many compatible legacy devices due to its
simplicity. It is widely used for point to point connection between DTE and
DCE devices.
• It supports long distances of about 50 feet and with error correction capabilities.
• RS232 is immune to noise due to use of higher voltage logic levels for ‘1’ and
‘0’.
• RS232 is low cost interface.
• Converters or adaptors are available at cheaper rates for conversion from RS232
to USB/Ethernet etc.
RS-232: Disadvantages

• It is suitable for system to system communications. It is not suitable for


chip to chip communications.
• Supports lower speed for long distances (19.2 kbps for 50 feet). Higher
speed (max. 1 Mbps) can be achieved for short distances only.
• It is used for single master and single slave configuration and not for
single master-multiple slaves mode.
• Only one node can transmit data at a time.
Thank you.

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