PRADS 2022

Book of Abstracts
15th International Symposium on Practical
Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures

09 - 13 OCTOBER 2022 - DUBROVNIK - CROATIA

EDITORS
Nikola Vladimir Šime Malenica Ivo Senjanović
 Book of Abstracts

15th International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures - PRADS 2022
09 - 13 OCTOBER 2022 - DUBROVNIK - CROATIA

EDITORS Nikola Vladimir Šime Malenica Ivo Senjanović

15th International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and
Other Floating Structures (PRADS 2022) - Book of Abstracts

Editors:
Nikola Vladimir
Šime Malenica
Ivo Senjanović

Technical Editor & Design:

Gordana Radaković, Creayon Studio

Publisher:
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia

Organizers:
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
&
Bureu Veritas
Paris, France

Printed by:
Promeritum d.o.o.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the National and
University Library in Zagreb under the number 001149838.

ISBN 978-953-7738-88-4
Copyright © FSB, Zagreb, Croatia, 2022

Under the auspices of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

Department of Technical Sciences
15th International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships
and Other Floating Structures
PRADS 2022
Book of Abstracts

Under the auspices of

the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Department of Technical Sciences

Organizers:

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,

University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia

Bureu Veritas
Paris, France
 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

STANDING COMITTEE

Assoc. Prof. Nikola Vladimir, Chair, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Prof. Alan J Murphy, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Prof. Enrico Rizzuto, University of Genoa, Italy
Dr. Ge (George) Wang, gMarine, Inc., USA
Guilhem Gaillarde, Maritime Research Institute, Netherlands
Prof. Ilson P. Pasqualino, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Dr. Jin Kim, KRISO, Republic of Korea
Prof. Patrick Kaeding, University of Rostock, Germany
Quentin Derbanne, Bureau Veritas, France
Dr. Šime Malenica, Bureau Veritas, France
Prof. Sverre Steen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Prof. Ulrik D. Nielsen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Dr. Xiaoming Cheng, China Ship Scientific Research Centre, China
Prof. Yasumi Kawamura, Yokohama National University, Japan

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Assoc. Prof. Nikola Vladimir, Chair, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Dr. Šime Malenica, Co-Chair, Bureau Veritas, France
Prof. Emeritus Ivo Senjanović, Honorary Chair, University of Zagreb and
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Croatia
Prof. Emeritus Vedran Žanić, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Joško Parunov, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Ms. Marija Koričan, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Ms. Tena Bujas, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Ms. Maja Perčić, University of Zagreb, Croatia

PRADS 2022 CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Ivana Lučića 5, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
Tel: +385 1 61 68 114
Email: [email protected]
https://prads2022.fsb.hr/

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

CONTENT

PREFACE..............................................................................................................7
GENERAL SCHEDULE ............................................................................................9
PROGRAMME.....................................................................................................10
NOTES.............................................................................................................102

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PREFACE

Zagreb / Paris, September 22, 2022

The 15th PRADS (International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating
Structures) is jointly organized by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture (UNIZAG FSB), of the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and Bureau Veritas, Paris,
France, from 9 th to 13th October 2022 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. Also, PRADS 2022 is organized
under the auspices of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Technical
Sciences, as a highest scientific and artistic institution in the Republic of Croatia.

Since the last PRADS in 2019 in Yokohama, Japan, the world has been completely
transformed by COVID-19 pandemic. Besides the extensive change to both our
professional and private lives, the pandemic has confirmed that the reliability of
transportation chains is one of the key aspects of our existence. The maritime industry
has therefore probably never been as important as it is now. On the other hand, the new
challenges over the last decade, for instance environmental concerns and fluctuations
in energy prices, have contributed to the current highly complex design and operation
framework in the maritime sector. Emission reduction targets push all parties involved
in ship and offshore business to offer highly competitive products, simultaneously
considering safety, functionality and economy.

In spite of the described challenging framework both for marine sector and organization
of scientific conferences in general, PRADS 2022 follows the excellence and success of
previous conferences and is being held as a conference with 190 in-person and 20 online
attendees.

More than 230 abstracts were accepted from authors all over the world, and all
received papers have been reviewed by at least two recognized experts. Beside 145
technical papers, that have been accepted, the conference programme includes general
presentation of Croatian shipbuilding over the time, prepared by Ivo Senjanović and
Neven Hadžić from UNIZAG FSB, as well as 4 plenary lectures given by leading researchers
in the field: Odd Magnus Faltinsen, Milovan Perić, Jørgen Juncher Jensen and Quentin
Derbanne. The conference programme indicates that all above mentioned challenging
issues related to the maritime sector are nowadays being considered by leading
institutions in the world and confirms PRADS 2022 as an excellent event to discuss new
ideas and future research directions.

Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to all plenary speakers, authors, co-
authors, reviewers and session chairs for their valuable contributions to the excellence
and success of PRADS 2022.


Nikola Vladimir
Šime Malenica
PRADS 2022
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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME

GENERAL SCHEDULE
9 Oct 2022 WELCOME RECEPTION
10 Oct 2022 OPENING CEREMONY
       Nikola Vladimir
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
       Šime Malenica
Bureau Veritas, Paris, France
PLENARY LECTURES
TECHNICAL SESSIONS
11 Oct 2022 TECHNICAL SESSIONS
SC MEETING
12 Oct 2022 TECHNICAL SESSIONS
CONFERENCE DINNER
13 Oct 2022 TECHNICAL SESSIONS
GUIDED CITY TOUR
CONFERENCE DINNER
Dinner is taking place at Sunset Beach Dubrovnik Restaurant
Šetalište kralja Zvonimira 17, 20000, Dubrovnik, Croatia
The Sunset Beach Dubrovnik is a restaurant at a walking distance (10-15 minutes)
from the conference venue.
CONFERENCE VENUE & TRAVEL INFO
PRADS 2022 is being held in Hotel Dubrovnik Palace, Dubrovnik Croatia.
https://www.adriaticluxuryhotels.com/hoteldubrovnik-palace/

If you are arriving by airplane, you are going to arrive to Dubrovnik Airport. A taxi
service is available during the operating hours of the airport directly taking you to
the venue for about 40.00 EUR. Cheaper transfers by shuttle or bus are also available.
Dubrovnik airport shuttle which runs to and from Dubrovnik will take you from
Dubrovnik Airport and make stop at the Pile Gate bus stop - about 5 EUR. There you can
take the bus No. 4 (Pile - Hotel Palace) which will take you directly to the venue
(last stop) - about 2 EUR. The bus is departing every 15 minutes.

The currency of Croatia is currently the Croatian Kuna (HRK), with approximate exchange
rate: 1.00 EUR = 7.5345 HRK.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME PROGRAMME

SUNDAY, 09 OCTOBER 2022 MONDAY, 10 OCTOBER 2022 TUESDAY, 11 OCTOBER 2022

17:30 – REGISTRATION 08:00 -

19:00 REGISTRATION
Onwards
19:00 – WELCOME 08:30 – OPENING CEREMONY
20:00 RECEPTION 08:40 Mare I
08:30 -
REGISTRATION
Mare I Onwards
I. Senjanović,
N. Hadžić:
08:40 –
09:00 Croatian
Shipbuilding – Past,
Current Situation & PLENARY LECTURE 3 - MARE I
Perspectives J.J. Jensen:
09:00 – Extreme Value
PLENARY LECTURE 1 09:45 Predictions and Critical
Mare I
Wave Episodes for Marine
09:00 – O.M. Faltinsen: Structures
09:45 Slamming Load
Effects on Ships and PLENARY LECTURE 4 - MARE I
Marine Structures Q. Derbanne:
09:45 –
10:30 Brief History of Rule
PLENARY LECTURE 2
Loads and Longitudinal
Mare I Strength of Ships
09:45 – M. Perić:
10:30 –
10:30 The Role of CFD in Coffee break
11:00
Ship Design and
11:00 –
Optimization TECHNICAL SESSIONS
12:40
10:30 – 12:40 –
Coffee break Lunch
11:00 14:10
11:00 – 14:10 –
TECHNICAL SESSIONS TECHNICAL SESSIONS
12:40 15:50
12:40 – 15:50 –
Lunch Coffee break
14:10 16:20
14:10 – 16:20 –
TECHNICAL SESSIONS TECHNICAL SESSIONS
15:50 18:00
18:10 –
15:50 – GROUP PHOTO
Coffee break 18:20
16:20
18:30 – STANDING COMMITTEE
16:20 – 20:00 MEETING
TECHNICAL SESSIONS
18:00

10
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PROGRAMME PROGRAMME

WEDNESDAY, 12 OCTOBER 2022 THURSDAY, 13 OCTOBER 2022

08:30 - 08:30 -
Onwards REGISTRATION Onwards REGISTRATION

09:00 – TECHNICAL SESSIONS 09:00 – TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:40 10:40
10:40 – Coffee break 10:40 – Coffee break
11:10 11:10
11:10 – TECHNICAL SESSIONS 11:10 – TECHNICAL SESSIONS
12:50 12:50
12:50 – Lunch 12:50 – Lunch
14:20 14:20
14:20 – 14:20 –
TECHNICAL SESSIONS TECHNICAL SESSIONS
16:00 16:00
19:30 - 16:00 -
Onwards CONFERENCE DINNER GUIDED CITY TOUR
18:00

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

MONDAY, 10 OCTOBER 2022 PROGRAMME

08:00 -
REGISTRATION
Onwards
08:30 – OPENING CEREMONY
08:40 Mare I
08:40 – Mare I
09:00 I. Senjanović, N. Hadžić: Croatian Shipbuilding – Past, Current Situation & Perspectives
09:00 – PLENARY LECTURE 1 / Mare I
09:45 O.M. Faltinsen: Slamming Load Effects on Ships and Marine Structures
09:45 – PLENARY LECTURE 2 / Mare I
10:30 M. Perić: The Role of CFD in Ship Design and Optimization
10:30 –
Coffee break
11:00
11:00 – 01. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 02. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 03. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 04. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
12:40 Dubrava I Mare II Mare III Mare IV
CFD Design I Structures, Meteocean
Structural analysis I
T. Katayama , K. Yamaguchi, O.T. Gudmestad: U.D. Nielsen, A. Ikonomakis,
T. Nanami, J. Umeda, Modern Ship Design M. Deul, P. van Lieshout, N. J. Dietz:
S. Ozeki, M. Soga, T. J. le Poole, N. Charisi, K. Werter: Sea States Encountered by
Watanabe: Droste, A. Habben Jansen, On the Validity of using Ships in the Maersk Fleet
Calculation of A.A. Kana: Small-Scale Fatigue Data - An Assessment based on
Hydrodynamics Forces The Design Knowledge to Design Full-Scale Steel Reanalysis data (ERA5)
acting on Prismatic Management Square - a Welded Structures: Testing G. de Hauteclocque, M.
Planing Surface by CFD Framework for Early Stage Assumptions on Residual Lasbleis:
S.H. Lee, K.J. Paik, J.H. Cho, Complex Ship Design Stress Relief Extreme Seastate
G.H. Kim, H.S. Kim: J. Ha, M.I. Roh, K.S. Kim, L.N.B. Zacharias, M.I.L. de Parametrization and its
A study on the Added M.C. Kong: Souza, I.P. Pasqualino, P.W. Consequences on Ship
Resistance Performance dos Reis: Responses
Integrated Method for the
in Various Regular Waves Arrangement Design of Buckling Analysis of W. Fujimoto, T. Fukui:
and Irregular Waves using a Ship for Implementing FPSO Panel under Pitting Modelling Storm Avoidance
URANS Solver Digital Twin in Design Corrosion Behaviour based on AIS Data
L. Perez-Rojas, A. Portillo- I. Bačkalov, M. Kalajdžić, N. M. Yamada, T. Okada, Y. of Container Ships in the
Juan: Momčilović, S. Rudaković, Naruse, Y.Kawamura, G. North Atlantic Ocean
Study of the Propeller M. Vidić: Hayakawa, K. Ishibashi, H. Y.H. Kim, S.K. Cho, H.J. Kang:
Effect on the Sinkage of Koyama:
Shallow-Draught Vessels Development of Practical Sea
Ships for the Vessel Train Influence of Plate Aspect State Now-casting System
Y.J. Kim, D.H. Kim: Ratio on the Axial Load with Optical Images using
Study of Wind Resistance Effect on the Plate Strength Machine Learning
Reducing Methods for against Lateral Pressure
Commercial Vessels T. Zheng, N.Z. Chen:
Identification and Fatigue
Life Prediction for Critical
Blade Root Bolts of a
Floating Offshore Wind
Turbine (FOWT)
12:40 –
Lunch
14:10

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME MONDAY, 10 OCTOBER 2022

14:10 – 05. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 06. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 07. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 08. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
15:50 Dubrava I Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Maneuvering I Design II Structures, Monitoring
Structural analysis II
R. Suzuki, Y. Tsukada, M. C. Veldhuis, A. Grasman, J. R. Hageman, I. Drummen, I.
Ueno: Willemsen, U. Shipurkar: J. Andrić, B. Haraminčić, M. Thompson, K. Stambaugh:
Effects of Steady Wave Systematic Design of Tomičić, P. Prebeg: Fleet Structural Integrity
Forces for Oblique Motion Future Marine Power & Influence of Large Shell through Monitoring and
on Estimation of Manoeu- Energy Systems Openings Geometry in Ship Data Fusion
vers of Full-Scale Ships R. Gafter, N. Drimer: Superstructure on Stress K. Toh, Y. Kurisaki, S.
Ø. Rabliås, T. Kristiansen, A Feasibility Study of a Concentration Reduction Hirakawa,
R. Skejic: New Concept of VLFS T. Lindemann, P. Kaeding, Y. Kawajiri, K. Furukawa, H.
Sensitivity Study of Wave H.J. Son, J.S. Kim, Y.C. Lee, A. La Ferlita, N. Schenk, D. Murayama, D. Yanagihara:
Height Variation during H.J. Kim: Aleksashin: Fundamental Investigation
Turning Circles in Regular On Prediction of Drillship Determination of Ultimate on Measuring Procedure of
Waves Transit Speed under Strength for a Bulk Carrier Ship Motion and Hull Girder
T. Ohmori, K. Ohashi: Various Propulsion Modes under Combined Loads Deformation by Using Global
Numerical Study to and Optimization of Power G. Jagite, D. Coache, Š. Navigation Satellite System
Improve the Estimation of Distribution for Bow and Malenica: R. Miratsu, W. Fujimoto, T.
Manoeuvring Fluid Force Stern Thrusters On the Modeling of the Fukui, H. Ochi:
for a Container Ship in Y.C. Hung, H.J. Tang, C.T. Lee, Nonlinear Dynamic Response Evaluation of Ship Motions
Deep and Restricted Water R.Y. Yang: of Composite Wind Turbine and Hull Structural Strength
M. Kuroda, S. Yokota, M. Feasibility Study on Blades for Container Ships based on
Tsujimoto, R. Fukasawa: Different Layouts of Power J.C. Petiteau, S. Paboeuf: AIS Data and Wave Hindcast
Effect of Hydrodynamic Cable for Floating Offshore Fatigue Assessment of S. Ivosevic, N. Kovac, G.
Forces due to Drift Motion Substation Composites Parts for Marine Vastag:
on Ship performance in Renewable Energy Converters The Analysis of the
Actual Seas at Low Speed Corrosion-Induced Failures
of the Inner Bottom Plating
of Fuel Oil Tanks
15:50 –
Coffee break
16:20
16:20 – 09. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 10. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 11. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 12. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
18:00 Dubrava I Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Maneuvering II Design III Structures, Risk Assessment
Structural analysis III
S. Bielicki: J. Van Houten, D. Singer, K.S. Kim, M.I. Roh, S.H. Ham,
Modified MMG Mathemati- M.D. Collette: Š. Malenica, T. Novaes, J. de S. Ha:
cal Model for Manoeuvring Balancing Designer Lauzon, F. Bigot, I. Senjanović, Evacuation Analysis of
Simulations of Ships driv- Influence with Rework for N. Vladimir, B.K. Choi: Passenger Ships Considering
en by Azimuth Thrusters Design Paths of a Simple Accounting for the Intermediate Flooding
P. Krata, T. Hinz, S.A. Dugan, Polynomial Model Nonlinearities of Tank Y. Yanagi:
M. Marley, J. Montewka: T. Takami, U.D. Nielsen, J.J. Supports in Structural Grounding Accident Analysis
Prediction and Evaluation Jensen: Assessment of the Vessels Using Classified Factors
of an Angle of Heel due to Application of Prolate Equipped with Independent
S. Ahmed, T. Li, S. Huang:
Turning Maneuver of Small Spheroidal Wave Tanks
An Integrated FMECA Study
Training Ships: Compari- Functions for Assessment M. Radon, S. Küster:
of Cruise Ship Propulsion
son of Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Ship Comparative Global Strength Module Shafting System
and Static Design Criteria Responses Assessment Study for Mega using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy
X. Mao, X. Zhan: E. Scheffers, P. de Vos: Yachts Expert System
Course-keeping Ability An Improved Approach D. Dessi, F. Passacantilli: Á. Marrero, F. Rodero:
and Minimum Propulsion for On-Board Distribution Application of Modal Strain Application of a Risk
Power Assessment in Ad- System Robustness Energy Analysis to Damage Analysis based on Historical
verse Weather Conditions Estimation in Early-Stage Identification in Marine Data to Prevent Cargo
Using a Manoeuvring-Sea- Ship Design Structures Ignition on Ro-Ro, Ro-Pax
keeping Unified Model I. Gypa, M. Jansson, R. J. Yang, B.S. Jang: and Car-Carrier Ships
R. Skejić, O.M. Faltinsen: Gustafsson, The Hull Structural Response
Maneuvering of Subma- S. Werner, R. Bensow: Prediction Method using
rines at Periscope Depths Propeller Design Distortion Base Mode for
in a Seaway Procedure for aWind- Various Loading Conditions of
Assisted KVLCC2 Container Ship
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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION I

Odd Magnus Faltinsen

Centre For Autonomous Marine Operations And
Systems (AMOS), Norwegian University Of Science
And Technology, Trondheim, Norway

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION I

LECTURE

SLAMMING LOAD EFFECTS ON SHIPS AND MARINE STRUCTURES

Slamming is of concern for structural design of ships, offshore platforms, lowering of subsea
structures through the splash zone, accidentally dropped objects and launching of free-fall
lifeboats from offshore platforms. Slamming on ships and sea structures causes both local and
global structural response and ought to be coupled with structural mechanics to find important
time scales of the many physical effects associated with slamming. Hydroelastic slamming has an
analogy to transient response of a mass-spring system. Important factors are the ratio between
slamming duration, and important structural natural periods, the time history of loading, added
mass and slam damping. If the time scale of a fluid mechanic effect such as liquid compressibility
or gas cavity oscillations is very small relative to the structural natural periods associated with
maximum structural stress, the details of the fluid mechanic effect do not matter. Hydroelasticity
of concrete shells, horizontal plates, and wedge-shaped cross-sections during drop tests are
theoretically discussed and partly compared with experiments. Both the water-entry and water-
exit phase matter in describing the global load effect due to wetdeck slamming on catamarans
and offshore platforms. Bow slamming and whipping of ships are discussed with emphasis on
modelling of slamming in an engineering context. Sloshing-induced slamming in prismatic LNG
tanks is perhaps the most complicated slamming problem because many fluid-mechanic and
thermodynamic parameters as well as hydroelasticity may matter. Further, complicated in-
flow scenarios of slamming may appear due to violent sloshing. The consequence is that both
computational tools and model test scaling are limited.

BIOGRAPHY
Odd Magnus Faltinsen has worked on broad aspects of hydrodynamics of displacement ships, high-
speed craft, offshore structures, and fish farms. Faltinsen was born in 1944 in Stavanger, Norway,
and obtained a cand. real. degree in applied mathematics at the University of Bergen in 1968 and a
PhD degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering in 1971 at the University of Michigan. He
was employed by DNV from 1968 to 1974, was dosent in marine technology from 1974 to 1976, and
professor of Marine Hydrodynamics from 1976 at NTNU. Faltinsen is the author of the three textbooks
published by Cambridge University Press. He has authored more than 500 publications in scientific
journals, conferences, and books, and given about 50 keynote and honours lectures. He gave the 15th
Georg Weinblum Lecture, 1992-1993. He received the Fridtjof Nansen’s award for outstanding research
in science and medicine in 2011. The 26th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies
held in Athens on April 17-20, 2011, was dedicated to Professor Odd M. Faltinsen. The “Professor Odd
Faltinsen Honoring Symposium on Marine Hydrodynamics” was arranged at OMAE 2013, Nantes, France
on June 9-14, 2013. He received the OOAE Division-ASME Lifetime Achievement Award in June 2013 and
the Council of the Confederation of European Maritime Technology Societies Award in 2017. Faltinsen
is elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, The Royal Norwegian Society of
Sciences and Letters, corresponding member of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, foreign member
of the National Academy of Engineering, USA, and the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION II

Milovan Perić
Institute Of Ship Technology, Ocean
Engineering And Transport Systems (ISMT),
Faculty Of Engineering, University Of
Duisburg-Essen, Germany

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION II

LECTURE

THE ROLE OF CFD IN SHIP DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION

In this presentation, the growing role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the process of ship
design and optimization will be addressed. In early stages, CFD was used to predict resistance
of bare hulls, but due to rapid development of CFD techniques, it is nowadays used for more
complex tasks. The major milestones in CFD development include: (i) moving grids, which allow
for accounting of propeller and rudder motion relative to hull; (ii) interface-capturing methods for
free surface flows, allowing to account for wave breaking, ventilation and trapped air; (iii) dynamic
fluid-body interaction, allowing for a simultaneous computation of flow and flow-induced
motion of floating bodies; (iv) automatic generation of computational grids made of arbitrary
polyhedral control volumes, allowing handling of complex geometry without simplification, etc.
In addition to advances in computational methods, physics models (in particular to account for
turbulence and cavitation) and increasing computing power allowed stepping up from component
analysis to simulations at system level. It is nowadays possible to account in a single simulation
for interactions between water flow, wind, ship motion, propeller rotation and rudder motion
relative to moving hull, cavitation on propeller blades and rudder, ventilation, wave impact etc.
The use of CFD will increase further in future, with major trends including (i) improvement of
computing performance by using GPUs, (ii) automatic solution-adaptive grid refinement for an
optimal use of resources, (iii) automatic multi-objective optimization of geometry and process
parameters, and (iv) ever advancing physics models (especially scale-resolving turbulence and
cavitation models). Examples from recent simulations will be used to highlight some topics.

BIOGRAPHY
Milovan Perić studied mechanical engineering in Sarajevo and obtained PhD degree at Imperial College
in London in 1985 for his work on CFD methods for complex geometries. He worked as research assistant
and lecturer at the University of Erlangen from 1986 to 1991, spent one year (1992) as a visiting scholar
at Stanford University, and in 1993 became professor of fluid dynamics at the Institute of Shipbuilding
in Hamburg. In 1997, he founded with co-workers a private company which developed and marketed
a state-of-the-art CFD-code “Comet”, which had many features dedicated to naval hydrodynamics.
The company and the code were sold to CD-adapco in 2002 and Milovan with most of his team left
university to work on further software development. At CD-adapco Milovan held positions of the
director of software development, director of technology and lastly vice president of technology. In
2014, he started an independent consulting business but continued to work mostly for CD-adapco and,
after it was taken over by Siemens in 2016, for the new owner. In 2016 he was elected member of the
Faculty of Engineering at the University of Duisburg-Essen (without employment), teaching applied
CFD and supporting professor Bettar el Moctar at the Institute of Ship Technology, Ocean Engineering
and Transport Systems. He has published with J.H. Ferziger and R.L. Street a popular book on CFD and is
author or co-author of over 200 papers and chapters in edited books.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

1. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - CFD

MON CALCULATION OF HYDRODYNAMICS FORCES ACTING ON PRISMATIC PLANING SURFACE

BY CFD
Toru Katayama1, Kohei Yamaguchi2, Tatsuki Nanami1, Jun Umeda3, Shohei Ozeki4, Masatsugu
11:00 - 12:40

Soga4, Toshio Watanabe5

1
Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Engineering Department of Marine System Engineering,
Japan
2
Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Engineering Department of Marine System Engineering, Japan
3
National Maritime Research Institute, Japan
4
Siemens PLM Software Computational Dynamics, K.K, Japan
5
Suzuki Motor Corporation, Japan
DUBRAVA I

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to propose an adequate procedure based on an existing commercial CFD
code (STAR-CCM+) to calculate the flow field around different size prismatic planing surfaces accurately and
investigate scale effects on their hydrodynamic forces. First, according to ITTC Recommended Procedure, the
hydrodynamic forces acting on the prismatic planing surfaces are calculated and compared with measured
results. As a result, it is found that the accuracy of calculated frictional force is poor by appearance of Numerical
Ventilation. In order to obtain highly accurate calculation, the resolution of partial mesh around stagnation
line are made higher and surface tension model is considered. The above-mesh generation procedure is
applied for the 10 times large prismatic planing surface and the scale effects are investigated, and it is shown
that calculated pressure coefficient on hull is the same regardless of model size and calculated frictional
resistance coefficient is close the frictional coefficient in turbulent for equivalent flat plate.
Keywords: CFD, Prismatic planing surface, Hydrodynamic forces, Scale effect, Numerical Ventilation.

A STUDY ON THE ADDED RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE IN VARIOUS REGULAR WAVES AND

IRREGULAR WAVES USING URANS SOLVER
Soon-Hyun Lee1, Kwang-Jun Paik1¬, Jun-Hui Cho1, Gu-Hyeon Kim1, Hwi-Su Kim1
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
Abstract. The commercial ship usually operates in irregular sea conditions, and the performance of the ship
should be estimated through the simulations in a more realistic environment. So far, to estimate the added
resistance, experiments and numerical studies have been conducted in regular waves. In this study, the added
resistance performance of the KVLCC2 hull was evaluated in various regular and irregular waves using the
URANS solver. Resistance and motion responses were compared not only for the regular waves but also for
regular waves at various wave steepness and bichromatic waves that were superimposed with regular waves.
Through this, the change of resistance performance and damping on motion response according to wave
height was analysed. Also, it was generated that the irregular wave corresponds to the JONSWAP spectrum
in various sea states, and the added resistance calculation was performed in irregular wave conditions. The
added resistance was compared with the estimated value using the spectral method. Inhere, the spectral
method can derive the added resistance in the target sea state using the regular wave results. This method
uses a linear relationship between wave height and resistance, which is implemented by multiplying the
quadratic transfer function and wave spectrum. The estimated value showed the difference from the direct
calculation results, which is due to the nonlinearity of the resistance in the irregular wave. On the other hand,
the motions responses showed a similar tendency to that of the regular wave, except the motion around
the natural frequency. The motion responses at the natural frequency were relatively large, and it can be
influenced by the wave height as observed in various wave steepness.
Keywords: CFD, URANS, KVLCC2, Added resistance, Irregular wave, Regular wave, Bichromatic wave, Wave
steepness.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

1. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - CFD

STUDY OF THE PROPELLER EFFECT ON THE SINKAGE OF SHIPS MON

Luis Perez-Rojas1, Adrian Portillo-Juan1
1
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

11:00 - 12:40
Abstract. Prior studies have shown the strong relation between the dynamic pressure field around the hull
of a certain ship and the sinkage that it develops when it sails. Consequently, this phenomenon is possibly
affected by the propeller due to its contribution to vertical pressure fluctuations on the stern. The main
purpose of this research work is to confirm or reject the impact of the propeller on sinkage and evaluate it. A
Victory cargo ship model was used to analyse the impact that the propeller may have on the sinkage of ships.
Towing and self-propulsion tests were carried out to analyse how the propeller can influence the sinkage that

DUBRAVA I
a certain ship acquires at navigation. From the analysis done, it could be confirmed that the propeller produced
a significant increase on sinkage, when the towing and the self-propulsion tests were compared. As well,
the problem treated in the present research work was tackled numerically with CFD software Star-CCM+. From
that analysis, the considerations made about the relation between sinkage and the dynamic pressure field
fluctuations were proved, but the uncertainties of these tools at evaluating sinkage quantitatively were still
a problem. Despite the mesh convergence study that was carried out based on the cell size, it was shown that
mesh refinements with base cell sizes smaller than 1/5 of the model waterplane length do not improve the
simulations uncertainties whilst it does increase vastly the time resources consumed.
Keywords: Sinkage, Propeller, Towing-Tank tests, Simulations, CFD.

STUDY OF WIND RESISTANCE REDUCING METHODS FOR COMMERCIAL VESSELS

Youngjae Kim1, Doohyun Kim1
1
Korea Shipbuilding and Offshore Engineering, Seongnam, Korea
Abstract. The importance of improving the aerodynamic efficiency of commercial vessels is rising as the
demand for reducing greenhouse gas emissions increases. The main objective of this study is to develop a
wind resistance reducing device for commercial vessels named "Hyundai Intelligent Air Resistance Saver
(Hi-ARS)." Numerical simulations using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model were employed to
evaluate the wind resistance reducing effects of the device quantitatively. By performing numerical analysis,
it was observed that the device intensifies the rotating flows formed in front of the rectangular structures
and reduces high-pressure regions for the headwind condition. Additional thrust, generated by the pressure
difference between the inside and outside of the device, was also identified. The average effect of the device
was assessed by considering a sea route, which involves various wind directions and magnitudes. It is expected
that the device would assist various vessels in satisfying the strengthened environmental regulations.
Keywords: Wind Resistance, LNGC, VLCC.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

2. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN I

MON MODERN SHIP DESIGN

Ove T. Gudmestad1,2
1
Western Norway University College, Haugesund, Norway
11:00 - 12:40

2
University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
Abstract. This paper investigates the requirements to the design of modern ships in view of the pressing
needs to further improve ship safety and to limit emissions to air and water. In order to succeed, the ship's
geometry must be optimized to limit the fuel needed at the estimated optimal speed for the purpose.
For safety of crew and passengers as well as cargo, the ship must be stable during transit and have fully
watertight compartments obtained with use of completely sealing bulkheads. Furthermore, double hull
MARE II

is required in case of damage to the outer hull. For the clean water requirements, ballast water handling
must be installed to minimize the possibility to transfer foreign species and all waste generated must be
collected and brought to shore for recycling. The emission from burning fuel has to be minimized, firstly
by using light oil fuel or gas (LNG), and thereafter by switching to fuel types that do not give emission to
air. In the process of selecting the cleanest possible fuel for the purpose, the safety must not be forgotten
with respect to transporting the fuel onboard the ship, storing the fuel and burning the fuel. Furthermore, it
should be noted that large size does not always represent the optimum design, as limitations related to ship
channels and harbors must be taken into account. Although modern ships will be kept under close control
from land-based stations; cyber security issues may limit the scope of autonomous ships. As the ice-cover
may continue to be reduced in the Arctic during the summer months, ice strengthening, safe propulsion and
improved lifeboat capabilities fit for Arctic voyages must be highlighted for Polar Class ships. Even with the
best design possible, ships will be lost also in the future and the safe evacuation into safe escape means will
still be an area of priority. Finally, the safety will not be better than the judgement of the captain and the
crew. Training needs will increase, rather than going out of fashion.
Keywords: Vessel, Crew and passenger safety, Reduced emission, Autonomous vessels, Cyber disturbance,
Selection of optimum size, Arctic transit, Search and Rescue, Training, Staff competence.

THE DESIGN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SQUARE - A FRAMEWORK FOR EARLY STAGE

COMPLEX SHIP DESIGN
Joan le Poole1, Nicole Charisi1, Koen Droste2, Agnieta Habben Jansen3, Austin A. Kana1
1
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
2
DAMEN Naval, The Netherlands. Work performed during PhD research at Delft University of Technology,
Netherlands
3
Defence Materiel Organisation, The Netherlands. Work performed during PhD research at Delft University of
Technology, Netherlands
Abstract. This paper presents and demonstrates a new design thinking framework for early stage complex
ship design, called the Design Knowledge Management Square (DKMS) framework. The DKMS framework
provides a structure that explicitly incorporates the collaborative nature of complex ship design, contrary to
other models or frameworks that primarily focus on the technical integration of tools and methods to describe
early stage complex ship design. The DKMS framework is applied to three case studies: 1) multi-disciplinary
early stage design of complex ships, 2) the integration of concept design generation and analysis methods, and
3) the application of design rationale to support collaborative design decision-making. The case studies show
that the DKMS framework provides added value by explicitly describing both the collaborative and technical
nature of complex ship design. Thereby the framework helps to analyse, support, and understand complex
ship design.
Keywords: Design framework, Complex ship design, Early.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

2. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN I

INTEGRATED METHOD FOR THE ARRANGEMENT DESIGN OF A SHIP FOR IMPLEMENTING MON
DIGITAL TWIN IN DESIGN
Jisang Ha1, Myung-Il Roh2, Ki-Su Kim3, Min-Chul Kong1

11:00 - 12:40
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering and Research Institute of Marine Systems
Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Abstract. The arrangement design of the ship mainly depends on the past ship data or the experience of
experts because there are various restrictions of the owner and the classification regulations. Therefore,

MARE II
it is difficult to select the optimal design by examining various alternatives. Accordingly, a method that can
review and optimize various arrangement designs before construction is required. Digital twin technology
is one of the methods by which alternatives can be considered before production by creating digital replicas
of real physical entities. This study proposes a method for designing an optimal arrangement that satisfies
the requirements of the ship-owner and several design rules and implements the result as a virtual twin. In
the arrangement design process, locations of partitions dividing compartments and locations of equipment
are set as design variables. Furthermore, as objective functions, the installation cost, the feasibility of expert
knowledge, and space availability are considered. Also, the arrangement designed during the optimization
process can be reviewed by the designer in advance as if the arrangement is actually manufactured through a
virtual twin. The effectiveness of the method proposed in this study is verified by applying it to selecting the
optimal arrangement design for an actual ship. In particular, it has a differentiated advantage from the existing
arrangement design optimization method in that the designer can visually review the design first.
Keywords: Compartment arrangement design, Digital twin, Equipment arrangement, Optimal design.

SHALLOW-DRAUGHT VESSELS FOR THE VESSEL TRAIN

Igor Bačkalov1, Milan Kalajdžić2, Nikola Momčilović2, Stefan Rudaković2, Milica Vidić2
1
Development Centre for Ship Technology and Transport Systems (DST e.V.), Duisburg, Germany
2
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract. The Vessel Train is a novel semi-autonomous waterborne transport concept that implies a convoy
of digitally connected vessels. Only the first vessel in the Vessel Train (the so-called “lead vessel”) is fully
manned, while the remaining vessels (the so-called “following vessels”) are remotely controlled from the
lead vessel and thus may sail either with a reduced crew or with the crew off-duty. The Vessel Train was the
subject of the research project NOVIMAR (NOVel Iwt and MARitime transport concepts), funded by the European
Commission within the framework of the Horizon 2020 program. One of the tasks of the project concerned the
design of novel vessels for the Vessel Train. The Vessel Train ships were designed in compliance with a specific
requirement: to utilize the horizontal (Ro-Ro) container handling. Additionally, two inland vessels had to fulfil
another condition: to have as low design draught as possible, so as to provide for uninterrupted navigation
even during the low-water periods which tend to be extended and more extreme on all major European
inland waterways. Both the Ro-Ro handling of containers and the shallow draught considerably affect the
ship general arrangement, cargo stowage and handling, structural strength, intact and damage stability, etc.
Thus, this paper discusses the challenges encountered in design of large inland container Ro-Ro vessels with
extremely shallow draughts, intended for the use in the Vessel Train.
Keywords: Vessel Train, Inland vessels, Container Ro-Ro vessels, Shallow draught, Unconventional vessels.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

3. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I

MON ON THE VALIDITY OF USING SMALL-SCALE FATIGUE DATA TO DESIGN FULL-SCALE STEEL
WELDED STRUCTURES: TESTING ASSUMPTIONS ON RESIDUAL STRESS RELIEF
Marije Deul1, Paula van Lieshout1, Noud Werter1
11:00 - 12:40

1
TNO, Delft, Netherlands
Abstract. An accurate fatigue life prediction is vital for the effectiveness and safety of a ship structure. The
fatigue limit state is typically governing and conservatism is included to provide for a safe design. On the
other side, minimizing conservatism is favourable, for reasons of cost, stability and payload (i.e. weight).
The fatigue life prediction of full-scale steel welded ship structures is based on fatigue test results of, mostly,
small-scale specimens. TNO has performed strain gauge measurements on a specimen, which represents
MARE III

a structural detail that is common in ship structures, that challenge the widely accepted conservative
assumption of lower residual stresses in small scale specimens. This research explains the measured strain
increase perpendicular to the weld, when cutting small cruciform specimens from a larger plate. To do
so, a thermo-mechanical coupled FE analysis is performed, using the Constant Initial Temperature model
and amodelling of the restraint relief upon cutting the specimens. This has successfully demonstrated
the physical basis for the measurements. These findings provide for a strong argument to assess the
conservatism of the fatigue design standards case by case. The work provides for a computationally efficient
framework to predict the effect of stress relief on the effective R-ratio that is applied to small-scale cruciform
fillet welded specimens.
Keywords: Residual stress, Stress relief, Full-scale structures, Small-scale specimens, Fatigue of welded
joints, Mean stress effect, Effective R-ratio.

BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF FPSO PANEL UNDER PITTING CORROSION

Lucas Navarro Brito Zacharias1, Marcelo Igor Lourenço de Souza2, Ilson Paranhos Pasqualino2,
Pedro Wutkovsky dos Reis1
1
Naval Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2
Ocean Engineering Department, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Abstract. Pitting corrosion can be found in cargo tank of FPSO platforms operating in the hostile environment
found at sea. The internal structure of cargo tanks, often uncoated, are exposed to corrosive gases, sea water
and oil. The effect of this corrosion over years reduces the plate thickness and, consequently its structural
strength. Pitting corrosion is one of the most dangerous forms of corrosion, because even though the total
material loss is very small, the rate of corrosiveness can be very high, and it can lead to early catastrophic
failures. It is an accelerated dissolution of metal that occurs because of breakage in the passive protective
film of the metal surface. The present work aims to make a realistic study of corrosion by pitting, covering
from the areas where they appear, to its distribution and geometric characteristics. This was made possible
through extensive research in the related literature and analysis of real data pitting corrosion on an FPSO
operating in Brazilian waters. Finally, a numerical model of cargo tank bottom plate was created, and different
patterns and pitting corrosion intensities were applied, to investigate their structural effects through the finite
element method. The results obtained show that the presence of corrosion in the panels has a detrimental
effect on their resistance to buckling. A numerical methodology was proposed and implemented based on real
measurement results of corrosion. The proposed methodology proved to be adequate for the analysis of the
overall buckling resistance of corroded panels. This methodology can be applied to other ship panels from
pitting measurements performed in loco.
Keywords: Ship panels, Pitting corrosion, Ultimate strength.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

3. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I

INFLUENCE OF PLATE ASPECT RATIO ON THE AXIAL LOAD EFFECT ON THE PLATE STRENGTH MON
AGAINST LATERAL PRESSURE
Masashi Yamada1, Tetsuo Okada2, Yoshiaki Naruse3, Yasumi Kawamura2, Ginga Hayakawa4,

11:00 - 12:40
Kinya Ishibashi5, Hiroyuki Koyama5
1
Yokohama National University, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama, Japan
2
Yokohama National University, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama, Japan
3
Onomichi Dockyard Co., Ltd., Design Department, Onomichi, Japan
4
Yokohama National University, Faculty of Engineering Technology Section, Yokohama, Japan
5
ClassNK, Hull Rules Development Department, Tokyo, Japan

MARE III
Abstract. Plate strength against lateral pressure is affected by the acting axial load, and existing classification
rules take account of this effect in their scantling formulae. On the other hand, smaller aspect ratio of a plate
close to a square enhances the plate strength, and this effect is appropriately reflected in the classification rules
as a correction factor for the panel aspect ratio. However, these two effects, i.e., axial load effect and aspect
ratio effect, have been treated separately, and their combined effect has been left unexamined. Actually, the
axial load has much greater effect for transversely stiffened plate than longitudinally stiffened plate, causing
irrational discontinuity when the plate aspect ratio close to 1.0 is considered. In this study, we propose
a reasonable interpolation method of the axial load effect between the transversely and longitudinally
stiffened plate based on the observations on the finite element analysis (FEA) results of a plate with the aspect
ratio close to 1.0 under combined axial load and lateral pressure. The proposed aspect ratio effect is applied
to the plate with various aspect ratios, lateral pressure and axial loads in combination with the aspect ratio
correction factor without the axial load, and the results are compared with FEA results conducted based on a
residual deflection criterion. As a result, it is demonstrated that the aspect ratio effects on the plate strength
subjected to pressure and axial load can be covered conservatively by the proposed formulae.
Keywords: Plate, Aspect ratio, Axial load, Lateral pressure, Elastic-plastic FEA, Residual deflection, Bending
moment, Classification rules.

IDENTIFICATION AND FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION FOR CRITICAL BLADE ROOT BOLTS OF
A FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE (FOWT)
Tingsen Zheng1, Nian-Zhong Chen1,2
1
School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Abstract. Identification and fatigue life prediction for critical blade root bolts of a NREL 5 MW Spar type FOWT
is performed. Fatigue lives of high strength bolts are predicted by S-N curves and Palmgren-Miner’s (PM) rule.
A comparison between the fatigue life of each high strength bolt at different positions along the blade root
circumference is conducted to identify the critical bolts that are prone to fatigue failure. It is found that the
locations of critical blade root bolts that are prone to fatigue fracture are mainly distributed on both sides
of the swing direction of the blade. A comparative study is further carried out to investigate the influence of
different blade root joint forms, including single row T-bolt joint and improved double row T-bolt joint, on
fatigue strength of the high strength bolts and the locations of the critical bolts. The results show that the joint
forms have significant impact on the fatigue strength of the bolts but they may not have an evident impact on
locations of the critical bolts.
Keywords: Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT), Blade root bolt, Fatigue life prediction, Joint forms.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

4. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - METEOCEAN

MON SEA STATES ENCOUNTERED BY SHIPS IN THE MAERSK FLEET - AN ASSESSMENT BASED ON
REANALYSIS DATA (ERA5)
Ulrik D. Nielsen1,4, Angelos Ikonomakis1,2, Jesper Dietz3
11:00 - 12:40

1
DTU Construct, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
2
Maersk R & D, Copenhagen, Denmark
3
Maersk Line Fleet Performance, Copenhagen, Denmark
4
Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, NTNU AMOS, Trondheim, Norway
Abstract. This study presents an overview of the sea states encountered by ships in the Maersk fleet. Based on
vessel positions (GPS) and corresponding time stamps, sea state parameters (significant wave height, zero-
MARE IV

upcrossing period, wave direction) have been obtained from the ERA5 database. Comparisons are made with
the wave scatter diagrams (Global Wave Statistics) and significant deviations are observed in the probability
density functions of Hs and Tz, likely explained because of operational effects from weather routing and
seamanship. The study also includes a more direct assessment of the operational effects by comparing, for
the severest wave encounters, the observed sea state with sea states in neighboring ocean areas. It appears,
in line with expectations, that ships avoid the highest waves but due to the dependency on also wave period
in wave-induced responses, the effect of operational decisions is not as evident in, for instance, the wave-
induced vertical acceleration level, when a theoretical assessment is made.
Keywords: Sea states, ERA5, Global Wave Statistics, Effect of route optimization and seamanship.

EXTREME SEA STATE PARAMETRIZATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ON SHIP RESPONSES

Guillaume de Hauteclocque1, Marine Lasbleis1
1
Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, Paris la d´efense, France
Abstract. Every simulation of ship behavior on waves starts with the description of the waves it encounters.
This is usually specified as a wave spectrum. The most comprehensive description is a “full-spectrum”, which
can be given as a discrete wave energy density on the whole frequency/heading space. This discrete 2D
spectrum is the direct output of modern wave hindcast models, which do not assume any parametric shape.
However, such a comprehensive description is heavy and is very difficult to work with for long-term analysis.
Furthermore, the number of dimensions is too high to enable any straightforward extrapolation to unobserved
return periods. Thus, the full spectrum is usually parametrized, so that it can be described in a few parameters.
Typically, wave spectra are described by a JONSWAP shape, with Hs, Tp, and γ parameters, together with wave
spreading coefficients. Such a parametrization loses some information and thus induces an approximation on
the ship response. The current work aims at answering two questions: what is the best way the parametrize
the spectrum? And how does this parametrization affect the estimates of the long-term ship responses?
To tackle this, full spectra from hindcast models at a few locations are used and compared with parametric
spectra. It is shown that using Tp or T0m1 period provides much better results than using the up-crossing
period Tz. Then, a dataset of ship response (RAOs) is leveraged to quantify the effect of the parametrization:
long-term calculations using full spectra are compared to calculations using parametric spectra. Finally, the
parametrization based on the Goda’s peakedness and the spreading parameters are used to construct a map of
the γ and n value over the entire globe. For extreme sea states, it shows constant values around γ=1.5 and n=3,
with the caveat that values may be underestimated if the frequency resolution is not sufficient in the database
considered in this work.
Keywords: Wave spectrum, Seakeeping, Long-term, Spreading, JONSWAP.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

4. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - METEOCEAN

MODELLING STORM AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR BASED ON AIS DATA OF CONTAINER SHIPS MON
IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Wataru Fujimoto1, Tsutomu Fukui1

11:00 - 12:40
1
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK), Research Institute, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. For ship safety, ship responses are predicted by encountered waves based on the position of ships
in stormy conditions. Automatic Identification System (AIS) provides accurate ship position information
nowadays. This study fitted a weather routing model to each segment of ship track recorded in AIS and reduced
each track segment to a parameter. Many previous studies on weather routing focus prediction of the optimal
route. In contrast, this study focuses on “reanalysis” of weather routing. The target sea area was the North

MARE IV
Atlantic Ocean, where wave heights are high on average. This study also focused on container ships, which
have high timeliness and are easy to model the storm avoidance behavior. The AIS data of container ships in
the North Atlantic Ocean were obtained. In the AIS data, some ships avoided storms, but the others did not.
Assuming ships run the shortest path, this study modeled the ship tracks in the storms using the Dijkstra method.
The sea area was modeled as a graph, and the shortest path on the graph was regarded as the predicted track.
The sea conditions were reflected in the graph. Eventually, the variation of the storm avoidance behavior was
quantified. This study evaluated the model accuracy in comparison with the observed AIS data. The application
of the model to ship response prediction was also discussed.
Keywords: AIS, Storm Avoidance, Weather Routing, Graph Theory.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL SEA STATE NOW-CASTING SYSTEM WITH OPTICAL IMAGES

USING MACHINE LEARNING
Yun-Ho Kim1, Seok-Kyu Cho2, Hee-Jin Kang1
1
KRISO, Researcher of Alternative fuels and power system research division, Daejeon, Korea
2
KRISO, Researcher of Offshore Platform Research Division, Daejeon, Korea
Abstract. In this study, we developed a practical now-casting system for sea states. Without using radar or
weather satellite information, the network was constructed by learning the images captured by the optical
camera. The sea state for each image was derived by analyzing the signal from the wave height meter of
the target region and then labeled for each image. As a machine learning technique, a convolutional neural
network (CNN) was applied. After acquiring images in various time zones and learning the data, the now-
casting results were confirmed. We checked the capability and availability of the trained network, then tried to
expand their performance capability.
Keywords: Now-casting System, Optical images, Machine learning, Convolutional neural network, Sea state.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

5. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MANEUVERING I

MON EFFECTS OF STEADY WAVE FORCES FOR OBLIQUE MOTION ON ESTIMATION OF

MANOEUVERS OF FULL-SCALE SHIPS
Ryosuke Suzuki1, Yoshiaki Tsukada1, Michio Ueno1
14:10 - 15:50

1
National Maritime Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. In this study, we investigated the effects of the variation of steady wave forces generated by oblique
motion on the estimation of ship manoeuvres. The investigation was based on a numerical simulation that
took only the steady wave forces into account to conventional mathematical model of modular type in calm
water. The simulation was conducted for a VLCC undergoing course-keeping manoeuvres in regular short
waves. The results were validated by a comparison with the results of a free-running model test (FRMT)
DUBRAVA I

conducted by Suzuki et al. (2019), which involved various conditions of rudder effectiveness. In the simulation,
the steady waves forces were given in two ways based on experimental results. In the first case (Case 1), the
steady wave forces were interpolated from the values measured when the ship was at rest and moving in
a straight line (without lateral drift). In the second case (Case 2), the steady wave forces were the values
measured for the condition in which the ship’s speed and (lateral) drift angle corresponded to the results of the
FRMT. The simulation results show that the estimated drift angle and check helm of the rudder effectiveness
for the full-scale ship did not exhibit good agreement with the FRMT results unless Case 2 was implemented.
Nevertheless, the estimated check helm for the ship model could be reasonably estimated even for Case 1.
This indicates that the variation of the steady wave forces generated by oblique motion is not negligible when
estimating the manoeuvers of full-scale ships.
Keywords: Ship manoeuvring, Manoeuvrability in waves, Steady wave forces and moment, Manoeuvring
simulation.

SENSITIVITY STUDY OF WAVE HEIGHT VARIATION DURING TURNING CIRCLES IN

REGULAR WAVES
Øyvind Rabliås1,2, Trygve Kristiansen2, Renato Skejic1
1
SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
2
Department of Marine Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Abstract. The sensitivity to variation of wave height during turning circles of a displacement type of hull, is
investigated with a modular maneuvering model based on the two-time scale assumption. The wave heights
in the Ocean Basin at SINTEF Ocean are documented with 480 wave probes, with 2m spacing, covering a
significant part of the basin. There is a spatial variation in the wave heights, represented by two oblique wave
patterns. Turning circles of the Duisburg Test Case (DTC) with 35◦ rudder angle are investigated for five regular
waves in the range λ/L pp = 0.280 − 1.20, in initial head and initial following waves. Free-running model tests
are compared to numerical simulations with the modular maneuvering model. Simulations are performed
using constant wave heights, and using time-varying wave heights according to the wave documentation
tests. The difference between the two simulation methods is largest for the drifting distance, in particular for
the longest waves. However, for some responses, there is almost no difference between the two simulation
methods. Overall, this implies that the variation of wave height in a basin contributes less to the uncertainty
than we originally expected.
Keywords: Maneuvering in regular waves, Free-running experiments, Wave documentation, Turning circles,
Deep water.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

5. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MANEUVERING I

NUMERICAL STUDY TO IMPROVE THE ESTIMATION OF MANOEUVRING FLUID FORCE MON

FOR A CONTAINER SHIP IN DEEP AND RESTRICTED WATER
Takuya Ohmori1, Kunihide Ohashi1

14:10 - 15:50
1
National Maritime Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. Safe navigation of vessels is important not only in terms of safety but also environment and
economy. At the ship design stage, it is necessary to estimate whether the manoeuvrability criteria are met,
and sufficient manoeuvrability is ensured. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used in the initial
design, but there are not enough examples of detailed studies on the calculation model such as whether to
consider sub-parts which are equipped in tank test models. In addition to that, with the growing interest in

DUBRAVA I
automatic operation, the need for grasping manoeuvrability in shallow water and restricted waterways is
also increasing. In this study, the influence of bilge keels, trim and sinkage are numerically evaluated for the
DTC container ship, not only on deep water but also on shallow water and restricted waterways. As the result,
the influence of the bilge keels is a few percent of the total lateral force, and the influence of trim and sinkage
is a few percent of the total yawing moment in deep water. In shallow and restricted waters, the influence
of bilge keels keeps the same ratio, but that of trim and sinkage is significantly increased. In summary, it was
found that for low-speed vessels, it is not necessary to consider these factors in the calculation model in deep
water areas, but it is particularly desirable to consider the running attitude in shallow or restricted water
areas. This result will be useful in choosing an appropriate computational model.
Keywords: CFD, Manoeuvrability, Bilge keel, Trim, Sinkage, Shallow water, Restricted channel.

EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES DUE TO DRIFT MOTION ON SHIP PERFORMANCE IN

ACTUAL SEAS AT LOW SPEED
Mariko Kuroda1, Saori Yokota2, Masaru Tsujimoto1, Ryohei Fukasawa1
1
National Maritime Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
2
National Maritime Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan (At the time of research)
Abstract. As the IMO GHG Reduction Strategy has been developed in 2018 and the EEXI regulation and CII
ratings for ships in service have recently been adopted, a trend towards assessing the performance of
ships through environmental regulations is being accelerated. In order to comply with further regulations,
operations with slower speeds are inevitable, and ship performance in actual seas at lower speeds is an
important consideration. In actual seas, winds and waves cause external forces acted on a ship, that is due to
waves, winds, drift and rudder. At conventional design speed, forces due to winds and waves are dominant,
and the contribution of forces due to drift and rudder is limited. At low speed, however, the angle of rudder
is increased to balance the forces, and the contribution of rudder and drift forces to ship performance is
thought to be increased. In this paper, attention is paid to the drift force, and the speed effect of drift force
is investigated experimentally by conducting towing tests at a fixed angle of head. Comparison between
experimental results and existing estimation models is conducted. Then, the experimental results are used
to estimate the ship performance in actual seas, and the effect of hydrodynamic forces due to drift on the
performance at sea at low speeds is investigated quantitatively. As a result, it is shown that the contribution of
drift forces is larger than that at design speeds and the higher accuracy for the precise performance evaluation
is also required.
Keywords: Ship performance in actual seas, Effect of winds and waves, Resistance due to drift, Low speed.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

6. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN II

MON SYSTEMATIC DESIGN OF FUTURE MARINE POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS

Christian Veldhuis1, Alex Grasman1, Jeroen Willemsen1, Udai Shipurkar1
1
MARIN, Wageningen, Netherlands
14:10 - 15:50

Abstract. The design and realization of future zero emission power and energy systems on board ships is a
challenging process. The resulting systems are complex, multi-disciplinary and need to be introduced in one
radical step. A well-structured methodology is needed that ensures all requirements are addressed and risk
are being reduced already early in the design process. This paper shows how Model Based System Engineering
(MBSE) can be used to mitigate risks, keep clear traceability of user needs, functional requirements and
physical realizations, and help designers to approach a design as a multi-disciplinary exercise. A 25m inland
MARE II

patrol vessel is taken as an example and systematically the MBSE steps are addressed touching upon the user
needs, system architecture setup, logical arrangement up and the physical conceptual design of the power
and energy system in the ship. The example case shows how a well-structured requirements analysis leads
to specific system design choices and helps to identify support system requirements in an early stage of the
design, well before basic engineering starts. This structured design approach lays the foundation for further
simulation and testing (verification and validation) of the resulting systems, which will be addressed in future
publications.
Keywords: System Engineering, MBSE, Zero emission, Power and energy systems, Design, Multi-disciplinary.

A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A NEW CONCEPT OF VLFS

Roy Gafter1, Nitai Drimer2
1
Coastal and Marine Engineering Research Institute (CAMERI), Israel
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Abstract. Moving structures to the open sea offers considerable relief from the overexploitation of the land
and natural resources of coastal regions. Very large floating structures (VLFSs) are an environmentally sensitive
technology that forms artificial land at sea. We developed a new type of VLFS: the Delta. Designed to withstand
Mediterranean open sea conditions, the Delta provides a broad operational area and all-weather operability.
An important feature is the formation of a sheltered basin that provides year-round accessibility. This research
examines the feasibility of the Delta, focusing on hydrodynamic and structural design aspects, toward
the implementation of this new concept of open sea structure. The design and structural analysis present
engineering challenges due to the Delta’s unique shape, extreme dimensions, and vast possible wave load
scenarios that are difficult to predict. Unlike traditional marine structures to which design classification rules
are applicable, the design of the Delta must rely on first principle approach and direct analysis. We established
an analytical procedure for the rapid assessment of primary strength requirements. This design tool enables
the fast scanning of hundreds of combinations of sea states and the identification of critical combinations.
This led us to improve the geometry and reduce loads and load effects. Following shape optimization, we
reanalyzed the hydrodynamic aspects. In view of the design aspects evaluated with the self-developed and
commercial software, we conclude that the Delta is feasible and promising and recommend carrying out
laboratory tests in a large offshore wave basin.
Keywords: VLFS, Floating structures, Hydrodynamic analysis, Structural design.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

6. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN II

ON PREDICTION OF DRILLSHIP TRANSIT SPEED UNDER VARIOUS PROPULSION MODES MON

AND OPTIMIZATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR BOW AND STERN THRUSTERS
Hye-Jong Son , Joo-Sung Kim , Yong-Chul Lee , Hyun Joe Kim
1 1 1 1

14:10 - 15:50
1
Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, Korea
Abstract. A drillship is advantageous not only for drilling but also for transit. It is important to predict the
transit speed for estimating working time. Typically, drillships have a hull form with large block coefficient
and several high resistance sources such as moonpool, head boxes and huge topside. As a propulsion system,
several azimuth thrusters composed of a ducted propeller and an electric motor are used. Generally, the
azimuth thrusters are designed at a bollard pull condition in order to maximize the thrust at zero forward

MARE II
speed in station-keeping. Since the resistance and propulsion characteristics are significantly different from
those of merchant ships, there are great uncertainties in predicting the transit speed and required power for
drillships. In this paper, the transit performance of a Samsung 96k drillship is predicted using model tests
and statistical methods, and the results are compared with sea trial data. This paper clearly shows that the
good prediction of transit speed is possible even with various uncertainties from appendages and thrusters.
Using the proven procedure, various scenarios are examined related to transit. First, the transit speed in case
that some thrusters are damaged and are in trailing or locking mode is investigated. Next, an optimal power
distribution to achieve the highest transit speed for a given power consumption is proposed.
Keywords: Drillship, Speed prediction, Moonpool, Head box, Azimuth thruster, Trailing, Locking.

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON DIFFERENT LAYOUTS OF POWER CABLE FOR FLOATING OFFSHORE

SUBSTATION
Yu-Chi Hung1, Hung-Jie Tang2, Chuan-Tsang Lee3, Ray-Yeng Yang1
1
Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
2
Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
3
National Academy of Marine Research, Ocean Affairs Council, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Abstract. This research discusses the survivability of floating substations with dynamic power cable under
extreme environmental conditions, and the floating substation is located in the shallow water of the Hsinchu
offshore area, Taiwan. By using OrcaFlex, the tension and curvature of the power cable under the extreme
condition was analysed and discussed. Four kinds of power cable configurations are being investigated, this
study focused on mooring force and bending moment in the power cable system. The simulated results show
that when the power cable is configured on the downstream side of the floating substation, the curvature
of the touchdown zone will be increased because of the power cable compression. Meanwhile, the deeper
buoyancy section layout can decrease the maximum curvature. If more deformation space is provided for the
power cable, it can be more easily complied with the tension and curvature constraints.
Keywords: Floating substation, Power cable, Lazy wave, Tension force, Curvature.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

7. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

MON INFLUENCE OF LARGE SHELL OPENINGS GEOMETRY IN SHIP SUPERSTRUCTURE ON STRESS

CONCENTRATION REDUCTION
Jerolim Andrić1, Bruno Haraminčić1, Mateja Tomičić1, Pero Prebeg1
14:10 - 15:50

1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract. The ship structure of modern multi-deck ships (e.g., cruise, passenger and RoPax ships, livestock
carriers, RoRo ships etc.) is characterized by large openings in a superstructure shell plating. Such openings
have a great influence on primary stress distribution over the ship overall depth and longitudinal ship
strength. Due to a combination of shear-bending load, high stresses are concentrated around corners of large
openings, which could be decreased by choosing the proper geometry of the opening. Parametric study is
MARE III

carried out to investigate the influence of geometry around the corners of the openings on stress concentration
reduction. Thirty six (36) partial 2D models of superstructure side shell plating has been generated using a
finite element method (FEM) and the structural response of the models has been analysed. The results are
presented in dimensionless form by introducing a stress reduction coefficient. The stress reduction coefficient
has been defined as the ratio of the stress of a geometrically improved corner (with a certain radius) and a
corner without radius (right angle). Response surface of stress reduction coefficient with respect to a size of
the corner radius and size of openings has been generated. The accuracy of the proposed response surface
results was finally tested on a global full ship 3D FE model of large livestock carrier with a realistic set of the
design load cases.
Keywords: Large side superstructure openings, Multideck ships, Stress concentrations, FEM.

DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE STRENGTH FOR A BULK CARRIER UNDER COMBINED

LOADS
Thomas Lindemann1, Patrick Kaeding1, Alessandro La Ferlita2, Nicole Schenk3,
Dimitrii Aleksashin4
1
University of Rostock, Chair of Ship Structures, Rostock, Germany
2
American Bureau of Shipping, ABS Europe Ltd., Hamburg, Germany
3
Fr. Lürssen Werft GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen-Vegesack, Germany
4
MEYER NEPTUN Engineering GmbH, Rostock, Germany
Abstract. In this paper, nonlinear finite element analyses are performed to determine the ultimate strength of
a bulk carrier under vertical, horizontal and biaxial bending. The implicit ANSYS solver is applied successfully
for the different load cases. A parametric finite element model is developed and the influence of different
approaches for nonlinear material model, mesh size and model length on the ultimate hull girder strength is
demonstrated for hogging and sagging conditions. An appropriate parameter set with respect to numerical
efforts and accuracy is used to analyse the horizontal bending and combined biaxial load cases. Displacement
controlled nonlinear finite element analyses are performed to ensure constant rotation ratios of the
cross section in biaxial bending. Convergence is reached by using the full Newton-Raphson scheme as an
incremental iterative solution approach. The results are validated against the well-established Smith method.
The cross section of the bulk carrier is composed of stiffened plate panels. The stiffeners are connected by fillet
welding to the plating and butt welding is used to connect the plate panels. Due to the welding process initial
deflections and residual stresses are produced. For the proposed finite element model initial deflections of
plating and stiffeners have been considered. Furthermore, the influence of welding residual stresses on the
ultimate hull girder strength is analysed for the different load cases.
Keywords: Ultimate strength, Nonlinear finite element analysis, Smith’s method, Welding residual stresses,
Bending, Hull girder.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

7. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

ON THE MODELING OF THE NONLINEAR DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF COMPOSITE WIND MON

TURBINE BLADES
George Jagite , Damien Coache , Šime Malenica
1 2 2

14:10 - 15:50
1
SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
2
Bureau Veritas, Paris, France
Abstract. Within the energy transition towards renewable energy sources, offshore wind turbines represent a
key solution and received much attention from researchers and classification societies over the last decades.
However, among the different challenges engineers have to cope with is modeling the dynamic behavior of
composite wind turbine blades. Those are made of multiple layers of fiber-reinforced composites and core

MARE III
materials, having an anisotropic behavior, leading to strong couplings between all degrees of freedom.
Therefore, this research focuses on analyzing the performances of different anisotropic beam element
formulations proposed in the literature and developing a fullyconsistent nonlinear 3D finite element (FE)
beam model for composite blades using the co-rotational framework. Within the co-rotational approach, the
nonlinear dynamic response is decomposed into the rigid body and pure deformational parts. Moreover, the
internal and inertia force vectors, as well as the tangent stiffness and dynamic matrices, are defined using
different element formulations and shape functions. This paper embodies the mathematical model, together
with some essential insights on the numerical implementation. Finally, the newly developed nonlinear FE
beam models are validated on standard tests for anisotropic beams, both static and dynamic.
Keywords: 3D anisotropic beam, Geometrically nonlinear dynamic, Corotational method, Finite rotations,
Wind turbine blades.

FATIGUE ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITES PARTS FOR MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY

CONVERTERS
Jean-Christophe Petiteau1, Stéphane Paboeuf1
1
Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, Saint-Herblain, France
Abstract. Fibre reinforced composites are more and more used in the context of marine energy production
devices. The specific properties of composites and their resistance to corrosion are of main interest for these
applications. In this context, the Fibregy project aims at promoting the fibre reinforced plastics for marine
energy converters. This project addresses the design and manufacturing aspects of two Renewable Energy
Offshore Platforms: a tidal power turbine and a floating offshore twin-wind turbine. One of the main issues of
these devices is usually the large number of cycles experienced during their service life. The characterization
in fatigue of composite material is therefore necessary for technology developers. A fatigue analysis
methodology is developed aiming to simulate the fatigue strength of composite parts similarly to quasi-static
strength analysis. Using composite macro-mechanics, the forces applied on a laminate are converted into
ply-by-ply stresses. A formulation, based on laminate failure theories, is proposed to separate the macro-
mechanical ply-by-ply stresses into equivalent fibre and matrix stresses. By means of S-N curves data for
uni-directional fibres and extrapolation using Goodman diagram, the quasi-static micro-mechanical stresses
are used to predict the global damage of a composite structure during his service life. This methodology is
developed to give fast results for design engineers and to minimize the amount of required tests.
Keywords: Composite materials, Fatigue, SN curve, Constant fatigue life diagram.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

8. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MONITORING

MON FLEET STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY THROUGH MONITORING AND DATA FUSION

Remco Hageman1, Ingo Drummen1, Ian Thompson2, Karl Stambaugh3
1
MARIN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
14:10 - 15:50

2
DRDC Atlantic Research Centre, Dartmouth, Canada
3
USCG SFLC, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Abstract. Knowledge of the operational and loading history creates a powerful tool to aid in service lifecycle
decisions for ship structures. Lifecycle structural integrity and related maintenance decisions can be improved
by structural monitoring to gain information on the important uncertainties in loading and response history.
Traditional hull monitoring relies on a variety and number of sensors to obtain this data. However, more
MARE IV

efficient methods and combinations are being developed for fleet applications. In a virtual hull structure
monitoring approach, AIS and hindcast wave data are combined with the numerical model of the vessel to
obtain an assessment of the structural response. Compared to a fully instrumented ship, a virtual monitoring
approach will be less accurate. But the technique can easily be applied to a fleet of vessels at relatively low
investment cost. For that reason, virtual monitoring approaches will play an important role in the development
of fleet monitoring solutions. Limited instrumentation on one or multiple vessels can help to identify the
accuracy and uncertainties associated with virtual monitoring. The trade-offs between accuracy and system
cost for several types of state-of-the-art structural response monitoring solutions are discussed in the context
of application for a fleet of naval vessels. The discussion includes a view on data fusion including instrumented
and non-instrumented vessels. The identification and classification of uncertainties in the structural response
during the operational life are addressed. The accuracy and uncertainty associated with the use of hindcast
data is examined. Uncertainties arising from the (nonlinear) structural response of the vessels are quantified
using data from instrumented vessels. Combined, this results in data acquisition recommendations that reflect
the information requirements to support fleet management decisions.
Keywords: Monitoring, Structural response, Hindcast, Data analysis.

FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MEASURING PROCEDURE OF SHIP MOTION AND HULL

GIRDER DEFORMATION BY USING GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
Kimihiro Toh1, Yamato Kurisaki1, Shinichi Hirakawa2, Yoshitaka Kawajiri2, Kotaro Furukawa3,
Hideaki Murayama4, Daisuke Yanagihara1
1
Kyushu University, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan
2
Nihon Shipyard Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
3
Hongo Development Group Inc., Tokyo, Japan
4
The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Science, Chiba, Japan
Abstract. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the generic term for satellite positioning systems,
e.g., GPS (USA), QZSS (Japan ), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China). GNSS is widely used not only
for military purposes but also for civil utilizations such as aerial/land/sea navigations. In the positioning
system with GNSS, the position of each receiver is determined by specifying distances to each satellite based on
the time information contained in radio waves from satellites. Recently, more accurate position information
can be obtained with a combination of multiple satellites, and centimeter-class positioning has become
possible. In this paper, the measuring procedure of ship motion and hull girder deformation by using GNSS
is fundamentally investigated. The target ship is a Capesize bulk carrier, and five GNSS sensors are installed
on board. In addition, one GNSS sensor is installed on land near the target ship as a reference station for the
relative positioning. Positioning analyses based on measuring results by GNSS are performed using an open
source program “RTKLIB” in this study. The results show that GNSS measurement on the order of centimeters is
possible, and a ship’s inclination of several degrees can be obtained. Furthermore, it may be possible to assess
the hull girder deformation due to ballast loading and/or motion in waves. The discussion on applicability of
GNSS measurement for large vessels is presented in detail.
Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite System, Measurement of Ship Motion and Hull Girder Deformation.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

8. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MONITORING

EVALUATION OF SHIP MOTIONS AND HULL STRUCTURAL STRENGTH FOR CONTAINER MON
SHIPS BASED ON AIS DATA AND WAVE HINDCAST
Rei Miratsu , Wataru Fujimoto , Tsutomu Fukui , Hiroshi Ochi
1 1 1 2

14:10 - 15:50
1
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK), Research Institute, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
2
Ship Data Center, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. With the recent improvement of communication between ship and shore, big data analysis and
sensing technology, it is now becoming possible to grasp the conditions of hull structures in actual sea.
The encountered wave spectrum can be derived from the wave hindcast along the ship track based on the
Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Furthermore, direct load structure analysis has been developed to

MARE IV
improve the ship design and this analysis also makes it possible to evaluate the hull structural strength of ships
in service by directly using AIS data and wave hindcast. In this study, the wave-induced motions of a container
ship were estimated based on 3-D Green function method and encountered wave spectrum derived from the
wave hindcast. We also estimated the longitudinal stresses of a container ship on upper deck longitudinals and
lower part of longitudinal bulkheads on both port and starboard sides at fore part, midship part and aft part of
the ship in the actual sea states by combining direct load structure analysis and encountered wave spectrum.
In order to verify the accuracy of the estimated results, a comparison between estimated results and full-scale
measurement data was conducted. Furthermore, comparison of wave spectrum settings between encountered
wave spectrum derived by the wave hindcast and Pierson-Moskowitz wave spectrum was discussed in this
study. It was found that ship motions and longitudinal stresses of targeted positions derived from encountered
sea states based on the AIS data and wave hindcast showed a good correlation with the measurement data.
Keywords: Digital twin, Full-scale measurement, AIS data, Hindcast wave data, Container ships.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE CORROSION-INDUCED FAILURES OF THE INNER BOTTOM PLATING

OF FUEL OIL TANKS
Spiro Ivosevic1, Natasa Kovac2, Gyöngyi Vastag3
1
University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty Kotor, Kotor, Montenegro
2
University of Donja Gorica, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Podgorica, Montenegro
3
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
Abstract. Corrosion causes the reduction of the original thickness of materials over time, affects the reduction
of carrying capacity and longitudinal strength and causes failures that can lead to further pollution. The listed
issues emerge when the plates of fuel tanks excessively decay and lose impermeability. The leakage of oil can
cause the pollution of cargo, ballast tanks or the seawater. This research analyses data on the degradation of
steel plates in order to determine the intensity of the corrosion on the inner bottom plating that are located
between the fuel tanks and cargo holds of an aged bulk carrier. The data on the thickness of the plates for 25
years of exploitation facilitated the examination of a linear corrosion model which was expressed in mm of the
wear of steel plates. The analysis of the segments of a steel plate, which was corroded and, therefore, replaced
from the surface of the inner bottom plating, enabled the Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis of the samples from
both sides of the plate. The obtained results indicated that the degree of the corrosion of the inner bottom
plating significantly varies depending on the environment of the plate and that corrosion is more intensive
on the bottom side that is in contact with fuel tanks. However, the compatibility of the linear model with the
changes in chemical composition in all types of the environment is rather questionable.
Keywords: Ships corrosion, Inner bottom plates, Corrosion depth, Linear model.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

9. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MANEUVERING II

MON MODIFIED MMG MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR MANOEUVRING SIMULATIONS OF SHIPS

DRIVEN BY AZIMUTH THRUSTERS
Sebastian Bielicki1,2
16:20 – 18:00

1
Maritime Advanced Research Centre (CTO S.A.), Gdańsk, Poland
2
Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Gdańsk, Poland
Abstract. In this paper the modified MMG model for manoeuvring simulations of vessel with azimuth
thrusters is presented. The azimuth thruster forces included in the equations of mathematical model
were confirmed by experiments carried out on thruster model in oblique flow open water conditions. The
hydrodynamic coefficients and hull-thrusters interaction coefficients were experimentally evaluated during
DUBRAVA I

tests with use of planar motions mechanism. The forces on rotated azimuth thruster were established by
the simplified momentum equation and flow deflection coefficient taken from open water experiments
on thrusters in oblique flow. The results of simulations were compared with turning manoeuvres carried
out experimentally on free running model in tank and non-restricted water area (Isag lake). This approach
shows a lot of promise in azimuth thrusters driven ship manoeuvring assessment at the early stage of design
process.
Keywords: Simulation, Azimuth thrusters, MMG, Manoeuvring.

PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF AN ANGLE OF HEEL DUE TO TURNING MANEUVER

OF SMALL TRAINING SHIPS: COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND STATIC DESIGN
CRITERIA
Przemyslaw Krata1,2, Tomasz Hinz2, Spencer August Dugan3, Mathias Marley3, Jakub Montewka4
1
Waterborne Transport Innovation, Poland
2
Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
3
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
4
Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Abstract. In the contemporary International Code on Intact Stability (IS Code), the requirement limiting the
angle of heel of passenger ships during turning manoeuvres is designed to prevent excessive heeling during
rapid course alterations. The criterion, with the threshold set to 10 degrees heel, is evaluated at the ship
design stage for all expected loading conditions. However, the contemporary static-based approach does
not adequately capture operational situations requiring a sudden turn, occasionally applied as a last chance
collision avoidance manoeuvre or a strong current counteraction. These sudden turns may introduce unsafe
stability conditions, as evidenced by the capsizing of the Sewol ferry in 2014, resulting in a death toll of three
hundred. Small training vessels are not obliged to meet the criterion. However, they are not less safety-
critical than passenger ships, as they carry many people onboard, though not classified as passengers.
Inspired by the Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria (SGISC) philosophy, we investigated the dynamic
angle of heel during turns for small training vessels. A series of ship motion simulations are carried out to
identify whether the contemporary GZ-based criterion is adequate. The simulations account for both the
manoeuvrability and stability characteristics of a sample ship. An up-to-date 6DoF ship dynamics model
is utilized to enable discovering any major deficiencies of the possibly oversimplified static approach. The
contemporary IS Code criterion is compared to the results of simulations.
Keywords: Stability criteria evaluation, Stability during turning, Heel due to ship turn, Ship stability in
operation.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

9. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MANEUVERING II

COURSE-KEEPING ABILITY AND MINIMUM PROPULSION POWER ASSESSMENT IN MON

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS USING A MANOEUVRING-SEAKEEPING UNIFIED MODEL
Xiaofei Mao , Xingyu Zhan
1,2 1

16:20 – 18:00
1
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
2
Key Laboratory of High-performance Ship Technology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
Abstract. The installed power of ships can affect the manoeuvrability, especially the course-keeping ability and
even navigation safety in severe sea state. IMO newly adopted the latest revised Guidelines for Determining
Minimum Propulsion Power to Maintain the Manoeuvrability of Ships in Adverse Conditions in 2021. However,
the guidelines have not yet specified clear requirement to ensure manoeuvrability in waves, which is one of the

DUBRAVA I
original intentions of proposing the guidelines. A manoeuvring-seakeeping unified model of ship motions in actual
seas was developed to simulate the course-keeping manoeuvres of KVLCC2 in this work. Then, the course-keeping
ability in different wave directions with different autopilot parameters, as well as a MCR limit of engine, were
discussed. Following this, the level-3 comprehensive assessment of minimum propulsion power (MPP) was realized
and compared with the level-1 and level-2 assessment results according to MPP Guidelines. The results indicate
that the level-2 simplified assessment in the guidelines cannot fully ensure the safe manoeuvrability of ships. The
level-3 assessment by time-domain method, considering the effects of complete wave drift forces and dynamic
steering process, can demonstrate the course-keeping ability of ships in adverse conditions more clearly, which is
in line with the essence of the MPP problem. Last but not least, the sensitivity investigation of the influence factors
including minimum advance speed, maximum course deviation, range of wave direction and autopilot parameters
on the MPP assessment provides some suggestions for the further development of the MPP Guidelines.
Keywords: Course-keeping ability in waves, Minimum propulsion power, Level-3 comprehensive assessment,
Manoeuvrability in waves, Manoeuvring-seakeeping unified model.

MANEUVERING OF SUBMARINES AT PERISCOPE DEPTHS IN A SEAWAY

Renato Skejic1, Odd M. Faltinsen2
1
Department of Ships and Ocean Structures, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
2
NTNU AMOS - Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim,
Norway
Abstract. Successful execution of the tactically demanding surveillance submarine missions with high score
operational effectiveness is crucially dependent of the maneuvering capabilities of a submarine. This is especially
true in the situations when the mission(s) in question demands from the engaged submarine to execute series of the
so called 'stealth' non-engagement observation maneuvers. During execution of the designated type of 'stealth'
maneuvers the submarine can experience variety of the environmental loading conditions characterized by the
seaway and current. Present study is dealing with the maneuvering analysis of a preselected type of submarine,
namely Joubert BB2 submarine with sail design configuration operating at the periscope depth in actual seas
described by Tabain's wind wave spectrum for Adriatic Sea while, the current load effects are neglected. The
submarine is engaged in the preselected level type of maneuvers in the horizontal plane, namely Turning and
Zig – Zag (ZZ) maneuvers. The mentioned type of maneuvers take place in deep water and at the forward speeds
corresponding to the low and medium Froude numbers. The unified maneuvering and seakeeping analyses is
carried out by following the two-time scale approach based on the modular maneuvering (MMG) concept having
foundation on nonlinear slender-body theory. Prediction of the rudder loads is carried out by considering X
configuration of the submarine rudder planes while, the submarine propulsion is achieved by considering a highly
skewed type of propeller, i.e., MARIN 7371R propeller. The nonlinear viscous crossflow loads are accounted for
by the crossflow principle. For determination of the submarine total resistance in calm water the generalized
procedure outlined by ITTC is adopted. In particular, the focus has been given to the estimation of wave resistance
component in calm and deep water according to the generalized ordinary Michell’s thin ship theory without the
viscosity effects and in particular case to the 3D Rankine panel method. The obtained results from the above
investigated maneuvering trials related to the main maneuvering parameters of an investigated submarine are
discussed from the perspective of operational effectiveness of the performed maneuvers.
Keywords: Combined seakeeping and maneuvering, Two-time scale model, Calm and Deep water.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

10. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN III

MON BALANCING DESIGNER INFLUENCE WITH REWORK FOR DESIGN PATHS OF A SIMPLE
POLYNOMIAL MODEL
Joseph Van Houten1, David Singer1, Matthew Collette1
16:20 – 18:00

1
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Abstract. Path selection is a temporal undertaking characterized by the order design activities are performed
and decisions are made. It may be considered arbitrary in the grand scheme of marine design, but it can have
far-reaching impacts on required rework in the maturation of an acceptable design solution. Marine design
is largely human-driven in the handling of interdependent vessel characteristics between analyses, so
any simulation capturing the progression and iteration of design activities must account for actual human
MARE II

tendencies. The following research extends a previous study exploring the likelihood of design convergence
based on path selection. The new study assumes analyses cannot be executed in multiple directions nor
combined, which introduces different types of rework. The updated model explores the same variables and
paths as the previous study through two simulation sdiffering in experience and rework while simultaneously
acknowledging the independent variables a designer has influence over with each design activity. Both
simulations highlight the path benefits and flaws pertaining to convergence probability, designer influence,
and requisite rework. With these new understandings, designers can begin to make more well-informed
decisions on how to efficiently approach their own design problem.
Keywords: Design paths, Design activities, Requirements, Independent variables, Rework, Experience.

APPLICATION OF PROLATE SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS FOR ASSESSMENT AND

PREDICTION OF SHIP RESPONSES
Tomoki Takami1, Ulrik Dam Nielsen2,3, Jørgen Juncher Jensen2
1
National Maritime Research Institute, Japan
2
Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
3
Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, NTNU AMOS, Norway
Abstract. Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions (PSWF) proposed by Slepian and Pollak possess several properties,
a) Orthogonality, b) Band-limited, and c) Fourier invariance, amongst others. Thanks to these properties, it has
been also known that every band-limited time signal and its spectra can be represented by a simple linear
superposition of PSWF. In the present paper, three case studies of the application of PSWF to the prediction
and assessment of ship responses making use of the above properties are presented. The first case study is
concerned with extreme ship response prediction, where PSWF is utilized for ocean wave representation
with a small number of stochastic variables. The computational efficiency of the extreme value predictions
was demonstrated in combination with the First Order Reliability Method. The second case study is focused
on deterministic time series prediction of ship motion. Herein, the autocorrelation functions of the responses
are used for the prediction, where PSWF is utilized for smoothing the measured autocorrelation functions
and associated power spectrum densities. By taking this means, the improvement of prediction accuracy was
demonstrated. The final case is an application to time-domain sea state estimation, i.e. reconstruction of wave
profiles, based on response measurements, by exploiting the Fourier invariance of PSWF to detect the phase
angles of waves and responses. Use of PSWF offered accurate reconstructions of the incident wave profiles
even based on relatively short-time response measurements.
Keywords: Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions, First Order Reliability Method, Deterministic Prediction, Sea
State Estimation.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

10. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN III

AN IMPROVED APPROACH FOR ON-BOARD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ROBUSTNESS MON

ESTIMATION IN EARLY-STAGE SHIP DESIGN
Evelien Scheffers , Peter de Vos
1 1

16:20 – 18:00
1
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft,
Netherlands
Abstract. Reliability and survivability play a key role in the ship operation and ship design process of navy
ships, but increasingly also of complex commercial vessels. These requirements prove relevant for different
elements within the ship design scope, including the distribution system design of data, energy and fluid
(water, fuel, oil, etc.). In early-stage ship design, distribution system robustness estimation is crucial in

MARE II
performing a substantiated trade-off between system availability and system investment costs. Van
Mieghem et al. have developed a framework for computing topological network robustness; a generally
applicable robustness approach using a graph representation as network system model. This framework
has been applied on on-land power grids and more abstract networks such as the internet. However, due to
the general nature of the framework, the applicability of the framework to on-board distribution systems
is not self-evident. In this study, the required assumptions and adjustments to applythis mathematical
approach to on-board distribution systems are described. Moreover, the usefulness of this method for
system robustness estimation in early-stage ship design is considered and demonstrated. In conclusion, an
improved robustness estimation of distribution systems makes for an overall more reliable ship; a property
to be pursued for increasingly complex ships.
Keywords: On-board energy distribution systems, System robustness and vulnerability, Early-stage ship
design and system design, Network Theory.

PROPELLER DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR A WIND-ASSISTED KVLCC2

Ioli Gypa1, Marcus Jansson2, Robert Gustafsson2, Sofia Werner3, Rickard Bensow1
1
Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
2
Kongsberg Maritime Sweden AB, Kristinehamn, Sweden
3
SSPA Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract. Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) has received much attention lately with research focusing
on the different sail technologies, ship-hull design optimisation and weather route optimisation. However,
the traditional propulsion system is still needed for wind assisted vessels and is associated with several
challenges, related to the wide range of operating conditions and propeller loads due to the varying degree
of wind-assistance that will occur. In this study we use an interactive design and optimisation methodology
applied on propellers of wind-assisted vessels. The methodology involves handling the complete operating
profile of the propeller, an optimisation method for interactive cavi-tation evaluation by the blade designer,
and the use of a new objective, the total energy consumption (TEC) of the expected operation. We use a
case study where the KVLCC2 tanker is retrofitted with six Flettner rotor sails, operating between two fixed
destinations at constant speed. The purpose is to investigate to what extent a new propeller design can offer a
significantly lower TEC when compared to the existing design. Based on the results of this study, approximately
0.9% further reduction in TEC was achieved with the WASP adapted propeller compared to the existing one.
Keywords: Marine propeller design, Wind-assisted ship propulsion, Interactive optimisation, Fixed-pitch
propeller, Total energy consumption.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

11. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS III

MON ACCOUNTING FOR THE NONLINEARITIES OF TANK SUPPORTS IN STRUCTURAL

ASSESSMENT OF THE VESSELS EQUIPPED WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS
Šime Malenica1, Thiago Novaes2, Jerome de Lauzon1, Fabien Bigot1, Ivo Senjanović3, Nikola
16:20 – 18:00

Vladimir3, Byung-Ki Choi 4

1
Bureau Veritas, Paris La Defense, France
2
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Techniques Avancées, Paris, France
3
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
4
Hyundai Heavy Industry, Ulsan, South Korea
Abstract. Many vessels nowadays are equipped with independent tanks either for the purpose of LNG/LPG
MARE III

transportation or for the use of LNG/LPG as a fuel. The particularity of the independent tanks is that they are
not rigidly connected to the hull structure but are supported by an important number of dedicated supports.
During the operations, and depending on the wave conditions, these supports can temporarily loose contact or
the tank can slide over them. These effects have an important influence on the structural response, especially
close to the contact region, and need to be accounted for consistently in the structural analysis. The problem of
contact is fundamentally nonlinear and cannot be treated using a linear structural solver. Commercial software
(Nastran, Abaqus…) provide a general solution to contact problems, but the computational time becomes
prohibitive for practical applications of long simulations in waves. The method developed in the present work
uses a set of pre-calculated linear responses and combines them in an iterative procedure in order to assess the
nonlinearities of the contacts behavior. The method is validated by comparisons with the expensive Nastran
simulations and it is shown that the CPU time is incomparably lower for the same accuracy. In addition the new
method appears to be much more stable than the one implemented in Nastran. The efficiency of the proposed
procedure is first validated on simplified cases and is finally applied to the practical case of real vessel.
Keywords: Independent tanks, Contact problem, Hydro-structure interactions.

COMPARATIVE GLOBAL STRENGTH ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR MEGA YACHTS

Maciej Radon1, Sascha Küster2
1
DNV, Hamburg, Germany
2
Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
Abstract: By several global strength calculations of mega yachts, it was noticed that it is difficult to generate
reasonable equivalent design waves to match the typical envelopes of global bending moments as defined
in classification rules. In this work a comparative study is conducted. The rules envelopes are compared
with directly calculated global loads. For load generation a linear 3d Rankine source (potential theory)
method with non-linear corrections is applied, while spectral methods are used for evaluation. This is done
for a selected modern yacht shape and several examples simplified hull shapes. The structural capacity
of the yacht is re-evaluated using the directly calculated loads. The work shows the impact of the quick
changing hull shapes of the modern mega yachts on the global loads especially on the endured loads in the
bow. Consequences to the design, new possibilities in the design when using of directly calculated loads
are shown and discussed.
Keywords: Mega Yachts, Design, Structures, Global Loads.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

11. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS III

APPLICATION OF MODAL STRAIN ENERGY ANALYSIS TO DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION IN MON

MARINE STRUCTURES
Daniele Dessi , Fabio Passacantilli
1 1

16:20 – 18:00
1
CNR-INM, Rome, Italy
Abstract. The experimental identification of damage on plain and stiffened panels is performed using
methods based on modal curvature and modal strain energy analysis. The techniques considered require
setting up a reference (intact) configuration with which the damaged structure is compared. The type of
damage experimentally analyzed consists of a local reduction in the thickness of the plate or a transverse cut
of the stiffened plate. The calculation of the modal strain energy requires the identification of the structural

MARE III
modes, which are obtained with the roving hammer technique from the accelerometer data. The application
of damage identification techniques to experimental data poses some difficulties in terms of numerical
evaluation of modal curvatures and strain energy integrals. Thus, the refinement of the procedure considered
for the identification of the damage is the necessary premise for more challenging structural health monitoring
of naval structures.
Keywords: Damage identification, Modal curvature, Strain energy, Structural health monitoring.

THE HULL STRUCTURAL RESPONSE PREDICTION METHOD USING DISTORTION BASE MODE
FOR VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS OF CONTAINER SHIP
Joonhyuk Yang1, Beom-Seon Jang2
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National
University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
2
Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul, South Korea
Abstract. Some researchers in the marine industry have developed key methods that can be utilized for
digital twin technology for ship structure. Bigot et al. (2014) proposed a method to predict unmeasured
stresses or hull girder loads using stresses measured at different positions based on a conversion method with
orthogonal distortion mode. This method successfully predicted values under loading conditions with both
hull girder loads and stress results but has a limitation in that it is valid only for a loading condition for that
motion analysis and whole ship structural analysis are carried out. If the loading condition is different from
the analysis case, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed since the stress and hull girder loads distortion modes
are also changed. This issue becomes remarkable for a container vessel of which loading conditions are
continuously changed. This paper performs a series of motion analysis to compute hull girder loads for various
loading conditions of the 13300 TEU class containership Magellan and uses artificial neural network (ANN) to
find out relationships between hull girder loads and stresses at locations of interest. ANN is used to predict the
stresses for strain gage locations from the hull girder loads. Based on the predicted structural behaviors of the
new loading condition, conversion method by the distortion base mode can be applied. The proposed method
is verified for a numerical analysis data.
Keywords: Artificial neural network (ANN), Distortion base mode, Structural integrity, Digital twin
technology, Structure monitoring.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

12. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - RISK ASSESSMENT

MON EVACUATION ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER SHIPS CONSIDERING INTERMEDIATE FLOODING

Ki-Su Kim1, Myung-Il Roh2, Seung-Ho Ham3, Sol Ha4
1
University of Ulsan, School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Ulsan, South Korea
16:20 – 18:00

2
Seoul National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering & Research Institute of Marine
Systems Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
3
Changwon National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Changwon, South Korea
4
Mokpo National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Mokpo, South Korea
Abstract. Ship accidents worldwide continue to rise, resulting in an increasing number of casualties. For
the safety of passengers on ships, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulates standards for
evacuation analysis through SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.) Until now, the
MARE IV

evacuation time was calculated using a simplified evacuation analysis that assumes the movement of a
passenger as a flow of fluid as regulated by IMO. However, according to the revised IMO regulations in 2016, it
is recommended to perform an advanced evacuation analysis method that reflects the characteristics of each
passenger similar to the actual situation and calculates the passenger evacuation time through this. Therefore,
a passenger behaviour model was proposed for an advanced evacuation analysis in this study. It was
developed to make it easy to add, remove, and modify various characteristics of passengers by constructing a
multi-channel behaviour model. The characteristics of passengers generally include individual characteristics
for escaping the shortest distance to a destination and group characteristics in consideration of surrounding
people. Furthermore, if the ship is damaged, it may be flooded and change attitude. Therefore, it was added
as one channel in the passenger behaviour model. In this study, the effectiveness of the proposed model was
evaluated by applying it to various scenarios according to the IMO regulations and examples similar to the
actual accident.
Keywords: Evacuation Analysis, Passenger Ships, Intermediate Flooding, Multi-channel Behaviour Model.

GROUNDING ACCIDENT ANALYSIS USING CLASSIFIED FACTORS

Yuichiro Yanagi1
1
National Maritime Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. Systematical classification of accident factors is very important for analysis and appropriate
countermeasures to reduce accidents. In a former study, a checklist to analyze capsizing and sinking accidents
was proposed by extracting and classifying factors from investigation reports published by the Japan Transport
Safety Board (JTSB). Grounding accidents were thought to be consisted of similar factors since the three types
of accidents were thought to branch from a common factor such as engine failure. The classified factors were
tweaked to broaden the applicability to grounding. The aim of the study is to apply the checklist to grounding
accidents and to organize countermeasures to decrease such accidents. The scope was investigation reports
of grounding accidents published by the JTSB between April 2016 and March 2021. Event sequence of each
accident was clarified by choosing the factors that were involved and by sorting them in chronological order.
The accidents were divided into two main categories: grounding in waves or currents and grounding in calm
water. The analysis clarified the factors that were highly involved. Hence applying countermeasures to such
factors could prevent or mitigate accidents. The countermeasures introduced in the investigation reports and
references were organized to specify the time series. It was shown that not only capsizing and sinking analysis
but also grounding analysis could be facilitated by applying the unified checklist.
Keywords: Grounding, Accident Analysis, Accident Factor, Classification, Countermeasure.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

12. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - RISK ASSESSMENT

AN INTEGRATED FMECA STUDY OF CRUISE SHIP PROPULSION MODULE SHAFTING MON

SYSTEM USING INTERVAL TYPE-2 FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM
Shoaib Ahmed , Tie Li , Shuai Huang
1 1,2 1

16:20 – 18:00
1
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
2
Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai, China
Abstract. With over twenty years of sea service since the first pod propulsion system was installed on board,
it has revolutionized the performance of ship propulsion and maneuvering operations, ensuring ship safety,
cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and optimized vessel performance. The primary objective of doing this

MARE IV
accident-based failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis research for failures of the Cruise ship propulsion
module shafting system is to investigate, identify and perform a quantitative risk assessment for further
prevention of worst-case scenarios. This study is based on the real-ship accident case of the Cunard’s 90,049
Gross tonnage cruise vessel Queen Victoria, which replaced a bearing on one of the ship’s propulsion units. For
accident-based FMECA studies, the expert team of engineers from the Ship’s Marine engineering department
and onshore Marine specialists provided their input. The experts’ elicitations were based on the indices given
by them on the risk assessment parameters such as severity (S), occurrence (O), and non-detection (D), further
used to calculate Fuzzy risk and risk prioritization number (FRPN) values. An artificial intelligence technique
such as Interval type-2 fuzzy expert system is developed by employing a rule-based fuzzy logic system for
risk quantification and prioritizing based on data collected from the experts’ elicitations. It is modeled and
evaluated using Trapezoidal membership functions to compute the corresponding risk values and assess
potential failure impacts. The risk analysis method employed in this study can be utilized in a real-world
situation, and the findings can be used to considerably reduce and eliminate probable failures, improving the
ship’s safety and system reliability.
Keywords: Propulsion module shafting system FMECA, Maritime safety, Cruise ship accidents, Ship Pod
Propulsion, Type-2 Fuzzy expert system, Marine Machinery operation, Integrated Electric Propulsion.

APPLICATION OF A RISK ANALYSIS BASED ON HISTORICAL DATA TO PREVENT CARGO

IGNITION ON RO-RO, RO-PAX AND CAR-CARRIER SHIPS
África Marrero1, Francisco Rodero1
1
CENIT (RTD group of CIMNE-CERCA), Barcelona, Spain
Abstract. Statistics reveal that 90% of fires in ro-pax ships are initiated in the carried cargo. Today, all cargo
(except dangerous goods) is loaded without consideration to the hazards they involve in ro-ro ships, leaving
room for improving the stowage process from the ignition prevention perspective. This paper describes the
methodology followed to perform a risk assessment of the cargo based on historical data, mainly gathered
from maritime sources of information but also from other relevant environments. The initial step consisted of
a compilation of incidents caused by a fire, located in ro-ro spaces and that have been started in cargo, since it
is the scope of LASH FIRE, an H2020 funded project (Grant Agreement #814975). Once completed the population
of the database, next step involves an evaluation considering two main variables: the ro-ro space and the
cargo type. This evaluation will calculate not only the risk that, given its placement, a specific cargo has, but
also the risk considering the cargo located in the surroundings. The methodology used includes a variant of a
criticality analysis, commonly used in maintenance, adapted to the frequency of occurrence and severity of the
different types of origins and causes of the fire.
Keywords: Fire safety, Risk assessment, Ignition prevention, Fire hazard management.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

TUESDAY, 11 OCTOBER 2022 PROGRAMME

08:30 - REGISTRATION
Onwards
09:00 – 09:45 PLENARY LECTURE 3 - MARE I
J.J. Jensen: Extreme Value Predictions and Critical Wave Episodes for Marine Structures
09:45 – 10:30 PLENARY LECTURE 4 - MARE I
Q. Derbanne: Brief History of Rule Loads and Longitudinal Strength of Ships
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee break
11:00 – 12:40 13. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 14. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 15. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Seakeeping I Design IV Structures,
Structural analysis IV
X.B. Chen, M.Q. Nguyen, I. Ten, B. Sulkowski, A. Magistro, J.
C. Ouled Housseine, Y.M. Choi, Van Houten, M.D. Collette: A. Tatsumi, Y. Kageyama,
L. Diebold, S. Malenica, Long-Term Voyage Decision M. Fujikubo:
G. De-Hauteclocque, Making for Crewless Development of Bayesian
Q. Derbanne: Platforms Statistical Model of Welding
New Seakeeping S. Jung, S. Ha, J. Cha, J. Lee, S. Initial Deflection and
Computations based on Kang, Ultimate Strength Assessment
Potential Flows Linearised P.A. Rahmanto: of Plates under In-Plane
over the Ship-Shaped Stream Configuration of Small Compression
A. Olmez, F. Cakici., P. Sahoo: Unmanned Surface Vessel T. Miyashita, K. Mikami,
Validation of Strip Theory Prototype with Autonomous M. Kobayashi,
Based Frequency-Domain Navigation Y. Komoriyama, C. Ma, K. Toh,
Ship Motion Code N.P. Ventikos, A. Koimtzoglou, H. Murayama:
V. Podimatas, A. Rammos, Deformation Estimation
D.J. Jung, S.H. Kim: of Container Ship in Waves
Study of Submarine E. Trifonopoulos:
Initial Design Elements for by Inverse Finite Element
Seakeeping Performance Method
at Free Surface Condition in the Development of a Testbed
Regular Waves for Safety Analysis of MASS J. Choung, D.H. Yoon:
T. Kuroda: Structural Damage
A.K. Banik, M.R. Teja, S. Roy: Assessment of an Icebreaker
Hydrodynamic Performance Evaluation and
Countermeasures for due to Collision with a Small-
of Single and Double-Row Sized Iceberg Considering
Floating Breakwaters Excessive Acceleration at the
Bridge Caused by the Ship Hydrodynamic Forces
Stability J.P. Pineau, E. Lerondel,
P. De Champs, T. Looten, F.
Conti,
H. Le Sourne:
Ship Side Grounding
Parametric Analysis based on
a Super-Element Approach
12:40 – 14:10 Lunch

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME TUESDAY, 11 OCTOBER 2022

14:10 – 16. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 17. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 18. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
15:50 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Seakeeping II Design V Systems, Process & Operations

E.H. Min, H.J. Jeong, W.J. Seong, J. Heiskari, J. Romanoff, A. Laakso, L. Huang, W. Hetharia, A. Grech La
J.B. Kim, W.C. Koo: J.W. Ringsberg: Rosa, S. Riyadi, D. Setyawan, I.K.A.P.
Comparison of Wave Loads and Thickness Optimization of Utama, G. Thomas:
Free Surface Displacements Insulating Glass unit in Cruise Computational Study on the
According to Free Surface Update Ships Potential Transmission of COVID-19
Numerical Schemes T.L. Mai, M. Jeon, A.K. Vo, H.K. Yoon: Virus on an Indonesian Fishing
T.T.D. Nguyen, H.T. Vu, H.K. Yoon: Establishment of Empirical Vessel
Study of the Effect of Ship’s Formulae for the Hydrodynamic Y. Kim, K. Lee, L. (Y.O.) Kim, Y. Han,
Principal Dimension on Derivatives of Submarine H.B. Yeo:
Seakeeping Performance of considering Design Parameters A Study on the Application of
Fishing Trawler in Bering Sea W. Cai, X. Zhang, M. Hu, Z. Chen, Augmented Reality-Based Remote
T. Petranović, I. Gledić, A. Mikulić, X. Tan, T. Zhang: Maintenance System using MWP
J. Parunov: Intelligent Layout of the Database
Frequency Independent Model Accessible Cabin of Cruise Ships V. Ložar, N. Hadžić, T. Opetuk,
Error of Closed-Form Expressions D.J. Kim, H. Ahn, D.J. Yeo: R. Keser:
for Calculating Wave-Induced Estimation of Calm Water Efficient Algorithms for Evaluation
Ship Motions in Vertical Plane Powering and Manoeuvring of the Steel Hull Process
M. Zu, , K. Garme, A. Rosén, N. Performance of ONR Tumblehome L. Braidotti, J. Prpić-Oršić, M. Valčić:
Costa: based on Towing Tank Tests Free-Outflow Modelling in the
Specifying Seakeeping Criteria Linearised Progressive Flooding
for Efficient Task Performance Simulation Methodology
15:50 –
Coffee break
16:20
16:20 – 19. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 20. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 21. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
18:00 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Hull form optimization Performance analysis Construction & Design

B. Kossmann, O.B. el Moctar: Y. Cho, K.H. Jeon, S.B. Lee, I. Lee: D.H. Chun, M.I. Roh, H.W. Lee:
Design and Optimization of a Prediction of the Ship Performance A Method for Automatic Control of
Pusher Boat Barge Unit under using Dynamic Model (Multi-Input Cranes for Block Lifting in Shipyard
Shallow Water Conditions / Single –Output, MISO) based on S.Y. Kang, S. Ha, J.H. Cha, P.T. Laras,
Y. Xing-Kaeding, A. Papanikolaou, Ship Operation Data J.H. Lee, H.J. Kim, D.H. Jang, K.P. Park:
A. Kanellopoulou, G. Dafermos, T. Katayama, M. Kinugasa, Shape Recognition for Automation
G. Zaraphonitis: M. Namba: of Grinding Operation in the
Hydrodynamic Studies on a Development of Acceleration Shipyard
Zero Emission Battery-Driven Simulation from Rest of Planing E. Holzerbauer, T. Modaleck,
Fast-Ferry Craft with Outboard Engine by D. Pejković, I. Ćutić:
Y. Wei, W. Zhao, D.C. Wan: using Time History Input Data of Innovative Waste Management
Parallel Efficient Global Engine Torque System for Ships
Optimization Algorithm for Ship J.H. Lee, B. Kim, Y.H. Kim: H.J. Kang, K.K. Lee, D. Lee, Y.S. Kim:
Hull Form Optimization On Estimating Speed Performance Real Ship Implementation of
Z. Liu, W. Zhao, D.C. Wan: of Ships in Irregular Head Seas: Buoyancy Support System for
Fitting Body Deformation Method Comparison between Two Damaged Ships
for Global and Local Deformation different Schemes
of Ship H.A. Tvete, B. Guo, C. Agrell,
C. Ferreira, S. Eldevik, M. Schmidt,
G. Storhaug:
Uncertainty Analysis on Vessel
Technical Index for Technical Ship
Performance
18:10 –
GROUP PHOTO
18:20
18:30 –
STANDING COMMITTEE MEETING 43
20:00
 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION III

Jørgen Juncher Jensen

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics,
Coastal And Maritime Engineering, Technical University Of
Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION III

LECTURE

EXTREME VALUE PREDICTIONS AND CRITICAL WAVE EPISODES FOR MARINE

STRUCTURES
A discussion of useful stochastic procedures for stochastic wave load problems is given,
covering the range from slightly linear to strongly non-linear (bifurcation) problems. The
methods are: Hermite transformation, Critical wave episodes and the First Order Reliability
Method (FORM). The procedures will be illustrated by results for e.g. wave bending moment
in ships, intact stability assessment of ships and overturning of a jack-up rig.

BIOGRAPHY

Jørgen Juncher Jensen is Professor Emeritus in Maritime Engineering at the Department

of Mechanical Engineering, working with wave induced stochastic load and response
processes for marine structures. He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1947, where he
obtained MSc and PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1972 and 1975, respectively.
Professor Jensen worked at DTU from 1974 to 2017 and during his career he published number
of papers and received number of awards, as for instance: Direktør P. Gorm-Pedersens Prize
in 1977, Bronze Medal from Royal Society of Naval Architects in 1980, Alexander Foss Gold
Medal in 1993, Statoil Prize in 1995, Dr. techn. Mechanical Engineering in 1995, SNAME
Davidson Medal in 2014, Thirty-seventh Georg P. Weinblum Memorial Lecturer in 2014,
Peachman Lecturer in 2018, etc. His focus is on hydro-elastic responses and much of the
research is done within the theory of conditional stochastic processes.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION IV

Quentin Derbanne
Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, Research
Department, Saint-Herblain, France

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PLENARY SESSION IV

LECTURE

BRIEF HISTORY OF RULE LOADS AND LONGITUDINAL STRENGTH OF SHIPS

Class Society rules have always played a major role in ship design. However, it is often
difficult to understand how and why these rules were made. In the old days, the rules were
only based on empirical formulations giving the required scantling of plates and stiffeners,
depending on the ship size. Today we have moved from an empirical approach to a more
physical and statistical approach, based on first principles: the rules are now based on
load formulations representative of 25 years of navigation in North Atlantic, and several
structural limit state criteria (yielding, buckling, fatigue…). But some formulations, such
as the minimum section modulus, the minimum inertia, the material factor or the wave
vertical bending moment, have been developed more than 50 years ago, at a time where
the direct approach was not feasible. I will bring you to a journey, from 1930 to 2022,
describing how these rules formulations were made, trying to understand their technical
background, looking at the most recent developments, and trying to see how we could
update some of them.

BIOGRAPHY
Quentin Derbanne is graduated from Ecole Polytechnique (2000) and has a Naval
Architecture degree (2002). He joined the French Defense Ministry in 2002, working as a
seakeeping expert in the French Navy Hydrodynamic Laboratory. In 2009 he joined Bureau
Veritas in the Hydro-Structure section of the Research Department. Since 2014 he is Director
of the Research Department, and Scientific Director since 2019. His research activities cover
both theoretical and practical aspects of ship and offshore hydrodynamics (potential flow,
first and second order, CFD…), hydro-structure interactions (quasi static and hydroelastic
coupling, local and global), structural integrity (fatigue, yielding, buckling…), design
methodologies (sea state statistics, definition of design conditions, response based design,
design waves, reliability analysis…) and rule development. His main goal is to try to close
the gap between the rule approach, based on prescriptive and empirical formulae, and the
direct computation approach, based on first principles.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

13. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SEAKEEPING I

TUE NEW SEAKEEPING COMPUTATIONS BASED ON POTENTIAL FLOWS LINEARISED OVER THE
SHIP-SHAPED STREAM
Xiaobo Chen1, Minh Quan Nguyen1, Igor Ten1, Charaf Ouled Housseine1, Young-Myung Choi2,
11:00 – 12:40

Louis Diebold1, Šime Malenica1, Guillaume De-Hauteclocque1, Quentin Derbanne1

1
Research Department, Bureau Veritas, Paris La D´efense, France
2
Dept. Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, PNU, Busan, Republic of Korea
Abstract. We present our new seakeeping model HydroStar-V and numerical results including added mass
and damping coefficients, wave excitation loads and induced motions. Within the theoretical framework,
the ship-shaped stream (often called double-body flow) is chosen as the base flow over which is superposed
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the perturbation flow composed of a wavy steady flow and an unsteady flow. The boundary conditions on
the free surface satisfied by the steady and unsteady potentials are then formulated. A set of boundary
integral equations (BIE) is established by applying the Green theorem. The resultant BIE includes the classical
integral on the ship hull, a localized free-surface integral in the vicinity of ship and extra integral equations
imposed over the waterplane inside the ship hull to guarantee that the whole system is well-conditioned
to yield stable and convergent solutions. The Green function associated with a pulsating and translating
source is reformulated by considering the viscous effect so that the singular and highly-oscillatory
behaviours disappear naturally. The integration of Green’s function over flat panels is evaluated accurately
by making use of analytical formulations. Furthermore, a new and consistent decomposition of radiation
forces is developed by taking into account the speed-effect stiffness due to the steady flow. Together with
recent enhancements including the treatment of both lower-order (flat panels) and higher-order meshes
(quadratic curved patches), this solution method for ship seakeeping with forward speed has been shown
to be reliable and practical in the application for ship design.
Keywords: Forward speed, Seakeeping, Green function, Extended BIE.

VALIDATION OF STRIP THEORY BASED FREQUENCY-DOMAIN SHIP MOTION CODE

Alper Olmez1, Ferdi Cakici1, Prasanta Sahoo2
1
Yıldız Technical University, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Faculty of Naval
Architecture and Maritime, Turkey
2
UNSW, Canberra, School of Engineering and IT, Australia
Abstract. An attempt has been made to validate the frequency-domain seakeeping code presented in this
paper. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic added mass and damping coefficients are calculated by using Ursell
and Tasai’s multipole expansion theory and conformal mapping. Lewis conformal mapping technique is
used to obtain the hydrodynamic coefficients. Excitation terms for pitch and heave motions are computed by
using head seas approximation. A user-friendly code interface is designed for presenting frequency-domain
computations. Response Amplitude Operators for the motions of AMECRC hulls are plotted at different
advance speeds and in head waves. The results are compared with those obtained by experiments and a good
agreement is observed. The entire process has been conducted using MATLAB code.
Keywords: Motion Simulation, Frequency Domain, MATLAB.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

13. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SEAKEEPING I

STUDY OF SUBMARINE SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE AT FREE SURFACE CONDITION IN TUE

REGULAR WAVES
Doo-Jin Jung , Sanghyun Kim
1 2

11:00 – 12:40
1
Ship &Ocean R&D Institute, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd, Siheung, Korea
2
Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
Abstract. Submarines spend most of their time below the water surface, so the design is optimized for
submerged condition. However, a performance in free surface condition is also important because
submarines face various scenarios and the free surface condition is unavoidable for port departure and
arrival. Generally, a potential flow theory is used for seakeeping analysis of a surface ship, and it is known

MARE II
for excellent numerical accuracy. In case of a submarine, the accuracy of potential flow theory is high at
underwater, but it is low at free surface condition because of the non-linearity near the free surface area. In
this study, seakeeping performance of Canadian Victoria Class submarine in regular waves was investigated
to improve the numerical accuracy at free surface condition by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and
the results were compared to those of the model tests. In addition, Hydrostar, the potential theory software
developed by Bureau Veritas is also used for seakeeping performance to compare with CFD results. From the
calculation results, it is found that the seakeeping analysis by using CFD give good results compared with
those of potential theory. In conclusion, the seakeeping analysis based on the CFD can be good solution for
estimating the seakeeping performance of submarines at free surface condition.
Keywords: Submarine, CFD, Potential flow theory, Seakeeping performance, Regular waves.

HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-ROW FLOATING

BREAKWATERS
A. K. Banik1, M. R. Teja2, S. Roy3
1
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
2
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
3
B C Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Abstract. Breakwaters (or Wave attenuators) are the structures that protect the coastal line from erosion,
protect the marine structures, and provide ideal harbourage conditions against strong water waves.
Despite high protecting performances, bottom-founded fixed breakwaters are obsolete now due to their
disadvantages like un-economical constructions, blocked water circulation, etc. Floating breakwaters (FBW)
which attenuate incident wave energy either by reflection, dissipation, transmission, or any combination
are common in use due to their low profile, least effect from tidal variations, and ability to rearrange and re-
usage. Up to now, a number of floating breakwaters with novel configurations have been proposed based on
better performances and/or high-cost effectiveness. The objective of this paper is to study the hydrodynamic
performances of pontoon-shaped, pontoon with top wing-shaped and plus-shaped floating breakwaters
in terms of performance parameters that are: a) Wave transmission coefficient (Ct), b) Response amplitude
operators (RAO), and c) Mooring tensions. For determining the hydrodynamic performances, FEM-based ANSYS
AQWA software is employed, and its hydrodynamic diffraction and hydrodynamic response plug-in results are
utilized. For validation, the double-row rectangular-shaped floating breakwater is selected from the work
of Rajabi and Ghassemi (2021), and associated hydrodynamic performances were calculated, and compared
with the considered data. Results showed there is good agreement between considered and calculated
results. Then, the Hydrodynamic performances of pontoon-shaped, pontoon with top wing-shaped and
plus-shaped floating breakwaters in a single row and double rows under varied irregular waves are presented
and compared. The results showed that the plus-shaped floating breakwater has preferable performance in
reducing wave transmission, RAO response, and mooring tension.
Keywords: Floating Breakwater, Wave transmission coefficient, RAO, Mooring tensions, Ansys, Plus-shaped FBW.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

14. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN IV

TUE LONG-TERM VOYAGE DECISION MAKING FOR CREWLESS PLATFORMS

Brendan Sulkowski1, Adam Magistro1, Joseph Van Houten1, Matthew Collette 1
1
University of Michigan, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI USA
11:00 – 12:40

Abstract. The desire to operate crewless platforms for months autonomously requires platforms thatcan sense
their current state, maintain themselves, and perform long-term mission planning tasks to optimize their
effectiveness as they degrade. How these long-term tasks are currently organized, executed, and regulated
on human-crewed vessels is unexplored compared to more immediate navigation and hazard avoidance.
This paper presents a series of inter-related explorations of the issues of longerterm mission planning in a
fully autonomous framework. Based on the current state-of-the-art, a new three-component ranking scale
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for crewless platforms is proposed. Semi-structured interviews with retired military crews and commercial
mariners were used to identify what planning tasks crews were currently carrying out. At the end of the
interview process, themes from all interviews were reviewed, and an affinity diagram was created from the
themes. The interviews revealed a surprising diversity in approaches, especially for tasks beyond machinery
health assessment. Complementing this bottom-upanalysis, a top-down analysis via a modified STAMP/STPA
framework identifies critical information paths and control structures surrounding these tasks. By integrating
the results of these two complementary analyses, gaps in our current ability to achieve long-term autonomous
operations are identified. Three proposed demonstration cases are developed to help develop approaches to
fill these gaps.
Keywords: Autonomy, Planning, STPA, Interview, Long duration.

CONFIGURATION OF SMALL UNMANNED SURFACE VESSEL PROTOTYPE WITH

AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION
Sunjong Jung1, Sol Ha2, Juhwan Cha2, Jihwan Lee2, Seyoung Kang2, Putra Adrian Rahmanto2
1
Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Mokpo, Korea
2
Mokpo National University, Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Mokpo, Korea
Abstract. This study proposes a prototype of small unmanned surface vessel so that it that can easily make
a hull at low price and practice autonomous navigation, monitoring and surveillance system. The hull was
designed in 3D model and then medium-density fiberboards (MDFs) and Balsa wood sheets were manufactured
using a laser cutter. The hardware mounted on the vessel consists of single-board computer (SBC), various
sensors including LiDAR, network devices, and batteries connected each other. The software used was robot
operating system (ROS) installed in Linux-based operating system as middleware, and it provides autonomous
navigation functions and sends information to be monitored to a remote server. This study tested the proposed
prototype for surrounding recognition, autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance in a small water tank.
Keywords: Small craft vessel, Autonomous navigation, Robot operation system.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

14. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN IV

INITIAL DESIGN ELEMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TESTBED FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS TUE
OF MASS
Nikolaos P. Ventikos , Alexandros Koimtzoglou , Vasileios Podimatas , Alexandros Rammos ,
1 1 1 1

11:00 – 12:40
Eleftherios Trifonopoulos1
1
Maritime Risk Group, Laboratory for Maritime Transport, School of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Abstract. The safety analysis of Marine Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is an issue that has been attracting
the attention of researchers, especially over the last years. Due to MASS introduction and imminent application
various studies are trying to analyse their safety issues to conclude that MASS can be considered safer than

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conventional ships. This paper presents the concept of our “NAUSICAA” initiative and aims at developing a
testbed which will be utilised to study MASS safety issues, e.g., autonomous collision avoidance algorithms,
autonomous navigation, controllability issues, etc. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the analysis of initial
design elements and the construction of a small model which will be a part of the testbed under development.
The design elements presented on this paper consist of the methodology followed for the selection of the
real scale vessel, i.e., identifying the criteria to properly select the appropriate vessel (i.e., ship type, ship
particulars, etc.) as well as the process for the construction of the model. In particular, the model was built
based on a double ended open type Ro-Ro ferry, it was made of composite material, containing 3 layers of
hand lay-up polyester resin reinforced by glass fibres, and was built by adopting the one-off sandwich core
technique. The paper concludes by presenting the future research that is to be conducted and the next steps
that are scheduled for the successful development of the testbed.
Keywords: MASS, Autonomous systems, Sea testbed, Mobile lab, Composite boatbuilding.

EVALUATION AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR EXCESSIVE ACCELERATION AT THE BRIDGE

CAUSED BY THE SHIP STABILITY
Takako Kuroda1
1
National Maritime Research Institute, National Institute Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. Excessive acceleration failure mode is among of the five stability failure modes in the interim
guidelines for second generation intact stability criteria approved by the International Maritime Organization.
It has been pointed out that many of the existing ships cannot meet the criterion of the excessive acceleration
failure mode, with the interim guidelines indicating that they may require further refinements. Thus, this
study first evaluated the validity of the assessment method for the excessive acceleration failure mode. The
assessed results of the excessive acceleration failure mode for 37 existing ships indicated that only 30% of the
vessels passed under both full and ballast conditions. Subsequently, a model test using a sample ship similar
to the accident ship caused by excessive acceleration was conducted under the conditions when the accident
occurred. The results indicated that the maximum expected value of the lateral acceleration within 2 h was less
than the level 2 threshold of 9.81 m/s2. In addition, the environmental data used in the criteria were replaced,
the sample ship was assessed, and the influence of the environmental data on the assessed results was
determined. In addition, countermeasures for excessive acceleration were proposed. An operational support
system was developed to provide the ship operators with unacceptable sailing conditions in a graphical form.
Furthermore, harnesses, handrails, and rope banisters were illustrated and proposed as safety devices for
ships with wide and narrow bridges, tackling excessive acceleration at bridges.
Keywords: Excessive acceleration, Second generation intact stability criteria.

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15. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IV

TUE DEVELOPMENT OF BAYESIAN STATISTICAL MODEL OF WELDING INITIAL DEFLECTION

AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH ASSESSMENT OF PLATES UNDER IN-PLANE COMPRESSION
Akira Tatsumi1, Yuji Kageyama1, Masahiko Fujikubo1
11:00 – 12:40

1
Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
Abstract. Welding initial imperfection is one of the important uncertainty factors in ultimate strength
assessment of ship structures. Especially, welding initial deflection has a significant influence on the buckling/
ultimate strength of stiffened panels. The initial deflection has been measured in real ship structures in order
to understand its characteristics and reduce the uncertainty in the strength assessment. These investigations
show that so-called hungry-horse initial deflection is generated in a plate between longitudinal stiffeners
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attached by fillet welding. The hungry-horse initial deflection is usually represented by superposition of
sinusoidal waves. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the uncertainty of plate ultimate
strength under in-plane compression due to the welding initial deflection. For this purpose, a statistical
model of the initial deflection of plate is developed. Bayesian statistical modelling is adopted since it can give
estimations and predictions considering the uncertainty accompanied by insufficient number of measured
data. A simple linear regression model of the initial deflection is proposed, where response variables are the
amplitudes of the hungry-horse initial deflection measured in past studies. Probabilistic distributions of the
ultimate strength of rectangular plates are calculated by Monte Carlo method. Samples of the initial deflection
are generated from the developed statistical model and applied to the simply supported plates. The ultimate
strength of the plates with the statistical initial deflection is analysed by FEM. The obtained distribution of the
ultimate strength is discussed while considering collapse behaviours of the plates.
Keywords: Ultimate strength, Welding initial imperfection, Uncertainty, Bayesian Statistics, FEM.

DEFORMATION ESTIMATION OF CONTAINER SHIP INWAVES BY INVERSE FINITE

ELEMENT METHOD
Tomoya Miyashita1, Kohei Mikami1, Makito Kobayashi1, Yusuke Komoriyama2, Chong Ma2,
Kimihiro Toh3, Hideaki Murayama1
1
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
2
National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology, Tokyo, Japan 3 Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
Abstract. The inverse finite element method (iFEM) is a model-based algorithm for estimating structural
displacements and stresses in real-time based on strain information on structures. iFEM has recently attracted
attention in the field of structural health monitoring as a fast and robust estimation method for shape sensing.
In this study, we reconstruct displacements in real time for an overall model of a complex structure using iFEM,
and investigated the applicability of iFEM. The structure studied is a 6,600 TEU container ship under head or
oblique waves, and the full ship model is made by the National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) of Japan
. Firstly, the wave loads are computed based on the hydrodynamic calculation by using the Direct Load and
Structural Analysis (DLSA) developed by NMRI. Secondly, the calculated loads are applied to the finite element
(FE) model of the container ship in the forward analysis using a general-purpose FE code, and the strains
used in iFEM are obtained. Finally, the inverse analysis by iFEM is conducted to estimate the displacements.
In comparison with results between iFEM and FEM, it is confirmed that the various deformation modes can be
accurately reconstructed by iFEM. In addition, the applicability of iFEM to real-time monitoring is investigated
by reducing the computing time. The calculation speed is improved by eliminating the time required for each
calculation through efficient pre-calculations and by making matrix calculations in parallel with CPU and GPU.
Keywords: Shape sensing, Structural health monitoring, Inverse finite elementmethod, Container ship.

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15. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IV

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF AN ICEBREAKER DUE TO COLLISION WITH A TUE

SMALL-SIZED ICEBERG CONSIDERING HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES
Joonmo Choung , Dong-Ho Yoon
1 1

11:00 – 12:40
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea
Abstract. To ensure successive sea-going ice-prone areas, it is of importance not only to predict ice
impact induced-ship motions but also to minimize structural damages of icebreakers under impact loads
due to iceberg collisions. This paper aims to more quantitively evaluate collision-induced ship motions
and structural damages of the Korean research icebreaker ARAON based on fully coupled fluid-structure
interaction technique. Hydrodynamic constants of hydrostatic stiffnesses, added masses, radiation damping

MARE IV
coefficients, and wave excitation forces obtained from the frequency response analysis were used for input
of the HydroQus that is a user-subroutine code to realize fluid-structure interactions using a commercial
finite element code Abaqus. The HydroQus generated the real-time hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads
acting on the icebreaker, while the Abaqus solves equation of motion. Seven collision cases were set
according to material stiffnesses (rigid or elastic-plastic) and hydro-forces (with/without hydrostatic
restoring, radiation, and wave excitation). A spherical shape iceberg with the half mass of the icebreaker
was assumed. There were significant differences of the motion components due to the collision between the
icebreaker and iceberg, while minor differences in the structural damages in terms of residual stresses and
plastic strains were observed. It can be concluded that a more realistic structural damage assessment will
be possible after consideration of various shapes of collision objects.
Keywords: Restoring stiffness, Radiation, Wave excitation, Ship collision, Iceberg, Icebreaker, Structural
damage.

SHIP SIDE GROUNDING PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS BASED ON A SUPER-ELEMENT

APPROACH
Jean-Philippe Pineau1,2, Elise Lerondel2, Paul De Champs2, Thibaut Looten2, Fabien Conti3, Hervé
Le Sourne1,2
1
GeM Institute, UMR 6183 CNRS - Nantes, France
2
ICAM Engineering School - Nantes, France
3
Bureau Veritas, Marine and Offshore, Nantes, France
Abstract. In this paper, we present a ship grounding simulation tool which couples a fast super-element
solver based on analytical formulations with a ship external dynamics program that accounts for the action
of hydrodynamic forces. The study is focused on the damage of a cruise ship subjected to side grounding
events. The solver is first verified by confrontation to finite element simulations considering different
hard grounding scenarios. Second, the rapidity of the tool is advantageously used to simulate hundreds
of scenarios, varying the rock shape, impact location, friction coefficient between rock and hull as well as
material and structural properties. The influence of each parameter on damage extent is thus discussed. It
transpires from the analysis that although the side shell plating is less thick than bottom and double bottom,
resulting breach length is surprisingly lower in side grounding than in bottom grounding, the impact energy
being the same. This is due to the sway and yaw motions of the ship which is pushed away by the rock during
the impact. Moreover, transverse frames and bulkheads are shown to dissipate much less energy compared
to side shell and decks. Finally, it is demonstrated that a structural reinforcement will always be more
efficient in bottom grounding than in side grounding.
Keywords: Ship grounding, Simplified method, Super-element, Plastic analysis, Finite element, Ship
crashworthiness.

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16. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SEAKEEPING II

TUE COMPARISON OF WAVE LOADS AND FREE SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS ACCORDING TO

FREE SURFACE UPDATE NUMERICAL SCHEMES
Eun-Hong Min1, Ho-Jin Jeong1, Woo-Jin Seong1, Jun-Beom Kim1, Weoncheol Koo1
14:10 – 15:50

1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Abstract. In this study, wave force calculation for a surface piercing floating body and free surface
displacements generated by a submerged moving cylindrical body were analysed according to the free
surface boundary update scheme in the process of time integration for numerical simulation. A two-
dimensional Numerical Wave Tank (NWT) and Numerical Towing Tank (NTT) using the boundary element
method based on potential flow were used. To represent nonlinear water particle behaviour, the MEL (Mixed
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Eulerian-Lagrangian) method was used, which updates the nodes of the free surface boundary at every time
step. The MEL technique can be classified into a semi-Lagrangian approach and a full-Lagrangian approach
(material node approach) according to the movement of free surface nodes. The Runge-Kutta 4th-order time
integration scheme was used to calculate time histories of free surface elevations during the time marching.
The time integration is also divided into the frozen coefficient scheme and the full update scheme according
to the boundary (geometry) update in the internal sub-time steps. First, the frequency component of wave
load of a surface piercing body was analysed from the 1st-order to the 3rd-order vertical forces. The results of
the full update scheme showed better convergence for higher-order vertical forces. Second, an experiment
was performed in a two-dimensional mini towing tank, and the measured free surface displacements were
compared with the numerical results. The depression wave elevation near the submerged body was similar,
but a difference in free surface elevations after the body passed the measurement point was found.
Keywords: Numerical Wave Tank, Numerical Towing Tank, Mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian Method, Full Update
Scheme, Frozen Coefficient Scheme, Surface Piecing Body, Submerged Body.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SHIP’S PRINCIPAL DIMENSION ON SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE

OF FISHING TRAWLER IN BERING SEA
Thi Thanh Diep Nguyen1, Hoang Thien Vu1, Hyeon Kyu Yoon2
1
Changwon National University, Dept. of Smart Environmental Energy, Gyeongsangnam, South Korea
2
Changwon National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Gyeongsangnam, South
Korea
Abstract. Seakeeping performance is affected not only by the loading condition of a ship but also by its
principal dimensions. Therefore, already at the stage of the design process, the ship should be checked and
tested to reach the best seakeeping performance. This study aims to investigate the effect of the principal
dimension of a vessel on the ship’s motion in the Bering Sea. A fishing trawler is chosen as a research
object to calculate the ship motion. Firstly, the sea condition in the Bering Sea is investigated based on the
measured data from buoys in the Southeast of the Bering Sea given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. Secondly, the ratios of the ship length to ship breadth and ship breadth to ship draft are
changed by 10% to investigate the effect of the dimension on the ship’s motion responses. The ship motion of
the fishing trawler is estimated using a numerical method. The RMS value of roll and pitch is compared to the
criteria of the fishing vessel suggested by other researchers. Finally, the sensitivity of ship motions due to
the effect of ship dimension is analyzed. The results of the present study can be used to predict and provide
knowledge about the seakeeping performance of fishing vessels to ensure its safety in the design phase,
especially when the fishing vessel operates in the Bering Sea.
Keywords: Fishing Trawler, Seakeeping performance, Ship motion, Principal dimension, Design phase.

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16. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SEAKEEPING II

FREQUENCY INDEPENDENT MODEL ERROR OF CLOSED-FORM EXPRESSIONS FOR TUE

CALCULATING WAVE-INDUCED SHIP MOTIONS IN VERTICAL PLANE
Tamara Petranović , Ivana Gledić , Antonio Mikulić , Joško Parunov
1 1 1 1

14:10 – 15:50
1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract. Closed-form expressions (CFE) enable rapid computation of amplitudes of transfer functions of
ship motion and global loads, based only on main ship particulars. As preliminary comparisons indicated
reasonable agreement of CFE with experimental results, CFE have been used in many conceptual studies
where fast computation of ship motions and loads is crucial. Since there is still an open question of the model
error introduced by using CFE instead of more complex seakeeping tools, the aim of the present study is to

MARE II
quantify frequency independent model error (FIME) of CFE for ship motion in vertical plane. FIME is determined
by comparing transfer functions calculated by CFE with model-scale experiments. Measured transfer functions
of heave and pitch for eleven ships of different types and sizes are taken from the literature, where several
speeds and heading angles are available for some of them. Multivariate linear regression analysis is performed
to show dependence of FIME on the main parameters of the analysis. Outcomes of this study could enhance
practical applicability of CFE.
Keywords: Closed-form expressions, Frequency independent model error, Seakeeping.

SPECIFYING SEAKEEPING CRITERIA FOR EFFICIENT TASK PERFORMANCE

Marion Zu1, Karl Garme1, Anders Rosén2, Nicole Costa3
1
Centre for Naval Architecture, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
2
Department of Learning, School for Industrial Engineering and Technology, KTH Royal Institute of
Technology, Sweden
3
Research Department, SSPA Sweden AB, Sweden
Abstract. Determining the operability of a vessel is a critical task for the naval architect since it provides
valuable information for vessel owners and operators on the vessel’s performance. This task requires a
seakeeping analysis and a set of seakeeping criteria to evaluate predicted vessel motions. These seakeeping
criteria link the performance and safety of the crew and vessel to the operability. Existing seakeeping criteria
(e.g., NORDFORSK, NATO STAGNAG 4154) are specified for certain vessel types and not applicable to different
tasks and operational activities aboard work vessels such as pilot boats, ocean research vessels, dredgers,
pipe laying crane vessels. Being relatively small in size, these work vessels are susceptible to the perils of
waves, yielding motion responses that can degrade crew performance. This paper proposes a framework for
specifying seakeeping criteria for efficient task performance, focusing primarily on the effects of motions on
the crew and system performance. Findings from preliminary interviews with crew at the Swedish Maritime
Administration and the Swedish Sea Rescue Society align with the literature on the effects of motions on crew
performance, including motion-induced interruptions, motion-induced fatigue, motion sickness, and effects
on motor skills and perception. These findings from the interviews are used in a case study to demonstrate the
approach of the proposed framework. The proposed framework refines further and adds to the established
structure of the traditional seakeeping assessment since it captures, in addition, the effect of motions on crew
performance.
Keywords: Work vessels, Seakeeping criteria, Operability, Human factors, Motion-induced interruptions (MII),
Motion-induced fatigue (MIF), Motion sickness incidence (MIF).

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17. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN V

TUE THICKNESS OPTIMIZATION OF INSULATING GLASS UNIT IN CRUISE SHIPS

Janne Heiskari1, Jani Romanoff1, Aleksi Laakso2, Jonas W. Ringsberg3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland,
14:10 – 15:50

2
Meyer Turku Oy, Turku, Finland,
3
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract. Modern cruise ships employ more and more windows and glass structures, especially on the top
decks. However, lightweight solutions are desirable as the cruise ships are weight and stability sensitive
vessels. The design of the windows according to the classification rules is common for all type of passenger
vessels and is based on linear plate theory for monolithic glass panes. However, the windows separating the
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indoor and the outdoor spaces are insulating glass unit-type (IGU) windows that consist of at least two glass
panes separated by a hermetically sealed cavity. These IGUs exhibit two effects that the rules do not currently
consider: 1) geometric nonlinearity of the glass panes and 2) load sharing between them. The authors recently
included these effects in a nonlinear Finite Element analysis and showed their beneficial influence on the
generated stress state of a rectangular IGU under static uniform pressure. There, only maximum principal
stress design constraint was considered. However, there are other design constraints (e.g., deflection limit)
that arise for fulfilling the IGUs intended function. Therefore, the nonlinear FE model and the design constraints
are implemented in a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) routine to calculate the optimized thicknesses of the
glass panes for different sized IGUs. Thus, this study aims to present how the different designs constraints affect
the IGUs response and what are their implications on the reflected classification rules. The results indicate that
the thickness determination is sensitive to the chosen constraints. Choosing the constraints is not a trivial task
and requires further experimental work.
Keywords: Classification, Cruise ship, Insulating glass unit, Load sharing, Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis,
Particle swarm optimization.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR THE HYDRODYNAMIC DERIVATIVES OF

SUBMARINE CONSIDERING DESIGN PARAMETERS
Thi Loan Mai1, Myungjun Jeon2, Anh Khoa Vo1, Hyeon Kyu Yoon3
1
Changwon National University, Dept. of Smart Environment Energy Engineering, Changwon, Republic of Korea
2
Changwon National University, Dept. of Eco-friendly Offshore Plant FEED Engineering, Changwon, Republic of
Korea
3
Changwon National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Abstract. Maneuverability plays a vital key in the safety of navigation and operation efficiency. Therefore,
when evaluating the dynamic characteristics of a submarine, such as stability and maneuvrability, it is
necessary to accurately predict the hydrodynamic derivatives. This paper proposes new empirical formulae for
the hydrodynamic derivatives of a submarine based on multiple regression analysis. The estimation formulae
are obtained by simulating the hydrodynamic forces and moments using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
The BB2 generic submarine, which has a similar profile to the future submarine introduced by Joubert (2004,
2006), is selected to establish the empirical formulae to design a similar submarine. The design parameters
of the BB2 submarine, such as the length-to-diameter ratio, sailplane position, and sailplane height, are
changed to adapt to different kinds of submarines for various purposes. Then, the variation of hydrodynamic
derivatives with changing design parameters is given. Additionally, the influence of design parameters on
hydrodynamic derivatives is evaluated by correlation analysis, since it can be used to determine the regression
model with the dependent variables being the design parameters for each hydrodynamic derivative formula.
The effectiveness of the empirical formulae is confirmed by applying the empirical formulae to the submarines
of BB2 and 2,000 ton. The high accuracy indicates that the empirical formulae can be used to predict the
hydrodynamic derivatives of the submarines with a profile similar to the BB2 and 2,000 ton submarines, and
extended to general submarines at the design stage.
Keywords: Empirical formula, Hydrodynamic derivative, BB2 Submarine, Computational Fluid Dynamics,
Design parameters.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

17. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - DESIGN V

INTELLIGENT LAYOUT OF THE ACCESSIBLE CABIN OF CRUISE SHIPS TUE

Wei Cai1,3, Xinyun Zhang2, Min Hu1,3, Zhengqiao Chen2, Xinjing Tan2, Tao Zhang2,3
1
Wuhan University of Technology, Green and Smart River-Sea-Going Ship, Cruise Ship and Yacht Research

14:10 – 15:50
Center, Wuhan, China
2
Wuhan University of Technology, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering,
Wuhan, China
3
Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, China
Abstract. The accessible design is usually one of the critical elements of the rating and competitiveness of
cruise ships, the cabin layout design needs to consider the daily living activity of passengers, especially for the

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group with mobility limitations. In order to improve the accessible environment of cabins in the cruise ship, this
paper attempts to propose an intelligent layout design method combining accessible elements. In this paper,
accessibility elements of the cruise ship are classified according to the special needs of the passengers. Then
the accessible cabin configuration modules (ACCM) are established based on the accessibility elements and
function of furniture, which are used as the basic unit. Furthermore, a cabin layout optimization mathematical
model is constructed on the Energy Method. The ACCMs are assigned the corresponding energy value according
to the position in the cabin based on the design principles of accessible cabins and the layout suitability.
Finally, the genetic algorithm is used to search the layout scheme with the maximum energy value to achieve
the intelligent layout optimization process. The experimental results show that the optimal layout scheme
obtained by this method meets the requirements of accessible design and the design principle of cruise ships
cabin. In addition, the proposed method is practical in the actual design, and could also improve the efficiency
of cabin design.

Keywords: Cruise ship, Accessible design, Cabin layout, Ergonomics, Genetic algorithm.

ESTIMATION OF CALM WATER POWERING AND MANOEUVRING PERFORMANCE OF ONR

TUMBLEHOME BASED ON TOWING TANK TESTS
Dong Jin Kim1, Haeseong Ahn1, Dong Jin Yeo1
1
Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Abstract. A modern surface combatant, ONR Tumblehome (ONRT) has a wave piercing hull with tumblehome
sides and transom stern. Its dynamic stabilities in waves were often focused on in several previous researches
with 4 or 6 degrees of freedom motion analyses, but its calm water full-scale powering performance seems
to be not sufficiently investigated. And mathematical model based manoeuvring simulations were carried
out in other previous studies. Various experiments and CFD calculations were performed in order to derive
hydrodynamic coefficients related to hull, propeller, and rudder, but further detailed investigations of the
hull-propeller-rudder interaction coefficients are required by means of experimental approaches. In this
study, 1/20.866 scaled ONRT captive model tests are performed in a towing tank of Korea Research Institute
of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO) in order to estimate its powering and manoeuvring performance
in calm water. The model ship length is 7.38 meters. Resistance & propulsion tests and horizontal planar
motion mechanism (HPMM) tests are carried out at the full-scale speeds up to 30 knots and 19 knots,
respectively. Full-scale powering performance is predicted through propeller open water, resistance,
and self-propulsion test results. HPMM tests are conducted to derive 3 degrees of freedom hydrodynamic
coefficients, in particular, the hull-propeller-rudder interactions are focused on in order to clearly identify
the propulsion and steering forces of such a twin screw vessel. Manoeuvring simulations in the horizontal
plane are carried out with the mathematical models based on present captive model tests, simulation
results are in good agreements with other available free-run experimental data.
Keywords: ONR tumblehome, Twin-screw vessel, Towing tank test, Full-scale powering performance,
Manoeuvrability.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

18. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SYSTEMS, PROCESS & OPERATIONS

TUE COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 VIRUS ON AN

INDONESIAN FISHING VESSEL
Luofeng Huang1,2, Wolter Hetharia3, Andrea Grech La Rosa2, Soegeng Riyadi4, Dony Setyawan4,
14:10 – 15:50

I Ketut Aria Pria Utama4, Giles Thomas2

1
School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, UK
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, UK
3
Department of Naval Architecture, University of Pattimura, Indonesia
4
Department of Naval Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia
Abstract. During fishing operations, fishers often need to work in close proximity to each other on deck in a very
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limited space. This open-air working area can be subjected to various airflow conditions which might foster the
airborne transmission of COVID-19 virus. To understand the risk of contagion in such a working environment
and develop effective mitigation strategies to ensure the fishermen’s safety, the present work establishes a
computational model to analyse the virus’ airborne transmission. Specifically, the work applies Computational
Fluid Dynamic (CFD) to simulate various airflows occurring on an Indonesian fishing vessel, which is combined
with Lagrangian particles that are used to model and track COVID-19 viruses. The concentration and coverage of
COVID-19 viruses are analysed, considering the infected person working in different deck locations and under
the influence of different vessel/wind speeds and directions. Subsequently, a set of guidelines including safe
distance for the fishermen is suggested for each scenario.
Keywords: COVID-19, Fishing Vessel, Virus, Airborne Transmission, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Particle
modelling.

A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY-BASED REMOTE MAINTENANCE

SYSTEM USING MWP DATABASE
Youngsu Kim1, Kyungho Lee1, Luke (Yang Ouk) Kim1, Youngsoo Han1, Hyeon-Bin Yeo1
1
Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Inha Univ, South Korea
Abstract. Along with the 4th Industrial Revolution, interest in autonomous ships has increased, and interest
in ship maintenance as well as basic performance such as ship movement, steering, and safety has increased.
In response to this interest, research on a remote support system that supports non-experts to professionally
perform maintenance on onboard equipment is being actively conducted. However, existing studies have
limitations in providing rapid decision-making to non-experts who do not have basic knowledge about
maintenance work because remote support is provided based on voice. Therefore, in this study, a system was
developed to enable efficient work support for non-experts by changing the existing voice-based remote
maintenance method to an augmented reality-based remote maintenance method that visualizes useful
information of maintenance in front of the user. In addition, in this study, a database in which maintenance
information (drawing, work history, manual, 3d cad model, etc.) required for maintenance called MWP
(Maintenance Work Package) is built, and useful information is quickly acquired when performing maintenance
work.
Keywords: Remote Maintenance, Augmented Reality, Maintenance Work Package.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

18. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SYSTEMS, PROCESS & OPERATIONS

EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS FOR EVALUATION OF THE STEEL HULL PROCESS TUE

Viktor Ložar1, Neven Hadžić1, Tihomir Opetuk1, Robert Keser1
1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia

14:10 – 15:50
Abstract. Algorithms make our daily life and work much easier than before. Computers solve these step-
by-step instructions faster than a human can and open new opportunities for designing and monitoring
production facilities. The steel hull process supplies the whole ship production process with the necessary
steel parts for the hull. It is, therefore, very important to enable the shipyard management and the ship design
office with efficient and reliable mathematical tools capable of evaluating the key performance indicators
of the production process. Therefore, we briefly present two mathematical models to describe the splitting

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production lines: the analytical approach and the finite state method. Some of the most important key
performance indicators, like the production rate, the work-in-process, the probability of blockage, and the
probability of starvation will be presented. These mathematical models will be compared in a theoretical case
including five machines and four buffers. Also, a numerical approach is employed to simulate the steel hull
process in a shipyard. Such efforts are expected to enhance the negotiating position of a shipyard through a
more reliable definition of production dynamics as well as through rational planning of production activities.
Keywords: Ship production process, Algorithms, Key performance indicators, Splitting production line, Finite
state method.

FREE-OUTFLOW MODELLING IN THE LINEARISED PROGRESSIVE FLOODING SIMULATION

METHODOLOGY
Luca Braidotti1, Jasna Prpić-Oršić2, Marko Valčić3
1
University of Trieste, Department of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste, Italy
2
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Rijeka, Croatia
3
University of Zadar, Maritime Department, Zadar, Croatia
Abstract. In linearised progressive flooding simulations, special attention shall be given to the damage
and internal openings modelling. The steady Bernoulli equation, which is usually employed in quasistatic
progressive flooding simulations, applies to the deeply-submerged case only. However, during progressive
flooding of a damaged ship, free-outflow often occurs. In a linearised simulation tool, the integration of the
different hydraulic behaviour related to free-outflow is not straightforward, since affects the linearisation
process of the governing equations. Nevertheless, to assure the reliability and accuracy of the simulation
technique, it is mandatory to consider the free-outflow case too. In this work, a methodology is presented
to extend the linearised progressive flooding simulation technique to cope with free-outflow. The object is
achieved through the introduction of a correction coefficient on the free-outflow area of the opening that is
computed at each time step during differential equations integration. The proposed method is validated with
a model scale flooding test highlighting also the errors that arise by discarding the free-outflow modelling.
Keywords: Progressive flooding, Fast simulation, Linearisation, Free-outflow.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

19. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - HULL FORM OPTIMIZATION

TUE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF A PUSHER BOAT BARGE UNIT UNDER SHALLOW WATER
CONDITIONS
Benjamin Kossmann1, Bettar Ould el Moctar1
16:20 – 18:00

1
University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Ship Technology and Ocean Engineering, Germany
Abstract. Extreme weather phenomena of recent summers caused periods of extreme shallow water on
European rivers, which limited or even prohibited freight traffic. This paper deals with the design and
optimization of a pusher boat barge unit able to operate under extreme shallow water conditions. The
pusher boat can operate to a minimum draft of 0.6m. The unit’s length is 110m. A barge with this same draft
has a deadweight of over 130t, whereas a barge with a design draft of 2.5m has a deadweight of 1300t. Based
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on available data from 2019, this would enable the unit’s continuous operation on the entire Elbe River for
194 days a year. Indeed, if certain bottlenecks were eliminated, operating for 365 days a year is realistic.
The pusher boat’s two height-adjustable rudder propellers are to be used for deep water propulsion. For
shallow water operation, the pusher boat’s two water jets and a pump jet at the bow of the barge are to be
used for propulsion. The pump jet also helps manoeuvring and stopping the unit as its thrust can be directed
to provide lateral forces. The barge is equipped with a bow rudder for improved manoeuvrability at higher
speeds. An inflatable jacket between pusher boat and barge minimizes the resistance. For safe operation
in shallow waters, the active hydraulic trim mechanism installed on the pusher boat enables level keel
operation to avoid grounding. The concept was numerically optimized using systematic simulations based
on an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver and compared with existing concepts currently
operating on the Elbe River.
Keywords: Push boat, Barge, Extreme shallow water, Resistance, Propulsion system, Design, Optimization.

HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES ON A ZERO EMISSION BATTERY-DRIVEN FAST-FERRY

Yan Xing-Kaeding1, Apostolos Papanikolaou2, Aphrodite Kanellopoulou2, George Dafermos2,
George Zaraphonitis2
1
Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt GmbH/HSVA, Hamburg, Germany
2
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Abstract. This paper presents extensive experimental and numerical CFD studies focusing on the optimisation
of the hull form and propulsion of a novel, battery-driven, fast shortsea catamaran. Numerical results
of the achieved speed-power performance and of the very high propulsive efficiency of close to 80% were
verified by model experiments at the Hamburgische Schiffbau Versuchsanstalt (HSVA), proving the feasibility
of the concept. Additional numerical investigations have been conducted recently on the seakeeping and
manoeuvrability of the vessel. The seakeeping characteristics of the vessel have been comparatively studied
by the potential flow code NEWDRIFT of NTUA and the RANS code FreSCO+ of HSVA, showing a reasonably
good agreement. The turning manoeuvring of the catamaran has been simulated in time domain by the
RANS method, with the catamaran fitted with up to four propulsors (two propellers plus two bow thrusters)
operating simultaneously. The manoeuvrability of the vessel proved satisfactory, while the simulated physical
phenomenon showed a very complex free surface deformation and flow around the vessel. The subject vessel
is designed in the framework of the Horizon 2020 European Research project “TrAM – Transport: Advanced and
Modular” (2018-2022). Presently, a prototype of the vessel named “Medstraum” is on the delivery stage and it
will start operations on a multi-stop commuter route in the Stavanger area, Norway, before the end of 2022.
Keywords: Battery-driven ship, All electric, Fast-ferry, Zero emissions, Catamaran design, Parametric
model, Hydrodynamic optimisation, High propulsive efficiency, CFD validation, RAOs in seaway, Seakeeping,
Manoeuvring.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

19. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - HULL FORM OPTIMIZATION

PARALLEL EFFICIENT GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR SHIP HULL FORM TUE
OPTIMIZATION
Yabo Wei , Weiwen Zhao , Decheng Wan
1 1 1

16:20 – 18:00
1
Computational Marine Hydrodynamics Lab (CMHL), School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Abstract. With the development of computer technology, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides a
numerical tool for evaluating the comprehensive hydrodynamic performance of ships. However, in the
process of ship optimization design, one of the difficulties is that the time of numerical simulation is so long
that it will not only consume a lot of computing resources but also reduce the optimization efficiency due to

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a large number of sample ships. The efficient global optimization (EGO) algorithm is currently one of the most
widely used algorithms for solving this time-consuming optimization problem. It can achieve an appropriate
tradeoff between the prediction value and its uncertainty when exploring the uncertain region to find the
global optimum. Based on the EGO algorithm, this paper introduces the developed parallel efficient global
optimization (PEGO) algorithm and uses the test functions to verify its feasibility in the field of ship design
optimization. Then, the developed parallel efficient global optimization algorithm is used to optimize the calm
water resistance of Wigley. The results indicate that the parallel efficient global optimization algorithm is an
excellent method for ship optimization design and can further be applied to other ship hull form optimization
design problems based on CFD.
Keywords: CFD, EGO, Parallel efficient global optimization, Ship optimization design.

FITTING BODY DEFORMATION METHOD FOR GLOBAL AND LOCAL DEFORMATION OF SHIP
Zhiqiang Liu1, Weiwen Zhao1, Decheng Wan1
1
Computational Marine Hydrodynamics Lab (CMHL), School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Abstract. The deformation of marine structures is the basis for marine structure hydrodynamic performance
optimization. In this paper, a generalization deformation of barycentric coordinates called fitting body
deformation is introduced based on maximum entropy theory. This method ensures the non-negative
barycentric coordinates inside any polygon. Newton’s method is used to calculate the weights by solving a
convex optimization. At the same time, it achieves the global and local deformation by utilizing an algorithm
for a point inside the polyhedron. Some marine structures (hull, wind turbine blades) are used to demonstrate
the deformation effect. The deformation results show the highly effective and flexible of fitting body
deformation method.
Keywords: Barycentric coordinate, Maximum entropy theory, Non-negative, Fitting body deformation.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

20. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

TUE PREDICTION OF THE SHIP PERFORMANCE USING DYNAMIC MODEL

(MULTI-INPUT / SINGLE –OUTPUT, MISO) BASED ON SHIP OPERATION DATA
Yurim Cho1, Kyung Hwan Jeon2, Sang Bong Lee3, Inwon Lee1
16:20 – 18:00

1
Pusan National University, Department of Naval Architecture Ocean Engineering, Pusan, Republic of Korea
2
POSSM, Department of Maritime Technology, Pusan, Republic of Korea
3
Lab021, Busan, Republic of Korea
Abstract. Prediction of ship performance is very difficult due to the complex effects of many external forces
in actual operating conditions. ISO15016 and ISO19030 standards are commonly used to evaluate operating
performance. ISO15016 requires many variables, time and cost by a complex calculation formula, and ISO19030
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only evaluates the ship speed drop due to the wind excluding the effect of waves. This study is about the method
for prediction of ship performance to improve the existing method using actual operational data. When
external forces such as relative wind speed and wave height increase(fluctuation) during actual operation,
the speed of ground (SOG) fluctuates as the wind resistance and wave resistance increase accordingly. And
there is a frequency characteristic (time-lag) due to a time constant according to the size and type of the target
vessel. The dynamic model of this study is to obtain power fluctuations in which the influence of environmental
variables (external forces) is removed by modelling the Linear Multi-Input / Single-Output (MISO) system for
unknown frequency characteristics and determining the optimal Linear Transfer Function. The input data of the
MISO model was selected by evaluating the correlation of each variable in the operation data, and the effect of
each input variable on the speed loss was evaluated. And other factors affecting SOG were assumed to be noise
(N), which are expected to be aging and fouling. Noise is expected to have a constant value within the same
voyage, and N-components for a specific period were plotted and compared with ISO19030's Performance
Value (PV)s.
Keywords: Ship Performance, Operational data, Dynamic model, Multi-Input /Single-Output (MISO) system.

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCELERATION SIMULATION FROM REST OF PLANING CRAFT WITH

OUTBOARD ENGINE BY USING TIME HISTORY INPUT DATA OF ENGINE TORQUE
Toru Katayama1, Mizuki Kinugasa1, Masahiro Nannba2
1
Osaka Metropolitan University, Marine System Engineering, Osaka, Japan
2
Suzuki Motor Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
Abstract. The power of outboard engines has been increased in recent years to improve the acceleration
performance of planing crafts. On the other hand, various sizes and forms of hull have been developed to
use full of the increased power. For developer of outboard engine, in order to optimize fuel consumption and
running performance for various combinations of hulls and outboard engines by tuning of engine control
without real craft tests, it is required to develop a bench test system of the outboard engine including boat's
running simulation. The purpose of this study is to propose an acceleration motion simulation of planing craft
for bench test system of the outboard engine. The simulation considers a propeller rotation equation of the
outboard engine into the previous simulation method of straight forward acceleration of planing craft. The
propeller thrust and torque coefficients of the propeller rotation equation are obtained by a fully captive
model test with propulsion behind the hull, and a time history data of torque of propeller of outboard engine
is obtained by a transient bench test using real craft acceleration test data. The simulated results are compared
with the real craft test results.
Keywords: Acceleration, High-Speed Planing Craft, Outboard Engine, Propeller Performance, Transient Bench
Test.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

20. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

ON ESTIMATING SPEED PERFORMANCE OF SHIPS IN IRREGULAR HEAD SEAS: TUE

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT SCHEMES
Jaehak Lee , Booki Kim , Yonghwan Kim
1 2 1

16:20 – 18:00
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
2
Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Abstract. In the present study, the speed performance of a commercial ship navigating in an actual seaway
is addressed. To this end, two different schemes, Reversed Procedure of ISO15016: 2002 sea trial analysis
and RTIM (Resistance and Thrust Identity Method) of ITTC, are considered. Both methods are based on thrust
identity. RTIM estimates the increment of delivered power and propeller rotation in an irregular seaway

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when the speed of a ship remains constant, while the reversed procedure of ISO15016: 2002 estimates the
decrement of the speed of a ship when the propeller rotation remains constant. In the implementation of the
two different methods, environmental loads on the ship are calculated from the summation of the calm–water
resistance and added resistance due to wind and waves. Calm–water resistance and wind loads are estimated
using Holtrop–Mennen and Fujiwara’s empirical formula, respectively. For added resistance in waves, the
strip method based on Salvesen–Tuck–Faltinsen theory and Maruo’s momentum conservation formula are
applied, and accuracy of the added resistance in short wavelength region is improved by introducing enhanced
asymptotic formula. Then, the added resistance in irregular waves can be obtained from the superposition of
its transfer function on the wave energy spectrum. Finally, the involuntary speed loss (EEDI f w factor) of a ship
in the representative sea condition is predicted using the two methods and their results are compared. Through
the present study, it is concluded that both methods are of practical use in determining the speed loss in actual
seas and the results obtained from the two different approaches show good agreement.
Keywords: Speed loss, Sea trial, EEDI, f w factor, ISO15016: 2002, RTIM.

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ON VESSEL TECHNICAL INDEX FOR TECHNICAL SHIP

PERFORMANCE
Hans Anton Tvete1, Bingjie Guo1, Christian Agrell1, Carla Ferreira1, Simen Eldevik1, Michael
Schmidt2, Gaute Storhaug1
1
DNV, Høvik, Norway
2
Copenhagen Commercial Platform, Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract. In line with decarbonization targets, indices such as EEDI, EEOI, AER and CII have been introduced
to enable various maritime stakeholders like regulators, operators, and charterers to monitor and reduce
fossil fuel consumption and associated emissions. Going forward, it is expected that improved environmental
performance will be a precondition for ship owners to gain access to capital and cargo. However, several indices
and their ratings are heavily influenced by weather conditions and operational considerations, factors which
are often beyond a ship owner’s control. As a response, a Vessel Technical Index (VTI) has been proposed by
DNV, which isolates the technical condition of a ship, accounting and adjusting for relevant operational factors.
However, measuring and evaluating the VTI is a complex process dependent on amongst others stochastic
loads from the environment and dynamic draft conditions. Simplifications carry different uncertainties. For the
users of the VTI to have the required confidence to make optimal decisions based on its results, it is important
to understand how uncertainties in the measured situation and methodology translate into uncertainty in the
VTI. This naturally leads to questions related to how accurate the VTI is; how this accuracy affects the quality of
the decisions; and what purposes the VTI can be used for. This paper explains how to measure, evaluate and
verify the VTI, including assessing the relevant sources of uncertainties and how these propagates through the
evaluation and affect the confidence in the decisions made based on the VTI.
Keywords: Technical ship performance, Measurements, Data analytics, Uncertainty quantification.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

21. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN

TUE A METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF CRANES FOR BLOCK LIFTING IN SHIPYARD
Do-Hyun Chun1, Myung-Il Roh2, Hye-Won Lee3
1
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
16:20 – 18:00

2
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Abstract. Ships and offshore structures are constructed in a way that several units of blocks are assembled.
In the block lifting process, a block is controlled indirectly through the interaction of the crane, hooks,
equalizers, and wire ropes (simply, wires). Therefore, it is difficult to control the unexpected motions of the
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block accurately with several connected objects. Furthermore, it is important to construct a robust control
model to cope with the modeling uncertainty of the block and the change of lug arrangement. In this study,
we proposed the automatic control of the block lifting process with deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which
can provide a robust control under uncertainties. The state of a block and wires, such as position, orientation
and angular velocity of the block, and the lifting speed of each wire, were used as the input of DRL. Then, the
lifting speed of each wire was obtained as the output action of DRL. The reward was applied to reduce the roll
and pitch angle of the block and to stabilize the speed of block lifting. The proposed method was applied to
various simulation examples of block lifting and compared with traditional control algorithms. As a result, it
was confirmed that the proposed method could effectively control the block with unexpected motions due to
the modeling uncertainty and the change of the lug arrangement.
Keywords: Block lifting, Automatic control, Deep reinforcement learning, Crane dynamics.

SHAPE RECOGNITION FOR AUTOMATION OF GRINDING OPERATION IN THE SHIPYARD

Se-Young Kang1, Sol Ha1, Ju-Hwan Cha1, Puspita Trinita Laras1, Ji-Hwan Lee1, Hyeong-Jun Kim1,
Dong-Hyeok Jang1, Kwang-Phil Park2
1
Mokpo National University, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Muan-gun, Korea
2
Chungnam National University, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Daejeon, Korea
Abstract. This paper proposes a method that detects the outlines of steel outfitting used in shipbuilding using
a camera image. Many factors interfere with shape recognition at the workplace. To remove unnecessary
factors in the camera image, we separate the background and objects by utilizing the difference in contrast.
The remaining noise is removed through repetitive morphology operations. To remove holes, scratches, and
rust inside the object, the interior is filled with a minimum degree of contrast. As a result, a pure outline of the
object could be obtained and applied to the operation of automation grinding.
Keywords: Camera image, Shape recognition, Automation grinding.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

21. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN

INNOVATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR SHIPS TUE

Ernst Holzerbauer1, Toni Modaleck1, Danijela Pejković1, Igor Ćutić2
1
ERMAFA Environmental Technologies GmbH, Vienna, Austria

16:20 – 18:00
2
Maritime Center of Excellence d.o.o., Opatija, Croatia
Abstract. A plasma-assisted gasification system for conversion of solid waste to synthesis gas (gaseous fuel
mainly comprised of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) was developed by ERMAFA Environmental Technologies
of Austria and is currently in the prototype stage. This paper analyses the feasibility of the application of this
technology for the conversion of oily residue and solid shipboard waste such as plastics, paper, cardboard,
textile, dried food leftovers and hazardous waste to usable electric and heat energy, with the goal to achieve

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three main targets: considerable reduction of waste volume, reduction of overall greenhouse gases emission
and cost savings. Solid and liquid waste collected on board is subject to pre-treatment before being fed to the
reactor. A three-stage gasification process within the reactor converts the feedstock into raw synthesis gas,
leaving a small percentage of solid residue in the form of inert ash. The raw synthesis gas is cleaned in the gas
treatment system and, finally, fed to a gas engine for the generation of electrical energy. This paper describes
in detail the operation principle of the plasma-assisted waste management system and contains several case
studies to assess the system size, interface requirements, mass and energy balance and high-level economic
assessment for several characteristic ships and usage scenarios. The system is deemed feasible and applicable
to ships with a large number of persons on board (e.g. mid and large cruisers) or larger military vessels where
the primary driver is waste volume reduction.
Keywords: Plasma gasification, Syngas, Waste-to-energy, Ship waste management.

REAL SHIP IMPLEMENTATION OF BUOYANCY SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR DAMAGED SHIPS

Hee Jin Kang1 , Kwang Keun Lee2, Dongkon Lee1, Young Shik Kim1
1
Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Principal Researcher, R.O.Korea
2
LeeyoungSND Co. Ltd., CTO, R.O.Korea
Abstract. Buoyancy support system (BSS) is a technology that can delay or prevent the sinking of a damaged
ship in the event of an emergency. In 2018, the developed technology acquired AIP (Approval In Principal)
from Korean Register of Shipping, and ISO standards established in 2019. If the watertight zone of a ship is
sufficiently divided, the damage stability can be improved, but the hull becomes heavy and the cost for the ship
building increases. The BSS is a technology that can be installed inner hull space with minimal capital cost and
reduced need for ship modification, maintenance during the life cycle. In this proceeding, practical efforts is
introduced and achievements for improving ship safety through the practical application of the BSS to electric
powered small car ferry ships are introduced.
Keywords: Buoyancy support system, Flooding, Accidents (incidents), Evacuation, Stability.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

WEDNESDAY, 12 OCTOBER 2022 PROGRAMME

08:30 -
REGISTRATION
Onwards
09:00 – 22. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 23. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 24. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
10:40 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Model tests I Artificial intelligence, Energy efficiency I
Machine learning I
H.J. Tang, R.Y. Yang, H.C. Yao: B. van Veldhuizen, L. van Biert, K.
Flume Experiment of Mooring Line J. Lee, D.W. Park: Visser, H. Hopman:
Failure on a Net Cage under Irregular Multi-Parametric Hull Form Comparative Analysis of Alternative
Waves and Currents Design Based on Optimization Fuels for Marine SOFC Systems
K.H. Jung, S.B. Park, H. Park, Technique and AI
F. Xing, K. Pazouki, A.J. Murphy,
A.H. Mohamed, Hyun Soo Kim: C. Gui, Z. Zhou, Y. Huang, N. Kiji, R. Norman:
Hydrodynamic Characteristics of M. Sadano, K. Aoyama: A Comparison of NOx Mitigating
Rectangular Structure in Various Data-Driven Multi-Agent Technologies for Ships using
Water Depth Simulation of Subassembly Fleet-Wide Continuous Emissions
Y. Kitagawa, Y. Tsukada, K. Ohashi: Production at Shipyard Monitoring
On Measurement of Hydrodynamic M.C. Kong, M.I. Roh, J. Ha, E.S. Jin, E. Yfantis , C. Ioannou, A. Paradeisiotis,
Pressures on Hull and Rudder Surface D. Yu: G. Mallouppas, A. Ktoris:
in Free-running Model Test Design of the Integrated System Comparative Investigation of
J. Lee, S. Hwang, Y.Y. Lee, S.M. Yoo: for the Safe Operation Based on Different Methodologies for
Towing-tank Measurement of Added Augmented Reality the Assessment of Shipping
Resistance of a Tanker in Regular M.K. Lee, I. Lee: Transportation Environmental impact
Head Waves under Off-design An Optimization Study for the – The CMMI ISEF Emission Assessment
Conditions Design of Flow Control Fin using Model
Artificial Intelligence A. Dell’Acqua, R. Eggers, J. Benedictus:
Alternative Ship Propulsion System
fuelled by Ammonia: Environmental,
Feasibility and Economic Assessment
for a NewcastleMax Bulk Carrier
10:40 –
Coffee break
11:10
11:10 – 25. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 26. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 27. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
12:50 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Model tests II Artificial intelligence, Energy efficiency II
Machine learning II
C. Pouw, B. Starke: J. Barreiro Montes, P. Ballester Falcon,
Numerical Calculation and Evaluation H.Y. Son, G.Y. Kim, S.J. Oh, J. Choi, S. Zaragoza Fernández, V. Díaz Casas:
of Extrapolation Coefficients as used D.K. Lee, Y.M. Choi, E.S. Kim, Energy Efficiency of Ships
in Speed-Power Predictions based on S.C. Shin: Y. Zhou , K. Pazouki, A.J. Murphy,
Model Tests BiLSTM-based Time to Capsize Z. Uriondo, I. Granado, I. Quincoces,
R. Kołodziej: Prediction using Damaged Ship J. A. Fernandes-Salvador:
Impact of Ship’s Metacentric Height Motion Data Modelling Tuna Purse Seiners Fuel
on the Prediction of IMO Standard D. Jeon, G.Y. Kim, C. Lim, S.C. Shin: Efficiency in Real-World Operations
Maneuvers with the use of Free Minimization of Shift for using Machine Learning Approaches
Running Models Container Stowage Planning N. Vladimir, M. Koričan, H. Kozmar,
S. Kim, B. Bouscasse; G. Ducrozet, based on Reinforcement V. Slapničar, A. Fan:
S. Delacroix, G. de Hauteclocque, Learning A Simplified Formulation of the
P. Ferrant: L. (Y.O.) Kim, K.H. Lee, Y. Kim, Energy Efficiency Index for Purse
Experimental Investigation on Wave- H.B. Yeo: Seiners
Induced Bending Moments of a 6,750- Necessity of Advanced N. Vladimir, M. Koričan, N. Alujević,
TEU Containership in Oblique Waves Integrated Digital Engineering & V. Slapničar, T. Haramina, A. Fan:
K. Mikami, H. Houtani, M. Kobayashi, Management (AIDEM) Tools Real Time Fuel Consumption
K. Toh, H. Murayama, H. Suzuki: G.Y. Kim, G.S. Jin, S.J. Oh, C. Lim, Measurements of a Fleet of Fishing
Measurement of Deflection S. Lee, M. Seong, S.C. Shin: Vessels in the Adriatic Sea
Distribution of Elastic Container Ship Deep Neural Networks with
Model Using Stereo Imaging and Ensemble Model for HVAC
Fiber-Optic Sensors Capacity Estimation of Ship

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME WEDNESDAY, 12 OCTOBER 2022

12:50 – Lunch
14:20
14:20 – 28. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 29. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 30. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
16:00 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Propulsion I Artificial intelligence, Energy efficiency III
Machine learning III
K.W. Shin, W. Jin, R.M. Bering: K. Kim, M. Leer-Andersen, S.
CFD Prediction of Cavitation on J.H. Kim, M.I. Roh, I.C. Yeo, K.S. Werner:
a Full-scale Marine Propeller in Kim, M.J. Oh, S. Oh: Towards an Effective Ship Design
Hull Wake Estimation Model of and Operation taking into
S. Hamzeh, M.R. Hadavi, H. Hydrodynamic Performance Account Surface Roughness
Rostami, S. Nickabadi, E. Using Hull Form Variation and R. Eggers , A. Dell’ Acqua, J. van
Rostami: Deep Learning den Akker, J. Wisse:
Numerical Investigation of S.H. Byun, K. Sim: Exploration of Wind Propulsion:
Effect of Replacement Stator On Dimension Reduction of Performance and Economical
with Secondary Rotor in a Vibration data for Condition Assessment for a NewcastleMax
Water-Jet Propulsion System Monitoring of Marine Engines Bulk Carrier
M. Reichel, H. Pruszko, K. Czerski, W. Yunlong, M. Jie, Z. Yu, Z. Xin: J.H. Lee, H. Kim, J.H. Jang, H.S. Ahn,
M. Necel: Research on Ship Parts Layout D.W. Seo:
Innovative Twin-CRP-POD Problem Based on Hybrid Study on the Speed Trial of a
Propulsion System for Ultra Improved Genetic Simulated Large Container Ship during a
Large Container Ships - Annealing Algorithm Commercial Voyage
Challenges and Opportunities L. van Rooij, R. de Winter, C. Emmersberger, B. Carstensen,
Y.J. Hyun, S. Sung, K.J. Paik, J. A.V. Kononova, B. van Stein: A. Lübcke, S. Krüger:
Park, S.H. Lee, J. Park: Explainable AI for Ship Design A Method for Dimensioning
Proposal for a Method to Analysis with AIS and Static Hybrid Power Supply Systems
Reduce Propeller Vibration Ship Data of Ships within the Early Design
through Harmonic Injection Stage
of Motor

19:30 -
CONFERENCE DINNER
Onwards

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

22. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MODEL TESTS I

WED FLUME EXPERIMENT OF MOORING LINE FAILURE ON A NET CAGE UNDER IRREGULAR
WAVES AND CURRENTS
Hung-Jie Tang1, Ray-Yeng Yang2, Hao-Cheng Yao2
09:00 – 10:40

1
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory, Tainan, Taiwan
2
National Cheng Kung University, Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, Tainan, Taiwan
Abstract. This study conducted a flume experiment of the hydrodynamic behaviours of the mooring line
failure on a net cage under irregular waves and currents. An eight-point mooring net-cage model with two
load cells in its upstream mooring lines and with a gyroscope on its floating collar was installed in a wave tank
to measure the upstream mooring force and the rotational motions of the net cage. A device equipped with a
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pneumatic cylinder and a blade was designed to cut the mooring line. The experimental results were analysed
in both the time domain and frequency domain. The results showed that as one of the upstream mooring
lines was cut, the mooring load in the other line increased greatly. In addition to the strong mooring tension
response, a significant yaw rotation of the floating collar of the net cage was also observed. As increasing the
current velocity, the higher tension spectral responses in both the wave-frequency and low-frequency regions
were discovered.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Net cage, Mooring line failure, Irregular waves, Water current, Flume experiment.

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR STRUCTURE IN VARIOUS WATER

DEPTH
Kwang Hyo Jung1, Sung Boo Park1, Hyunjung Park1, Ahmad Hazwan Mohamed1, Hyun Soo Kim2
1
Pusan National University, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Republic of Korea
2
Inha Technical College, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Republic of Korea
Abstract. Hydrodynamic characteristics of a rectangular structure were experimentally studied in various
wave and water depth conditions in a two-dimensional wave tank. The rectangular structure was installed
in fixed and soft spring moored conditions in beam sea. The experiment was performed in regular wave
conditions varying a wave period, a wave height, and the water depths. At the fixed condition, the horizontal
and vertical forces were measured to quantify the wave loading on the rectangular structure. To study the
water depth effect on the hydrodynamic motion, the rectangular structure was moored with soft spring to
allow 3-DOF (sway, heave, roll) motions in the beam sea condition. It was performed of tests for four wave
heights at one wave period to investigate the nonlinear effect on the roll and heave motion in various water
depths. Free decay tests were employed to quantify the damping effect on roll and heave motions at various
water depths. It showed trends of roll and heave natural periods increasing and those damping ratios getting
larger at shallow water depth. And, it was provided that numerical and experimental results of response
amplitude operators (RAOs) of roll, heave, and sway motions was compared at various water depth.
Keywords: Water depth effect, Natural period, Damping ratio, Response amplitude operator (RAO).

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

22. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MODEL TESTS I

ON MEASUREMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES ON HULL AND RUDDER SURFACE IN WED

FREE-RUNNING MODEL TEST
Yasushi Kitagawa , Yoshiaki Tsukada , Kunihide Ohashi
1 1 1

09:00 – 10:40
1
National Maritime Research Institute, Department of Fluids Engineering & Ship Performance Evaluation,
Tokyo, Japan
Abstract. Research and development for the autonomous ship have been internationally progressed, and safety
assessments for the automatically manoeuvred ship will be more important. Here, though ship’s manoeuvring
motions have been conventionally predicted by solving the equations of the planar motion whose external
force terms are consisted on the basis of quasi-steady process, considering complex hydrodynamic forces in

MARE II
harbour manoeuvring as represented as a berthing operation, the direct simulation of freely manoeuvred
motions using the CFD method is promising in such the operation. Similar to the mathematical manoeuvring
models, the detailed validations of the CFD method are desirable, especially, on manoeuvring motions
including a berthing operation. In this study, the experimental measurement of hydrodynamic pressures at
multiple points on hull and rudder surfaces, which can be contribute to the validation of the CFD method,
under the free-running model test are performed. An experimental facility for the free-running model test is
the Actual Sea Model Basin in the National Maritime Institute Japan , and the FBG pressure sensors (132 points
in total) are introduced to measure the hydrodynamic pressures. With deeply explaining the experimental
setting of the FBG sensors for the free-running model test, measured results and those analyses of ship motion
and surface pressures in the turning test are revealed.
Keywords: Free-running model test, Hydrodynamic pressure, FBG pressure sensor, Turning test.

TOWING-TANK MEASUREMENT OF ADDED RESISTANCE OF A TANKER IN REGULAR HEAD

WAVES UNDER OFF-DESIGN CONDITIONS
Jaehoon Lee1, Seunghyun Hwang1, Young-Yeon Lee1, Sun-Mo Yoo1
1
Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean engineering (KRISO), Daejeon, Korea
Abstract. Ship hydrodynamic performance in off-design conditions is crucial for both the model test-sea trial
correlation and ship propulsion performance evaluation during real sea state operations. However, only a few
previous studies have examined this. Therefore, the number of databases related to these conditions is less
than that of design conditions. The estimation or empirical approach may have limitations because of the lack
of data in relevant domains. This study considers different loading conditions and second order Stokes incident
waves to fill this gap in public experimental data. During the experiment, an appropriate incident wave
generation, analysis method and measurement devices were selected based on uncertainty quantification.
Several conclusions were drawn from the test results. Even in linear incident wave condition, the bow and
stern wetted surface in ballast condition differ from the design waterline. Dynamic motion characteristics are
different due to fore and aft restoring force and moment differences, and vertical hull form variation. If the
wave slope becomes higher, the nonlinear effect is magnified. Instantaneous bulbous bow emersion, breaking
waves, relative wave maximum point, phase difference, dry hull bottom, and several nonlinear phenomena
should be considered in off-design conditions. The basic assumptions made for linear theory calculations or
simple estimation methods may lead to inaccuracies when breaking waves and severe wetted surface changes
are present, and these methods should be applied with circumspection.
Keywords: Wave resistance, Off-design, Towing-tank test, Tanker, Added resistance.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

23. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING I

WED MULTI-PARAMETRIC HULL FORM DESIGN BASED ON OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE AND AI

Jonghyeon Lee1 , Dong-Woo Park2
1
Shipbuilding & Marine Simulation Center, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea
09:00 – 10:40

2
Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Abstract. This paper suggests a standard method to optimize hull form from the perspective of hydrodynamic
performances based on the design space exploration, optimization technique and AI(Artificial Intelligence)
using multi-parameter and objective function. Target ship is a 50k DWT class oil tanker, and optimization of
the hull form has been performed to improve speed performance using computational method. The design
parameters of the bow and stern hull are related to translation of control point of surface, and the objective
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is to minimize the total resistance with constraint conditions. To suggest the standard method, the process
consisted of hull form variation, performance analysis and design exploration has been automated. A study of
the bow hull form optimization without change of the stern hull form has been implemented, and it has been
performed to optimize the bow and stern hull form together. Each best hull form that the speed performance
is improved was searched as a result of the design exploration. The standard optimization method developed
from this parametric study based on the AI can be utilized to design optimal hull form of medium-range ships.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Design exploration, Optimization, Automation, Hull form, Performance.

DATA-DRIVEN MULTI-AGENT SIMULATION OF SUBASSEMBLY PRODUCTION AT SHIPYARD

Chenwei Gui1, Zeli Zhou1, Yuzhu Huang1, Noboru Kiji2, Masatoshi Sadano2, Kazuhiro Aoyama1
1
The University of Tokyo, Japan
2
Japan Marine United Corporation, Japan
Abstract. To survive in an increasingly competitive shipbuilding market, shipyards must optimize the
utilization of resources, facilitate scheduling, and eliminate waste during production. To address these
problems, various simulation-related technologies have been widely adopted in the ship building industry.
However, to date, there are few reports on enhancing the fidelity of the simulation model using historical
process information. In this study, we propose using a YOLO-based object detection method to extract the
valuable process information from surveillance videos and estimate the work status based on the detection
results. The work status information is then used to evaluate workers’ performance, which serves as the
input of the simulation to enhance fidelity. The problem of validating and improving the existing production
plan is formalized as a flexible job shop scheduling problem and is addressed using a contract net protocol-
based multi-agent simulation model. Finally, a case study was conducted in which the production plan of a
subassembly workshop at a shipyard was validated and improved so that the original production goal could
be achieved. This study demonstrates the potential of employing the historical production record to enhance
the fidelity of the model and proposes an approach for the foreman at the shipyard to improve the existing
production plan in the flexible shipbuilding environment via the multi-agent simulation.
Keywords: Multi-agent simulation, Subassembly, Flexible job shop scheduling, Performance rating.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

23. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING I

DESIGN OF THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR THE SAFE OPERATION BASED ON AUGMENTED WED
REALITY
Min-Chul Kong , Myung-Il Roh , Jisang Ha , Eun Seok Jin , Donghun Yu
1 2 1 3 3

09:00 – 10:40
1
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd, Geoje, Republic of Korea
Abstract. Recently, the demand for technology to help workers safely navigate has been emerging. Therefore,
many studies have been conducted to identify other ships using various sensors and propose a collision-free

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route by collision risk assessment. Such supporting technology for safe navigation requires analysis of various
sensor information. By using multiple sensors such as automatic identification system (AIS), radio detection
and ranging (RADAR), and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) with appropriate sensor fusion, other ships
around an own ship could be identified. However, such information is complex for the navigator to interpret
and isn’t easy to utilize because it is not intuitive. Also, such information is visualized in graph-like form through
the display; there is a significant difference from the actual field of view seen from the wheelhouse. Therefore,
an effective visualization technology that displays various operational information such as the collision risk
with other ships and the collision-free route of the own ship is required. This study proposed augmented
reality (AR) technology to display various results of image detection, collision risk, collision-free routes, and
sensor information on actual navigation images for safe navigation. As a result, a system that integrates the
image detection module, collision-avoidance module, and sensor fusion module was designed, generating
ship detection results with the YOLO v5 model. For this, the integrated framework that can connect various
modules and exchange various information between them was designed and implemented. This model was
applied to the real-time video and sensor data taken during the actual voyage. Its effectiveness was confirmed
by visualizing video overlays of various information to help the navigator.
Keywords: Augmented Reality, Integrated System, Integrated Framework, Data Visualization.

AN OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR THE DESIGN OF FLOW CONTROL FIN USING ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Min-Kyung Lee1, Inwon Lee1
1
Pusan National University, Department of Naval Architecture Ocean Engineering, Pusan, Republic of Korea
Abstract. The fin optimization of ship is generally conducted as a case study through Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD), which requires a lot of time. In this study, artificial intelligence was applied to learn the wake
field distribution in the propeller plane of the ship and to select the optimal fin location. The wake distribution
data have been collected systematically by CFD. Based on the collected data, the wake distribution according
to fin position was learned by Neural Network (NN) and the optimal fin position was selected through
optimization technique. The neural network and optimization technology, which are widely applied in
the engineering field, are well known as on of the prospective methods for prediction, classification and
diagnosis of real complicated problems. For neural network learning, fin position information and axial
velocity component values are configured as processing nodes of input and output layers, respectively. Based
on the learned output data, optimization technique was applied with constraints for homogenous wake
distribution. The results from this study may provide the designer with an optimal fin location without using
simulation in the initial fin design.
Keywords: Flow Control Fin Design, Wake Distribution, CFD, Artificial Intelligence, Neural Network,
Optimization Technology, Learning Algorithm.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

24. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ENERGY EFFICIENCY I

WED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR MARINE SOFC SYSTEMS

Berend van Veldhuizen1, Lindert van Biert1, Klaas Visser1, Hans Hopman1
1
Delft University of Technology, Marine Technology and Transport department, Delft, Netherlands
09:00 – 10:40

Abstract. To continue its operations, the marine industry needs to comply with emission regulations. Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are considered a promising solution, since it can generate energy athigh efficiency and
low NOX, SOX and particulate matter emissions. Another advantage of SOFCsis fuel flexibility, meaning several
fuels can be applied in SOFC systems. This brings up the questionwhich fuel is most effective for a marine SOFC
system. In this research, marine gas oil (benchmark),liquefied hydrogen, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel,
natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, and hydrogenare compared as bunker fuel. A comparison framework
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is proposed specialised for marineapplications. The following decision criteria are selected: production
capacity, volumetric/gravimetricenergy density, technological readiness, safety, fuel cost, cost of the fuel
storage system, and emissions.The performance indicators are quantified for every fuel based on literature
and supplier information.In the end, five alternative fuels are selected for marine SOFC systems on the selected
criteria, whichwill be used in further research.
Keywords: Marine fuels, Power generation, SOFC, Emissions.

A COMPARISON OF NOX MITIGATING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SHIPS USING FLEET-WIDE

CONTINUOUS EMISSIONS MONITORING
Fengshuo Xing1, Kayvan Pazouki1, Alan J. Murphy1, Rose Norman1
1
Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Abstract. Maritime transport is the backbone of domestic and international trade and economy. Around
80% of global trade by volume and over 70 % by value are carried by sea. The global proportion of NOx
emissions from shipping is estimated at around 15 %. One of the key aspects to reduce emissions is to
use mitigating technologies, however these technologies can only be effectively deployed, and system
design decisions made, if their actual performance in real operational settings is known. This paper
investigates the effectiveness of several NOx emissions mitigating technologies, applying them on 10
older inland waterway vessels. These measures include primary and secondary measures applied at and
after the engine, respectively and the use of alternative fuels. The real-world NOx emissions and other
engine operational parameters were recorded using continuous monitoring systems over extensive time
periods (>1 year). The data were analysed to generate specific load-dependent NOx emission factors for
each technology which were then generalised using averages with weighting functions that are relevant
to those used in EU regulations. The emission factors are used to determine the effectiveness of each of the
mitigating technologies under different operating conditions and their relative performance is compared.
This paper considers the detail and challenges of monitoring ship emissions at fleet-scale over long periods
of time and considers the relative performance of the NOx mitigating technologies that the analysis
revealed.
Keywords: Onboard monitoring, Load dependent NOx emission factors, Effectiveness of NOx mitigating
technologies, Inland waterway vessels.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

24. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ENERGY EFFICIENCY I

COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES FOR THE ASSESSMENT WED

OF SHIPPING TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT – THE CMMI ISEF EMISSION
ASSESSMENT MODEL

09:00 – 10:40
Elias Yfantis1, Constantina Ioannou1, Andreas Paradeisiotis1, George Mallouppas1, Angelos
Ktoris1
1
Marine and Offshore Science, Technology, Engineering Centre, Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute
Abstract. Climate change accentuates the need to raise social awareness to conserve energy and reduce fuel
consumption, especially in the shipping sector, since 80-90% of the international trade occurs through shipping
and represents approximately 3% of the global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Decarbonization is vital to

MARE IV
eventually eliminate carbon dioxide emissions, using the appropriate radical and incremental innovative
technologies, policies, and incentives at local and international level. Nevertheless, proper tools are not yet
feasible neither to estimate and/or calculate CO2 emissions nor to continuously monitor and evaluate them.
Consequently, it is important to develop an accurate and reliable method to monitor combustion emissions
from shipping that will hopefully encourage organizations that provide transportation services to review their
strategies and motivate governments and regulatory bodies to improve their policies (taxation, incentives).
To begin with, research is carried out to examine the existing methods that are used to estimate the emissions
of ships. Furthermore, comparative investigation of the different methodologies is assessed to adopt the
most accurate approach for the estimation of shipping transportation environmental impact. The second-
stage target is the real-time monitoring of commercial ships to map atmospheric pollution in the Eastern
Mediterranean region by calculating the GHG emissions and utilizing meteorological models to estimate the
dispersion. The third-stage target is the development of an evaluation platform for decarbonization measures
that have been or will be adopted. Finally, the CMMI ISEF emission assessment model is introduced which can
aid practical ship design.
Keywords: Shipping transportation, GHG emissions, Emission monitoring, Vessel environmental footprint, AIS.

ALTERNATIVE SHIP PROPULSION SYSTEM FUELLED BY AMMONIA: ENVIRONMENTAL,

FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT FOR A NEWCASTLEMAX BULK CARRIER
Antonino Dell’Acqua1, Rogier Eggers1, Julia Benedictus2
1
Maritime Research Institute (MARIN), Netherlands
2
Conoship International, Netherlands
Abstract. The growing environmental awareness of the shipping industry has posed the objective of achieving
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and introducing alternative fuel sources. The energy
carrier choice, the design and the implementation of the future low/zero emission power systems on board
ships is a challenging process in which the reduction of emissions is not the only determining factor. The
presented paper explores this field. In co-operation with Compagnie Maritime Belge (CMB), a NewcastleMax
bulk carrier was used as reference for the application of carbon free/neutral fuels. Different combinations
of power system designs and fuels were reviewed based on their estimated CO2 emissions, impact on the
design, capital and operational expenditure and technology readiness level in order to come up with the
most suitable solution. The exploration unveiled how ammonia can be a valid and feasible alternative on
the way to a reduced dependence on fossil fuels. Despite the assumptions and limitations encountered due
to the novelty of this technology, preliminary results and system’s layouts show a relevant step towards the
application of ammonia as marine fuel.
Keywords: Ammonia, Bulk Carrier, NewcastleMax, Green shipping, Hybrid propulsion, Greenhouse gas (GHG).

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

25. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MODEL TESTS II

WED NUMERICAL CALCULATION AND EVALUATION OF EXTRAPOLATION COEFFICIENTS AS

USED IN SPEED-POWER PREDICTIONS BASED ON MODEL TESTS
Christiaan Pouw1, Bram Starke1
11:10 – 12:50

1
Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), Wageningen, Netherlands
Abstract. A comparative analysis has been made of the extrapolation of model tests results using form factors
and wake scale effects obtained from both a statistical method and viscous-flow computations. When similar
values would be obtained from the numerical approach compared to the statistical method, no change in
correlation allowance is needed to predict the same full-scale power. For slender ships, however, this is not
the case and the lower form factor and higher wake scale effect from the numerical approach results in a
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lower correlation allowance in the order of 0.00010. For fuller ships the numerical approach predicts similar
form factors but a higher wake scale effect. The ballast draught compared to the design draught is normally
extrapolated with an additional correlation allowance but when the numerical extrapolation coefficients
are used this additional allowance is reduced, more for slender ships then for fuller ships. A correlation of
ballast and design draughts with trial data show an opposite trend where the slender ships need an additional
reduction of the correlation allowance in ballast.
Keywords: Model-to-ship extrapolation, Form factor, Wake fraction, Design draft, Ballast draft, CFD.

IMPACT OF SHIP’S METACENTRIC HEIGHT ON THE PREDICTION OF IMO STANDARD

MANEUVERS WITH THE USE OF FREE RUNNING MODELS
Radosław Kołodziej1,2
1
Maritime Advanced Research Centre, CTO S.A, Gdańsk, Poland
2
Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
Abstract. The IMO standards assume that the maneuverability of the ship can be assessed on the basis of the
characteristics of the conventional trial maneuvers. In this case, either free running model tests or captive
model tests in conjunction with mathematical model of ship motion are considered as a reliable prediction
method on an early stage of ship design. Although roll motions of the ship during maneuvering play an
important role in navigation safety it is a common practice that the roll-coupling effect on maneuvering
is considered as negligible and not taken into consideration during initial predictions of ship maneuvering
performance. This paper presents study over impact of roll motions generated by the hull on the results of IMO
standard maneuvers on the example of zig-zag and turning model tests conducted for a three different types
of vessels. Each tested free running model was balanced dynamically for a three different metacentric heights
so that it could achieve significant roll angles during maneuvering. The study brings practical knowledge for
designers interested in both numerical simulations of ship motions as well as class acceptance tests and have
broad applications in the entire process of ship design.
Keywords: Ship model tests, Roll-coupling effect, IMO standards, Ship maneuvering prediction, Ship
metacentric height.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

25. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - MODEL TESTS II

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON WAVE-INDUCED BENDING MOMENTS OF A WED

6,750-TEU CONTAINERSHIP IN OBLIQUE WAVES
Shinwoong Kim , Benjamin Bouscasse , Guillaume Ducrozet , Sylvain Delacroix , Guillaume de
1 1 1 1

11:10 – 12:50
Hauteclocque2, Pierre Ferrant1
1
Nantes Universit'e, 'Ecole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LHEEA, UMR 6598, Nantes, France
2
Bureau Veritas, Paris, France
Abstract. This study aims at the experimental investigation of wave-induced motions and loads of a
containership model without forward speed in 120deg oblique regular waves to provide reference data
for future benchmark studies. A mooring system with 4 horizontally arranged spring lines was used to

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maintain the heading angle of a 1:65 scaled 9-segments model designed to be as rigid as possible. Focuses
were on studying the nonlinear effects due to the wave steepness on the vertical bending moment (VBM)
and horizontal bending moment (HBM) near amidships, and 6DOF motions at the center of gravity (COG) of
the model. Accordingly, several wave series in wave steepness consisting of various wave period cases were
generated in the model test. The wave period range of each series was intended to cover the peak of the wave
bending moment transfer function, thus the wave's nonlinear effect on the response near the resonance
period was discussed. From the experimental results, it was found that the weight of the wave’s nonlinear
effect on the motions and loads increases as the wave becomes steeper. In addition, the contribution of the
additional bending moment by the mooring system was qualitatively evaluated through a comparative study
with linear numerical calculation results of Hydrostar, that was performed with/without the mooring system.
Keywords: Wave bending moments, Oblique wave condition, Wave steepness, Horizontal mooring system.

MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION DISTRIBUTION OF ELASTIC CONTAINER SHIP MODEL

USING STEREO IMAGING AND FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS
Kohei Mikami1, Hidetaka Houtani2, Makito Kobayashi1, Kimihiro Toh3, Hideaki Murayama1,
Hideyuki Suzuki2
1
The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Science, Chiba, Japan
2
The University of Tokyo, School of Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
3
Kyushu University, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan
Abstract. Elastic deformation of ship structures occurs when subjected to hydrostatic and wave loading. Tank
tests using an elastic ship model are often carried out to understand such structural responses. In conventional
experiments, sensors such as strain gauges and load cells have been used to evaluate the vertical bending
moment of the section to which the sensor is attached, and a few examples are focusing on the deformation
distribution. In this study, the tank test is implemented with an elastic model of a container ship with an
aluminum beam as its backbone, aiming to measure the deflection distribution of the global deformation
of the hull. By applying the beam theory, the deflection distributions of the backbone are estimated using
strains measured by distributed fiber-optic strain sensors installed on the backbone. Simultaneously, the
deformation of the hull was measured using stereo imaging sensors and compared with the results of the
fiber-optic sensors. Firstly, the deflection distributions measured using fiber-optic and stereo imaging sensors
were verified in a three-point bending test with only the backbone. A hammering test of the backbone was
conducted, and dynamic vibration was also measured successfully. Then, a three-point bending test with the
ship model was conducted on a surface plate, and it was confirmed that the deflection distribution of the ship
model can be estimated using both sensing techniques. In addition, static deformation caused by changes
in the weight distribution in still water and dynamic deformation caused by wave loading were measured
in a test tank. The results showed that the deflection distributions due to static and dynamic loads could be
reasonably estimated, respectively. Hence, it was shown that the deflection distribution of the elastic ship
with the backbone can be estimated using stereo imaging and fiber-optic sensors without the backbone or
hull material information.
Keywords: Fiber-Optic Sensors, Stereo Imaging Sensors, Elastic Ship Model, Elastic Response.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

26. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING II

WED BILSTM-BASED TIME TO CAPSIZE PREDICTION USING DAMAGED SHIP MOTION DATA
Hye-young Son1, Gi-yong Kim1, Sang-jin Oh1, Jin Choi2, Dong-kon Lee3, Young-Myung Choi1, Eun
Soo Kim1, Sung-chul Shin1
11:10 – 12:50

1
Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
2
Korea Autonomous Surface Ship Project Office, KRISO, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
3
Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Abstract. When a marine accident such as a collision or stranding occurs, taking appropriate initial response at
an early stage influences on reducing the expand of the accident. Several researches have been conducted to
determine the possibility to capsize within the first hour, the status of capsizing if the possibility is high. In this
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study, we developed a model that classifies the time to capsize into survivability stages based on the motion
data of the damaged ship. Survivability stages are classified into 4 stages: capsizing within 15 minutes, 30
minutes, 1 hour, and over 1 hour before capsizing. To obtain the trend estimation in these roll and pitch time
series data, the butterworth low-pass filter was adopted in this study. The low-pass filtered roll and pitch data
are used as features for the classification model. The classification model for all stages at once can leaded to
the overfitting in the training. In order to solve this problem, a deep learning model that classifies into Stage
0 and the rest was initially generated. Since the f1-score of the model classifying Stage 0 and the rest stages
using roll and pitch as features is 0.94, it is turned out that the proposed model has a sufficient accuracy. After
classifying into Stage 0 and others with this model, a model that classifies into Stage 1, 2, and 3 for non-Stage 0
cases is newly introduced. For the model classifying survivability stages 1, 2, and 3, the model using roll, pitch,
and lpf_p as features performed the best, as the f1-score was 0.93, therefore, the proposed model can provide
a sufficient accuracy to represent the survivability of capsizing ship.
Keywords: Bidirectional LSTM, Decision Support System, Damage Control System, Time to Capsize Prediction.

MINIMIZATION OF SHIFT FOR CONTAINER STOWAGE PLANNING BASED ON

REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
Dongmin Jeon1, Gi-yong Kim1, Chaeog Lim1, Sung-chul Shin1
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of
Korea
Abstract. The stowage planning for container ships is the task of allocating containers in a plan to reduce
waiting time and costs at a port. Containers have information for sailing such as weight, dimensions, and
port of loading and discharge. The stowage planner should consider the information of the containers with
hydrostatic data of the container ship, and the navigation route to make optimal stowage plan. However,
most planners rely on their experience to decide the location of each container. Therefore, container loading
problems take a lot of time, and the results are different for each planner because there are no general rules.
In addition, since the number of containers to be loaded increases as the size of the ship continues to grow
from the past, there is a limit to the existing method. Methodologies for generating optimal stowage plans for
container ship is being proposed to solve this problem. In this study, we introduce reinforcement learning as
a method of generating an optimal stowage plan. This method put focus on minimizing the number of shifts.
Shift is an unnecessary task that occurs due to POD (Port of discharge), increasing the waiting time at the port.
The results were verified by checking the time measurement and objective function were satisfied.
Keywords: Container ship, Reinforcement learning, Shift, Stowage planning.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

26. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,MACHINE LEARNING II

NECESSITY OF ADVANCED INTEGRATED DIGITAL ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT (AIDEM) WED

TOOLS
Luke (Yang Ouk) Kim , Kyung Ho Lee , Youngsu Kim , Hyeon-Bin Yeo
1 1 1 1

11:10 – 12:50
1
Naval Architect and Ocean Engineering, Incheon, INHA University, Republic of Korea
Abstract. In a viewpoint of successful linkage to build a Smart Seamless Value Chain for the Port, Shipping,
Shipbuilding and Vendor's Industries, it should be defined the relations among the industries, also found what is
the key factor to give sustainable development of these industries. Nowadays, it also should be very important
how to implement the Justification of ESG management with decarbonization through digitalization. In the
speech, it would be shown the status of the linkage for the industries, and why it does need their seamless

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relations for the value chain. It would designate the corner stone to make strategic passage of intelligent
linkage through the industrial experiences with lesson learnt.
Keywords: Digitalization, Seamless Value Chain, Sustainable Development, ESG management, integrated
Augmented Reality, Seamless Value Chain, Sustainable Development.

DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS WITH ENSEMBLE MODEL FOR HVAC CAPACITY ESTIMATION OF
SHIP
Gi-yong Kim1, Gang-soo Jin1, Sang-jin Oh1, Chaeog Lim1, Sanggyu Lee2, Minseok Seong3 , Sung-
chul Shin1
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Business Planning, DSEC Co. Ltd, Busan, Republic of Korea
3
Technology 1 Team, HI AIR Korea Co. Ltd, Busan, Republic of Korea
Abstract. HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air-Conditioning) is one of the essential equipment for ships and
offshore structures, and is an important safety device. When engineers design HVAC system, it is necessary
to estimate reasonable HVAC capacity and equipment to meet a delivery date of a ship’s main equipment.
However, it is difficult to accurately estimate HVAC capacity that satisfies various condition, such as IMO
rules, a ship owner’s requirements, and design changes. In this study, we developed a model to estimate
the HVAC capacity (Air volume) in the initial design using data from existing ships. We extracted features
from HVAC data of ships designed over the past 15 years, and useful combinations of features were selected
through statistical analysis. Then, HVAC capacity is estimated by learning a neural network for each feature
combination. In addition, an ensemble model is applied to reduce variance by probabilistic characteristics
that occur in the learning process of neural networks and improve accuracy. Finally, a final model is selected
by comparing the estimated results of test data of a trained single model and an ensemble model. As a
result, we analyzed and selected useful features for estimating HVAC capacity from raw design data. Also,
we supplemented the performance of a single model and confirmed the possibility of stable estimation
through the application of an ensemble model.
Keywords: HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air-Conditioning), Deep-learning, Ensemble model, Capacity
estimation, Initial design.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

27. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ENERGY EFFICIENCY II

WED ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF SHIPS

Julio Barreiro Montes1, Paula Ballester Falcon1, Sonia Zaragoza Fernández1, Vicente Díaz-Casas1
1
Universidad de la Coruña, Escuela Politécnica de Ingeniería de Ferrol, Calle Mendizábal, Spain
11:10 – 12:50

Abstract. More than 90% of the international trade is transported by ships, and this growth has contributed
significantly to increasing the number of emissions from ships, not only from CO2, but also nitrogen and sulphur
oxides, along with particulate matter resulting in around 3% of the world’s total greenhouse emissions coming
from this sector. The concept of Energy Efficiency Design Index was developed by the IMO as a standard that
addresses the lowering of emissions on the sector year by year, focusing primarily on the CO2. There are several
ways to reduce emissions from those ships, ranging from improving engine performance to using alternative
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fuels with low carbon density. However, it must be noted that merely the employment of one or several of
these measures might not be enough to make a significant impact on the EEDI classification or the emissions of
the ship, at least not without a considerable cost increase. The emergence of innovative technologies can help
mitigate these problems, offering alternatives for more efficient and cost-effective vessels. In this research,
various innovative technologies will be examined and described, using a case study of a bulk-carrier ship, and
analysing whether the effect they have on the EEDI is significant or not, and which is the most cost-effective
option available.
Keywords: Energy efficiency, Ship design, New energy sources, Naval engineering.

MODELLING TUNA PURSE SEINERS FUEL EFFICIENCY IN REAL-WORLD OPERATIONS

USING MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES
Yi Zhou1, Kayvan Pazouki1, Alan J. Murphy1, Zigor Uriondo2, Igor Granado3, Iñaki Quincoces3,
Jose A. Fernandes-Salvador3
1
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
2
Department of Thermal Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
3
AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Spain
Abstract. Accurate and reliable predictions of ship operating fuel expenditures can significantly increase the ship's
operation environmental sustainability and profitability. Given there are general aims of shipping economically
and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide, fuel consumption needs to be reduced to mitigate
operational costs and GHG emissions. Improvement of operational strategies through accurately attributing ship
fuel consumption rates to relevant ship operating modes is a way of achieving these aims. This, however, is difficult
because the state of the vessel and its machinery systems are not constant (e.g., fouling extent and engine condition).
Moreover, the state of the environment (currents, waves and winds) is also not constant. One commercial example
where this challenge is particularly acute is in the case of distant fleet fishing operations, where fuel consumption
often represents 50% or more of the total operational costs. In this industry there is a demand to develop a decision
support system for optimal routing and planning. In this paper, these fishing operations are used to demonstrate a
comparison of multiple regression algorithms for a fishing ship’s fuel oil consumption prediction model based on
two in-situ vessel monitoring systems and environmental conditions forecast from public sources. Based on these
data, the Correlation-based Feature Selection (CFS) method is carried out to select the best subset of predictive
variables. Multiple regression algorithms are developed and applied, including Linear Regression, Random Forest,
XGBoost and Neural Network with the result of Random Forest outperforming the rest of the algorithms for the two
fishing vessels. The final selected models show accuracies of over 90% in all the speeds greater than 4 knots when
the vessel is not in fishing-related operations but searching for fishing grounds, which accounts for over 90% of the
total fuel consumption. From the sensitivity tests carried out on the developed models, it was found that ship speed
through water is the variable with critical importance for predicting fuel consumption in both engine operating
modes, which contributes to over 94.20% deviation to the baseline in kilograms per nautical mile, followed by month
after last drydock (up to 4.34%) and environmental variables (up to 3.30%). This paper considers the practicalities of
dealing with the complex data aggregation process from the two distinctly different sources, and demonstrates the
relative performance merits of the different algorithms according to key indicators, such as the custom accuracy and
the mean absolute error (MAE).
Keywords: FOC prediction, Ship energy efficiency, Multiple regression, Machine learning, Route Optimization.
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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

27. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ENERGY EFFICIENCY II

A SIMPLIFIED FORMULATION OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDEX FOR PURSE SEINERS WED
Nikola Vladimir1, Marija Koričan1, Hrvoje Kozmar1, Vedran Slapničar1, Ailong Fan2
1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia

11:10 – 12:50
2
Wuhan University of Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan, China
Abstract. Emission reduction is a very actual and highly investigated topic in maritime sciences. Many
research studies are focused on decarbonisation and implementing technical and operational measures to
reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The environmental impact of fishing vessels has been neglected for a
long time, but by enacting new legislation and general trends, each industrial sector oversees implementing
measures to reduce global warming. Fishing vessels are generally powered by low-efficient diesel engines that

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result in high CO2 indexes. The obsolescence of the fishing fleet makes it difficult to integrate new technologies
and alternative fuels into the existing system, without the necessary analysis and calculations that would
provide insight into the effectiveness of such procedures. Decarbonisation of the fishing sector also brings
an important social aspect since most vessels operate in the coastal waters and affect the living conditions
of the population. This paper is a part of a project aiming to connect fishermen and scientists to improve the
environmental friendliness of the Croatian fishing fleet operating in the Adriatic Sea. The possibilities of CO2
emissions reduction are investigated for 10 fishing vessels with different technical characteristics from the
Croatian fishing fleet. 5-year data on fuel consumption and catch of ship is used to calculate CO2 indexes of
diesel-powered vessels. The specificity, when it comes to calculating the carbon footprint of fishing vessels, is
the dependence of energy consumption on the type of fish caught. Considering the type of fish, the calculated
CO2 indexes of two purse seiners are compared and an insight into their relative environmental impact is
obtained.
Keywords: Fishing vessels, CO2 index, Alternative fuels, Adriatic Sea, Carbon Footprint.

REAL TIME FUEL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENTS OF A FLEET OF FISHING VESSELS IN THE

ADRIATIC SEA
Nikola Vladimir1, Marija Koričan1, Neven Alujević1, Vedran Slapničar1, Tatjana Haramina1, Ailong
Fan2
1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
2
Wuhan University of Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan, China
Abstract. In recent years, a high focus is set on achieving higher environmental friendliness of vessels
through emission reduction and fuel consumption control. Fuel consumption is directly connected to the
energy efficiency of a ship and is a crucial factor in analysing its environmental impact and choosing effective
optimisation methods. The environmental impact and economic benefit are often calculated using different
life-cycle methods, but the equations are mainly based on the estimated values of fuel consumption.
Therefore, the results conceal an error, and the extent depends on the resolution of obtained data (daily,
weekly, or yearly measurements). The error is especially emphasized when analysing fishing vessels, where
the fuel usage is different in various operating modes, such as purse seining, trawling, idling etc. To overcome
the mentioned difficulties, fuel monitoring devices are being installed onboard vessels to determine the
exact fuel consumption and evaluate the energy efficiency of vessels. This type of research is conducted in the
Croatian fishing fleet, on a research group consisting of several purse seiners and trawlers. The paper presents
different monitoring devices installed on fishing vessels operating in the Adriatic Sea. The measurements
gathered for a purse seiner are presented and discussed. The results are presented for a specific period, taking
into account the travelling route. Thus, the paper shows that it is possible to analyse the fuel consumption
according to operational modes characteristic of a purse seiner.
Keywords: Fishing vessels, Fuel consumption, Real-time monitoring, Adriatic Sea, Energy efficiency.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

28. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PROPULSION I

WED CFD PREDICTION OF CAVITATION ON A FULL-SCALE MARINE PROPELLER IN HULL WAKE

Keun Woo Shin1, Wei Jin1, Rasmus Møller Bering1
1
MAN Energy Solutions, Frederikshavn, Denmark
14:20 – 16:00

Abstract. There is an increasing interest in CFD predictions of cavitating flows on a full-scale propeller
because cavitation-related issues may arise in sea trials and actual ship operations. However, it is challenging
to resolve micro-scale cavitation bubbles in CFD simulations on a full-scale propeller due to computational
effort. As unsteady propeller cavitation is closely related to hull wake, it is important to take into account
hull wake in cavitation simulations. Therefore, the possibility of a practical prediction method is examined
by looking into scale effects on propeller cavitation and hull wake separately. Cavitation simulations are
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made on a 4-bladed propeller by DES with an interphase mass transport model for cavitation modelling and
VOF method for multiphase flow modelling. Hull wake is numerically modelled as a propeller inflow instead
of including a hull model. CFD simulations are repeated on model- and full-scale propeller models. The CFD
result is compared with borescope cavitation observations taken on a full-scale bulk carrier, which is the test
case considered in Lloyd’s Register Workshop. CFD shows a reasonable agreement with observations in sheet
cavitation near the blade tip, but the extent and thickness of tip vortex cavitation are underestimated. When
comparing the model- and full-scale simulations, no significant difference is shown in sheet cavitation, but
tip vortex cavitation is less extended in the full-scale simulation. When hull wake fields from model- and full-
scale bare-hull simulations are applied to the model-scale propeller simulation, overall cavitation is slightly
intensified for the model-scale hull wake.
Keywords: Marine propeller, Cavitation, CFD, Hull wake, Scale effect.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT STATOR WITH SECONDARY

ROTOR IN A WATER-JET PROPULSION SYSTEM
Sirous Hamzeh1, Mohammad Reza Hadavi2, Hossein Rostami3, Saeid Nickabadi2, Elyas Rostami4
1
Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Maritime Engineering, Tehran, Iran
2
University of Imam Khomeini Maritime Sciences, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Nowshahr, Iran
3
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Babol, Iran
4
Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Tehran, Iran
Abstract. In conventional water-jet propulsion systems, the fixed blades of the stator regulate the flow
exiting the rotor, thereby reducing the waste of energy. The idea suggested in the present paper is the
replacement of the stator with a secondary rotor turning in the opposite direction of the primary rotor. The
numerical simulation conducted shows that this change causes a 36.8% rise in the generated thrust and thus
increases the thrust ratio to the weight of propulsion equipment. One reason for the lower tendency for using
a water-jet propulsion system is the low ratio of the thrust to the weight of propulsion equipment. Improving
this ratio can be effective in utilizing this efficient thrust system which is known for high maneuverability and
safe operation at low depths.
Keywords: Water-jet Propulsion, Rotor, Stator, Numerical Simulation.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

28. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PROPULSION I

INNOVATIVE TWIN-CRP-POD PROPULSION SYSTEM FOR ULTRA LARGE CONTAINER SHIPS WED
- CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Maciej Reichel , Hanna Pruszko , Krzysztof Czerski , Marek Necel
1,2 2 3 3

14:20 – 16:00
1
Foundation for Safety of Navigation and Environment Protection, Ship Handling Research and Training
Centre. Iława, Poland
2
Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
3
Seatech Engineering sp. z o.o., Gdańsk, Poland
Abstract. The paper presents possibilities for improvements in ship propulsion efficiency and navigational safety
for Ultra Large Container Ships (ULCS). The investigated idea combines three well-known solutions that have

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never been combined for one ship - twin-screw arrangement, pod propulsors, and contra-rotating propellers
(shafts+pods). Each of these specific solutions has the advantage of increased efficiency over the traditional single
screw configuration. However, it is interesting to verify how a combined system with all those solutions would
operate in actual conditions. Therefore, a project called "twin-crp-pod ULCS" has been established to check the
opportunities of this unique idea. In particular, the paper presents challenges related to propulsion systems and
equipment arrangement that might be crucial in the design phase. During the analyses, the LNG as the main fuel has
been taken into account. It allows for reducing NOx to a level corresponding to ECAs along the US coastline and in the
Northern and Baltic Seas in Europe, without the necessity to implement additional equipment like SCR. Additionally,
shaft generators of permanent magnet type characterised by very high efficiency were checked, and Energy Stored
System (batteries modules), which reduced fuel consumption and improved energy efficiency design index (EEDI),
were studied. The paper shows that from the propulsion system point of view, using a twin-crp-pod solution in the
case of Ultra Large Container Ships might be an excellent answer to present and coming environmental regulations,
although some drawbacks have to be overcome.
Keywords: 16000 TEU, MarTERA, Propulsive efficiency, ECA, EEDI, Ship handling, Model tests.

PROPOSAL FOR A METHOD TO REDUCE PROPELLER VIBRATION THROUGH HARMONIC

INJECTION OF MOTOR
Yeojin Hyun1, Soyoung Sung2, Kwang-jun Paik1, Junghyung Park2, Soon-hyun Lee1, Jinyeong Park2
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
2
Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean engineering (KRISO), Daejeon, South Korea
Abstract. The propellers have been used to generate the propulsion of ships with a long history. Many studies
have been conducted to improve propulsion efficiency and to reduce vibration by optimizing the shape of
propellers. Due to the shape of the stern of the hull, the inflow velocity entering the propeller plane has non-
uniform characteristics, which is called a nominal wake. The propeller rotates in the wake, which generates
vibration and noise. In terms of the vibration, the fundamental frequency corresponding to the rotation frequency
of the propeller is evoked. Moreover, it includes harmonic frequencies caused by the number of propeller blades,
which leads to torque ripple and thrust fluctuation. Conventional vessels used by internal combustion engine
rotate the propeller directly. It can control only the fundamental torque of the propeller and is difficult to control
torque ripple generated by harmonic frequency due to the shape of the propeller. On the other hand, recently,
the development of electric propulsion ships using electric motors rather than internal combustion engines is
increasing rapidly. The key feature of electric vessels is that the electric motor rotates the propeller, and it has
the advantage of having a high speed controllable of the propeller torque. A Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motors (PMSM) and Induction Motors (IM) are used as propulsion motors of typical electric propulsion ships and
PMSM is commonly used due to its high power density, large torque to inertia ratio, and high efficiency. A PMSM
uses current controller based on Field Oriented Control (FOC), which controls the stator winding current for speed
and torque control of the propeller. A torque ripple is generated due to harmonic frequencies contained in back
electric magnetic force (EMF) by permanent magnets. To reduce the torque ripple, a harmonic injection method
has been conducted. In this paper, the harmonic injection method of the motor is proposed to reduce harmonic
frequencies due to the nominal wake and the torque ripple of propeller. This method is applied by the numerical
algorithm and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) computation, dynamic simulation.
Keywords: Propeller vibration, Harmonic injection, FFT, Torque fluctuation, PMSM, Electric ship, CFD.
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29. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING III

WED ESTIMATION MODEL OF HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE USING HULL FORM VARIATION

AND DEEP LEARNING
Jin-Hyeok Kim1, Myung-Il Roh2, In-Chang Yeo1, Ki-Su Kim4, Min-Jae Oh4, Sejin Oh4
14:20 – 16:00

1
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Abstract. In the design process of hull form, several candidates of hull forms are generated. CFD (Computational
Fluid Dynamics) analysis is typically used to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of the candidates.
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However, there is a problem that CFD analysis takes a long time to calculate. To solve this problem, in this study,
we proposed a method to evaluate the performance within a short time by substituting direct CFD analysis for
a deep learning model. Once the deep learning model is trained well, the performance of the hull form can be
estimated quickly using the trained model. In this study, the hull forms used to train the model are generated
by the parameterized hull form. The performances derived from the CFD analysis are used as a ground truth.
As a result, the proposed model can evaluate candidates' performances sufficient to find an optimal hull form.
Keywords: Hull form design, Hydrodynamic performance, Deep learning, CFD (Computational Fluid
Dynamics).

ON DIMENSION REDUCTION OF VIBRATION DATA FOR CONDITION MONITORING OF

MARINE ENGINES
Sung-Hoon Byun1,2, Kichan Sim2
1
KRISO, Daejeon, Korea
2
UST-KRISO, Daejeon, Korea
Abstract. In this study, we experimentally investigate the use of dimension reduction techniques forvibration-
based ship engine condition monitoring by machine learning algorithms. In particular, lineardimension
reduction techniques of the principal component analysis (PCA) and the nonnegative matrixfactorization
(NMF) are applied to vibration spectrum data to reduce their dimension, and the dataof reduced dimension are
used to monitor the engine condition using supervised machine learningalgorithms. The effectiveness of the
dimension reduction is evaluated by the fault diagnosis accuracy ofthe machine learning algorithms. When
tested with an experimental data of full-scale diesel generator,all faulty cases designated in the experiment
were well identified by the employed machine learningalgorithms using the data of reduced dimension.
The fault classification accuracy improves as thenumber of dimension increases and after a certain number
of dimensions are reached, all faults areidentified accurately and stabilized. This shows that the dimension
of the vibration spectrum data canbe considerably reduced without sacrificing the performance of fault
classification. Comparison of twodimension reduction techniques shows that the NMF is more advantageous
over the PCA at the rangeof dimension where the most machine learning algorithms achieve stable fault
classification accuracy.
Keywords: Engine condition monitoring, Vibration analysis, Dimension reduction, Machine learning,
Principal component analysis, Nonnegative matrix factorization.

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29. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING III

RESEARCH ON SHIP PARTS LAYOUT PROBLEM BASED ON HYBRID IMPROVED GENETIC WED
SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM
Wang Yunlong , Miao Jie , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xin
1,2 1 1 1

14:20 – 16:00
1
School of Naval Architecture, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, China
Abstract. This paper presents a hybrid improved genetic simulated annealing algorithm to solve the problem
of two-dimensional irregular parts layout optimization. Firstly, aiming at maximizing the utilization rate
of the motherboard, the mathematical model of hull irregular parts layout problem is established with the
technological and geometric constraints in the process of parts discharge as constraints. Then vector graph

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method is used to represent irregular polygons. Finally the hybrid improved genetic simulated annealing
algorithm (HIGSAA) based on genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing algorithm (SA) is proposed to
solve the optimal layout sequence and rotation angle of parts. HIGSAA is designed with GA as the outer cycle
and SA as the inner cycle, and the traditional GA is modified by designing an initial population creation method
combining fixed and random, and using a weighted random selection operator, after one iteration of selection,
crossover, and variation for individuals from the initial population, all individuals are simulated and annealed
using SA as the initial population for the next iteration. HIGSAA takes advantage of both GA and SA to improve
global search capability while alleviating the problem of falling into local optimality. The high efficiency of the
algorithm is verified by experiments.
Keywords: Irregular parts layout problems, Vector graph method, Heuristic algorithm, Genetic algorithm,
Simulated annealing algorithm.

EXPLAINABLE AI FOR SHIP DESIGN ANALYSIS WITH AIS AND STATIC SHIP DATA
Lucas van Rooij1,2, Roy de Winter1,2, Anna V. Kononova1, Bas van Stein1
1
Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, The Netherlands
2
C-Job Naval Architects, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
Abstract. Decisions made in the early phases of ship design have a large influence on the capital andoperational
expenses of a vessel. In order to support decision making in this phase, big data and machinelearning
techniques can be of great use. This work shows how Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and Global
Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) combined with Autonomous Identification System (AIS) and static ship data can be
used to find important design characteristics of ships. A data collectionframework is setup that collects AIS data
over a five month time period. Static ship design data is usedto predict performance related target features
that are calculated from AIS data. By applying XAI andGSA methods to the regression models that predict these
target features, insight can be gained on howdesign features influence the performance of ships. Experiments
showed that for most ship types, theoverall length is the most important design feature for speed related target
features. Besides the overalllength, the draught also has a significant impact on the rotation capabilities.
Keywords: Explainable Artificial Intelligence, AIS, Machine Learning, Global Sensitivity Analysis.

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30. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ENERGY EFFICIENCY III

WED TOWARDS AN EFFECTIVE SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SURFACE
ROUGHNESS
Keunjae Kim1, Michael Leer-Andersen1, Sofia Werner1
14:20 – 16:00

1
SSPA Sweden AB, Sweden
Abstract. This paper addresses two aspects; fundamental change of design practice optimized for actual
operational condition and hull management strategy for operational cost savings when hull surface roughness
is considered. The hull surface roughness effect on ship performance is analysed numerically through its
various stages of design and operation throughout its life cycle. Five example ships are investigated and they
include two tankers, a ro-ro ship, a twin skeg LNG and a twin skeg RoPax. A systematic roughness simulation
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has been performed for the 5 test ships with 13 partial hull cleaning cases designed to reproduce hull surface
treatment events: dry-docking and in-water hull cleanings. The results from the numerical simulation and the
roughness/cleaning effect is quantified in terms of percentage increase of EHP/DHP and cleaning efficiency
index (CEI), which is defined as the ratio between DHP reduction per unit cleaning area for partial cleaning
cases and for full hull surface cleaning. A cost benefit analysis has been performed to illustrate the cost saving
potential expected in ship operation by hull maintenance through dry-docking and hull surface cleaning.
The present research will provide insight into effective ship design practice considering surface roughness
and a cost effective strategy for maintaining the hull surface reducing fuel consumption, industry costs and
shipping’s carbon footprint.
Keywords: CFD, Surface Roughness, Ship Design, Ship Operation, Dry-Docking, Partial Hull Cleaning, CEI.

EXPLORATION OF WIND PROPULSION: PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICAL ASSESSMENT

FOR A NEWCASTLEMAX BULK CARRIER
Rogier Eggers1, Antonino Dell’ Acqua1, Joan van den Akker2, Jelle Wisse1
1
Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), The Netherlands
2
Conoship International, The Netherlands
Abstract. Wind propulsion is gaining traction in shipping as a method for fuel and air emissions savings and
monitoring of several installations have shown that savings of about 5% to 15% are generally achievable in
a retrofit scenario. These achievements are already relevant for the decarbonisation in shipping. However, it
is clear that larger savings are possible, particularly when design and operational changes are considered.
And there is also the potential to transfer the technology to bigger ships. Further, in general, information
on the economic feasibility (without subsidies) is hardly available publically. Finally, routing has shown to
be beneficial to increase the performance of wind propulsion. However, it has mostly been shown with the
optimising algorithms already knowing exactly how the wind will evolve. In reality this will not be the case.
The presented research explores this field. In co-operation with ship owner CMB, NewcastleMax bulk carriers
were taken as a study case. These vessels are interesting for savings from wind propulsion due to the relatively
low speed and relatively favourable wind on the long routes they sail. Also, with many bulk carriers and
tankers sharing similar characteristics, the conclusions are widely relevant.
Keywords: Wind Propulsion, Bulk Carrier, NewcastleMax, Suction Wing, Cost, Payback Period, Routing.

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30. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - ENERGY EFFICIENCY III

STUDY ON THE SPEED TRIAL OF A LARGE CONTAINER SHIP DURING A COMMERCIAL WED
VOYAGE
Joon-Hyoung Lee , Ho Kim , Jinho Jang , Hae-Seong Ahn , Dae-Won Seo
1 2 1 1 3

14:20 – 16:00
1
Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Daejeon, Korea
2
Korea Autonomous Surface Ship Project Office, Daejeon, Korea
3
Kunsan National University, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Gunsan, Korea
Abstract. This paper covers the overall contents of a speed trial of a large container ship from preparation
to execution, as well as the speed-power performance analysis and results of data in real sea condition. The
container ship was provided as a test bed from a shipping company. Various onboard measuring equipment

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and data acquisition systems were mounted on the ship for long-term performance monitoring. To perform
a speed trial of the ship during a commercial voyage, the voyage operated under the loading condition very
close to the design draft was adopted. The results of speed-power performance obtained in real sea condition
are inevitably subjected to various uncertainty factors. In this paper, the influence of systematic error due to
the shaft power measurement system of the ship was examined using the Monte Carlo simulation through the
uncertainty analysis.
Keywords: Speed trial, Large container ship, Commercial voyage, Speed-power performance, Uncertainty.

A METHOD FOR DIMENSIONING HYBRID POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF SHIPS WITHIN THE
EARLY DESIGN STAGE
Christian Emmersberger1, Björn Carstensen1, Adele Lübcke2, Stefan Krüger1
1
Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Ship Design and Ship Safety, Hamburg, Germany
2
FSG-Nobiskrug Design GmbH, Department of Research and Development, Flensburg, Germany
Abstract Growing requirements from regulations regarding energy efficiency lead to innovative machinery
layouts. A recent trend tends towards hybrid ship drive systems. While these systems may offer a large
potential, a thorough analysis is needed as this potential is strongly dependent on the intended purpose,
thus on the operational profile. Especially since the additional investment costs have to be recouped through
savings in the operation or lower installed power capacity, those systems need to be accurately examined.
The early fixing of costs in shipbuilding projects, leads to the necessity of an early and precise evaluation of
the drive systems efficiency. The ideal dimensioning of the components of hybrid drive systems determines
the actual added value of such a system regarding reduction of emissions and savings of operational costs.
In this paper a method for dimensioning hybrid ship power systems with electrical propulsion is introduced.
A key importance of the method is using only basic input parameters available in the early design stage,
while producing sufficient results for optimal dimensioning. The method uses time series or cumulative
density function of the power as input data. Different system configurations can be assessed and compared.
The optimal load distribution on the different power suppliers is implemented with a rule-based approach
and orientates towards maximum efficiency within the systems technical and specified constraints. For the
comparison of different systems, the method provides cost and system relevant results. This includes the fuel
consumption, operating hours, state of charge and load cycles for lifetime calculations of the battery.
Keywords: Hybrid, Ship, Calculation Method, Battery, Early Design Stage.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

THURSDAY, 13 OCTOBER 2022 PROGRAMME

08:30 -
REGISTRATION
Onwards
09:00 – 31. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 32. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 33. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
10:40 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Propulsion II Offshore Wind Underwater radiated Noise

J.H. Kim, B.K. Ahn, T.G. Lee, G. Wang, P. Xujie, Z. Zhou, Z. M. Perić:
K.S. Lee: Fang, R. Dou, G. Dong, L. Su, Prediction of Flow and
Numerical Prediction of W. Chen: Cavitation in the Tip Vortex
Face Cavitation on the Some Challenges and of a Ship Propeller
Marine Propeller Opportunities to Floating J.Y. Lee, D.S. Cho, M.C. Kim,
K.G. Varghese, Wind: Perspectives of Naval H.S. Yoon, J.G. Kang, M.I. Kim,
A. Bhattacharyya, Architects S.G. Park, S.Y. Shin:
O.P. Sha: D.A. Dao, A. Struve, J. Grabe: A Study on the Underwater
Marine Tandem Propellers: Numerical Investigation Radiated Noise Evaluation
Some Design Aspects on the Effect of Anchor Method Induced by the
R. Kant, A. Bhattacharyya, Modelling on Anchor Chain- Fluctuating Hydrodynamic
M.A. Siddiqui, O.P. Sha: Soil Interaction for Floating Pressure of a Submarine
Oscillating Foil Propulsors Offshore Wind Turbines Hull and Non-cavitating
with Leading-Edge S. Kashyap, N. Saha, Z. Jiang: Propeller
Modifications Blade Load Assessment of T. Keizer, R. Gaudel, L.
H. Vollset Lien, M. Nataletti, an Offshore Wind Turbine Macleane, C. Bae, B.
K. Henning Halse: under an Earthquake Paterson, D. Tolman:
Model tests at different Y.A. Shankar, S. Kashyap, N. Experimental Assessment of
scales for NTNU research Saha: Uncertainties in Underwater
vessel Gunnerus Effect of Misaligned Sound Measurements of
Rotor-shaft on Monopile- Ships
L. Vishnevskii, A. Togunjac:
The Using of Multi-Mode Supported Offshore Wind Z. Zhao, N.Z. Chen:
Variable Pitch Propeller on Turbine Propagation Characteristics
Various Purpose Vessels Investigation of Acoustic
Emission Signals for
Structural Health
Monitoring of Wind Turbine
Blades
10:40 –
Coffee break
11:10

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

PROGRAMME THURSDAY, 13 OCTOBER 2022

11:10 – 34. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 35. TECHNICAL SESSIONS 36. TECHNICAL SESSIONS
12:50 Mare II Mare III Mare IV
Operation Renewable energy Sloshing & Hydro-
structure interactions
B. Buchner, B. Abeil, L. I. Ćatipović, N. Alujević, D.
Kaydihan, J. Koning, R. van Smoljan, A. Mikulić: S. Paboeuf, W. Rehman:
‘t Veer: A Review on Marine Validation of a Fluid
Research into Container Applications of Solar Structure Interaction Tool
Loss above the Dutch Photovoltaic Systems for Flexible Propellers in
Wadden Islands after the D.N. Konispoliatis, S.A. Composite Materials
MSC ZOE Incident Mavrakos, Y. Ahn, J. Lee, T. Park, Y.H.
H.W. Lee, M.I. Roh, S.H. Ham, I.K. Chatjigeorgiou: Kim:
B.W. Nam: Hydrodynamic Loading and Grouping Method for Long-
Coupled Analysis of the LNG Mooring Fatigue Estimation term Prediction of Sloshing
Offloading Operation Based of an Offshore Oscillating Loads on LNG Cargo
on Multibody Dynamics Water Column Wave Energy H.B. Ju, B.S. Jang:
M. Hoogeland, H. van Converter Prediction of Sloshing
der Werf, N. Werter, A. J.H. Lee, K.J. Paik, J. Pressure in Membrane Type
Grammatikopoulos: Hwangbo, T.H. Ha, S.H. Shin: LNG CCS
Connector Response of a An Experiment and H. Wang, J. Chen, W. Duan,
Multibody VLFS Subject to Numerical Study on the S. Ma:
Wave Loading Characteristics of Motion Time-domain TEBEM for
H. Yu, Y. Li, L.X. Li, X. Yu: and Load for Floating Solar Hydroelastic Responses
Motion Simulation and Risk Power Farm in Regular of a Container Ship with
Assessment of Dropped Waves Forward Speed
Objects in Offshore L. Tang, X. Guo, W. Liu:
Operations Study on Motion
Characteristics of Floating
HAWT considering Coupling
of Aerodynamics and
Hydrodynamics

12:50 –
Lunch
14:20
16:00 –
GUIDED CITY TOUR
18:00

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31. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PROPULSION II

THU NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF FACE CAVITATION ON THE MARINE PROPELLER

Ji-Hye Kim1, Byoung-Kwon Ahn2, Tae-Goo Lee3, Ki-Seung Lee3
1
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
09:00 – 10:40

2
Dept. of Autonomous Vehicle System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea
3
Ship and Offshore Performance Research Center, Samsung Heavy Industries, Daejon, Korea
Abstract. In recent years, according to the increase in size and speed of the ship, the shape of the hull has
been changed and the load acting on the propeller surface has been also gradually increasing. Accordingly,
cavitation of a different aspect from the existing ones has occurred, and in some cases, cavitation appears
not only on the back side of the propeller but also on the face side. Although the effect of face cavitation on
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the ship has not been quantitatively investigated, it has been expected to reduce the propulsion efficiency
of ships by causing additional pressure fluctuations and erosion of propeller blades. However, in the case of
face cavitation, the occurrence range is relatively small, so it is difficult to predict with the existing numerical
prediction methods. Despite of its importance, it has been estimated and improved depending on model
tests and designers' experiences. In this paper, the shape and volume of the face cavity are predicted using
an unsteady propeller analysis based on the lifting surface theory. A relatively simple and stable method are
used to predict the shape of the face cavitation by comparing the pressure distribution on the face side with the
cavitation number. In addition, results are compared with experimental observations to verify the numerical
method.
Keywords: Marine Propeller, Face Cavitation, Lifting-Surface Theory, Boundary Value Problem.

MARINE TANDEM PROPELLERS: SOME DESIGN ASPECTS

Kiran George Varghese1, Anirban Bhattacharyya1, Om Prakash Sha1
1
Dept. of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Abstract. A tandem propeller configuration consists of multiple co-rotating propellers mounted on the same
shaft. The simple design consists of a forward propeller and an aft propeller of generally similar diameter
having an axial spacing. One characteristic feature is a high blade pitch of the aft propeller, as it operates at
an accelerated and swirling inflow generated in the slipstream of the forward propeller. The present work
investigates some critical design aspects which influence the open water performance of each propeller
in tandem, and hence the thrust and torque characteristics of the integral unit. While the limited research
on tandem propellers includes development of series using a standard pitch difference, it is observed that
the thrust performance of the aft propeller is far from optimal. For the aft propeller the advance coefficient
calculated using the rotational speed and advance speed is offset by the induced velocities from the forward
propeller. This limits the maximum thrust from the tandem propeller, typically for high propeller loading
close to the bollard condition. It is observed from CFD investigations that the pressure difference between the
pressure and suction sides of the aft propeller blades is considerably lower compared to a single conventional
propeller of similar pitch, especially at lower advance coefficients. In the present study, a tandem propeller
is designed using vortex lattice lifting-line method considering an optimum circulation distribution over the
propeller blades. Under similar thrust loading assumption for the forward and aft propellers, the circulation
distribution of the aft propeller is optimised by considering the effect of induced velocities due to the forward
propeller, and an optimum radial pitch distribution for both the forward and aft propellers are calculated.
From the application point of view, tandem propellers may be used for vessels having certain restrictions in
draught and propeller diameter. An inland vessel operating in shallow waters at high propeller loading could
be considered as an example
Keywords: Tandem Propellers, Aft Propeller, Radial Pitch Distribution, Vortex Lattice Lifting-Line Method.

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31. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PROPULSION II

OSCILLATING FOIL PROPULSORS WITH LEADING-EDGE MODIFICATIONS THU

Rajni Kant1, Anirban Bhattacharyya1, Mohd Atif Siddiqui2, Om Prakash Sha1
1
Dept. of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

09:00 – 10:40
2
Semar, AS, Oslo, Norway
Abstract. Oscillating propulsors are inspired from the fin-aided swimming mechanisms of aquatic animals.
Rigid flapping foils have been widely investigated in this regard, where thrust generation is generally
associated with reverse von Kármán vortex street in the wake. We study the hydrodynamic performance of 3-D
pitching foils with NACA sections, and investigate the influence of leading-edge modifications on the thrust.
The modifications are in the form of humps or protuberances, which are generally linked with post-stall lift

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enhancement along with a lower maximum static lift. Experiments with oscillating foils are conducted with
a baseline design and a modified leading-edge design to understand its influence on thrust and efficiency at
the Strouhal number of 0.28. Pitching angle amplitudes of 10 deg and 20 deg are used. It is observed that the
influence of the modifications on the thrust depends on the pitching angle. CFD analyses are performed to
identify the influence of geometry on the vortex patterns in the wake. The protuberances shed vortices, and
hence modify the flow patterns depending on the instantaneous angle of attack. Finally, in order to establish
a generic comparison, the influence of foil thickness-chord ratio on the thrust performance is presented
using NACA0006, NACA0012 and NACA0021 section hydrofoils. The foil thickness impacts the leading-edge
suction peak, and hence the effect of design modifications during pitching motions. It is observed that the
thrust coefficient and propulsive efficiency depend on the geometry and pitching amplitude, and the relative
performance comparisons depend on the pitching angle.
Keywords: Hydrofoil, Pitching, Leading-edge protuberance, CFD, Experiments, Thrust.

MODEL TESTS AT DIFFERENT SCALES FOR NTNU RESEARCH VESSEL GUNNERUS

Håvard Vollset Lien1, Marco Nataletti2, Karl Henning Halse3
1
Vard AS, Ålesund, Norway
2
NTNU, Dept of Marine Technology, Trondheim, Norway
3
NTNU, Dept of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering, Ålesund, Norway
Abstract. Model testing of ship hulls still is the most accurate way of verifying the design calculations prior
to construction. With reducing model size, a number of uncertainties appear which will be examined and
discussed in this paper. One of the validation points has been to verify the accuracy of model tests results
performed in a limited size towing tank compared to tests performed in much larger, commercial test basins.
The small basin at Norwegian University of Science and Technology Campus Ålesund is normally used for
educational purposes in ship design topics, as well as for verification of hydrodynamic solutions, such as
comparing different bow shapes. A 1:48 scale model of the research vessel RV “Gunnerus” was manufactured
and towed resistance tests with an unappended hull was conducted in the 11 metres long towing tank. Due
to the short towing length and the small size of the model, the achievable accuracy would be expected to be
limited. In an effort to quantify this expected inaccuracy, the test results were compared with model tests
of a geometrically identical model of scale 1:9.135, performed at SINTEF Ocean test basin in Trondheim in
January 2021. The experience gained and the challenges identified from model tests in a small towing tank
are discussed. The results may serve as a benchmark for further resistance tests and numerical results as well
as correlation with full scale measurements on board the “Gunnerus”. In general, the paper demonstrates that
the results from calm water resistance test in a small towing tank with a small unappended model hull can
within certain limits be relatively reliable.
Keywords: Model test, Calm water resistance, Small scale, Scale effects, Unappended, Comparison.

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31. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - PROPULSION II

THU THE USING OF MULTI-MODE VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER ON VARIOUS PURPOSE VESSELS
Leonid Vishnevskii1 , Anatolii Togunjac2
1
Krylov State Research Center, Russia
09:00 – 10:40

2
Marine-Technique company, Russia
Abstract. Information about a multi-mode variable pitch propeller (MVPP) and its hydrodynamic characteristics
is given. Based on the calculated data, it has been shown that using of MVPP on vessels with various modes
of movements, for example, on patrol vessels with a mode of patrolling water areas and of forced mode, the
using of such propellers can be very promising from the point of view of improving the sailing performance of
the vessel. Moreover, MVPP can perform the functions of two-position variable pitch propellers (CPP), which
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are considered as propellers for widespread using. The above results can be useful in designing ships for
various purposes. The experimental data of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the MVPP and the calculated
data are used in the design of a virtual three-shaft security vessel. The obtained data can be used to select the
propulsion screw of the designed vessel. It is shown that MVPP, in comparison with fixed pitch propellers, can
be a more effective propulsion device in sense of improving the ship's running characteristics.
Keywords: Multi-mode variable pitch propeller, Operational and forced mode, Two-position control pitch
propeller.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

32. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - OFFSHORE WIND

THU SOME CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO FLOATING WIND:PERSPECTIVES OF NAVAL

ARCHITECTS
Ge (George) Wang1, Xujie Pan1, Zhiqing Zhou1, Zhichao Fang1, Rui Dou1, Guofeng Dong1, Lingyu
09:00 – 10:40

Su1, Weimin Chen1

1
Wison Offshore and Marine, Co., Ltd., China
Abstract. With the rapid maturing in technology, harnessing wind energy has become commercially feasible.
The majority of existing and planned wind farms worldwide are onshore or near shore in shallow waters.
Many upcoming wind farms will be further offshore and in deeper waters, use larger turbines, and demand
for lowered LCOE. In meeting with the requirements of society and industries, naval architects have to deal
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with many challenges in order to find cost-effective and technologically feasible solutions. This paper
intends to address some of the technical challenges and also touches upon the potentials and opportunities
in technology development. The discussions will be based on surveys of actual projects, research programs,
patents, AIPs, rules and standards on a worldwide basis, and also on the experiences of building China's
first floating wind platform. Efforts will be made to identify the issues in design, analyses, construction,
transportation, installation, in addition to offshore wind farm planning and collaboration with turbine
makers, mooring vendors and other stakeholders. Currently, the design of floating wind platform is largely
based on adoption of offshore oil and gas industries and their customizations to meet the requirements of
IEC. However, fundamentally, the risks associated with offshore wind are very different from those of offshore
O & G or of onshore wind. This may also require a change in how we manage risks unique to offshore wind
development. A major goal of this paper is to share the perspectives of naval architects in hope of promoting
a more successful collaboration among stakeholders to advance this rising new industry of floating wind.
Keywords: Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT), Offshore Wind Turbine (OWT), Rotor and nacelle assembly
(RNA), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Rules, Regulations, Motion performance, Design...

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF ANCHOR MODELLING ON ANCHOR

CHAIN-SOIL INTERACTION FOR FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES
Duy A. Dao1, Alexander Struve1, Jürgen Grabe1
1
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Construction Management, Hamburg University of Technology,
Germany
Abstract. Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are moored, e.g., by anchor chains connecting the anchorage
in the seabed and the floating unit. At various marine foundation infrastructures, erosion has occurred along
the anchoring system, reducing soil resistance. This reduction is assumed to be caused by the anchor chain
movement. Numerical simulations in 2D investigating anchor chain-seabed interaction only provide limited
results. Also, typical catenary forms resulting from the installation process of drag embedment anchors are
usually not considered. In this work, a 3D model of an anchor chain is created. This work investigates the
changed stress state in the soil and its deformation due to anchor chain ploughing. Furthermore, different
methods of modelling the anchor are compared: Modelling the anchor as fixed bearing, as anchor mass in
the first chain segment closest to the anchor shackle or in a separate body allowing anchor displacement.
The numerical simulations are based on the finite element method (FEM) with the coupled Euler-Lagrange
approach (CEL) due to expected large deformations. The anchor chain is modelled ’wished in place’ as an
inverse catenary, and the soil is modelled assuming a linear elastic behaviour with Mohr-Coulomb failure
criterion. There are significant differences in deformation and in stress distribution in taking anchor mass
displacement into account. Both displacement- and force-controlled, the anchor mass was displaced and thus
significantly influenced the results. The numerical results show the possibility of better understanding the
anchorchain- soil interaction to ultimately ensure a safer and more economical installation of FOWTs.
Keywords: Anchor chain, Floating offshore wind turbine FOWT, Offshore geotechnics, Offshore foundations, CEL.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

32. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - OFFSHORE WIND

BLADE LOAD ASSESSMENT OF AN OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE UNDER AN EARTHQUAKE THU

Subham Kashyap1, Nilanjan Saha1 , Zhiyu Jiang2
1
Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

09:00 – 10:40
2
Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4879 Grimstad, Norway
Abstract. Monopile-supported offshore wind turbines are being installed under harsh environmental
conditions, which may require earthquake load assessment of the various components of the wind turbines.
This paper studies the dynamic response of the NREL 5-MW reference wind turbine under the combined wind,
wave, and earthquake loads. Three wind speeds have been considered (8 m/s, 11.6m /s, and 16 m/s) with a
significant wave height of 5 m and a time period of 12.4 s conforming to the JONSWAP spectrum. Turbulent

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wind fields (Class A, IEC, Kaimal spectrum) have been simulated. The chosen earthquake event was recorded at
Tabas, Iran (1978), with a PGA of 0.8g. Load factors are estimated with the aim of characterizing the earthquake
effect on the blade-root moments during operation. Below-rated wind speeds have higher load factors due
to the earthquake during operation. The present study observed that the rotor speed does not frequently
overshoot beyond the 10% threshold during an earthquake. The blade loads reveal the oscillations about the
2nd natural frequency of the tower At the same time, the blade loads increase by 2.3228 times near the rated-
wind speed during operation of the wind turbine in the event of an earthquake. It is also noted that the effect
of the earthquake are more pronounced at the lower wind speeds below the rated operational conditions.
Counter-intuitively, the extreme loads experienced by the blades are reduced at higher wind speeds during an
earthquake. The flap-wise moment is 0.8729 times lower at 16 m/s wind speed in the event of an earthquake.
The present study emphasizes a re-evaluation of the extreme blade loads during operation in the event of an
earthquake to ascertain structural safety.
Keywords: Wind turbines, Earthquake effects, Rotor over-speed, Blade-root moments, Coupled-modes, Load
factors.

EFFECT OF MISALIGNED ROTOR-SHAFT ON MONOPILE-SUPPORTED OFFSHORE WIND

TURBINE
Yedlawar Ashish Shankar1, Subham Kashyap1, Nilanjan Saha1
1
Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Abstract. Misaligned rotor-shaft appear in wind turbines due to faulty installation or during the lifetime of
the structure. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the effect of the rotor-shaft tilt angle on the blade pitch
angle, tip clearance, and tower loads for an NREL 5MW offshore wind turbine. These rotor-shaft tilt angles
are necessary for avoidance of tower strike of blades. Therefore, in modern wind turbines, a nacelle offset is
present. Three different rotor-shaft tilt angles, viz, 3º, 5º, and 8º are chosen for the study. A range of uniform
wind speeds (seven values from below-rated to cut-out) is considered along with a significant wave height
of 6m and peak period of 10s. The monopile with a rigid foundation (without soil effects) at the water depth
of 20m is considered for the given turbine configuration. The present work focuses to analyse the tower base
moments, tip clearance, and blade pitch angle for these degrees of misalignment at different wind speeds. In
the process, the variation caused by this effect is shown. From the analysis, it is observed that the blade pitch
angle is not much affected by the shaft misalignment, also it has been found that with an increase in the degree
of misalignment tip clearance increases. The tower base roll moment and tower base torsion are significantly
increased at the rated wind speed. The tower base torsion is significantly affected by shaft misalignment as
compared to other loads and this loading effect is defined by the torsional load factor.
Keywords: Blade pitch angle, Offshore wind turbine, Tower base loads, Tip clearance, Misaligned shaft.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

33. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - UNDERWATER RADIATED NOISE

THU PREDICTION OF FLOW AND CAVITATION IN THE TIP VORTEX OF A SHIP PROPELLER
Milovan Perić 1
1
University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Ship Technology, Ocean Engineering and Transport Systems,
09:00 – 10:40

Duisburg, Germany
Abstract. Prediction of flow and cavitation in the tip vortex of a ship propeller is challenging, for several
reasons. The main reason is the need to accurately resolve high variation of velocity and pressure across the
vortex, which requires an extremely fine numerical grid in the tip-vortex zone. In the paper the results of
systematic grid refinement, adapted to the location of tip vortex, with control volumes as small as 1/1600th
of propeller diameter are presented. The series of three grids enables an estimation of a grid-independent
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solution. Both non-cavitating and cavitating conditions are studied. In addition, the effect of turbulence
model on predicted cavitation within tip vortex is presented. Without adaptive local grid refinement,
cavitation within tip vortex may not appear at all. With a sufficiently fine grid, cavitation is predicted with
any turbulence model, but eddy-viscosity types of models used when solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-
Stokes equations lead to a too soon decay of cavitation due to excessive turbulent viscosity within tip-vortex
zone. Large-eddy simulations, irrespective of the used subgrid-scale model, lead to a realistic prediction of
tip-vortex cavitation. Results of simulations are validated against data from experiments performed at SVA
Potsdam on the Potsdam Propeller Test Case (PPTC) propeller, which was used as the test case at the smp’11
and smp’15 Workshops.
Keywords: Tip vortex, Cavitation, Adaptive grid refinement, Numerical simulation.

A STUDY ON THE UNDERWATER RADIATED NOISE EVALUATION METHOD INDUCED BY

THE FLUCTUATING HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE OF A SUBMARINE HULL AND NON-
CAVITATING PROPELLER
Joo-Yeob Lee1 , Dae-Seung Cho1, Moon-Chan Kim1, Hyun-Sik Yoon1, Jin-Gu Kang1, Min-Il Kim1,
Sung-Gun Park2, Su-Yong Shin2
1
Pusan National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Busan, Republic of Korea
2
Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering, Republic of Korea
Abstract. This paper aims to propose a numerical analysis methodology to evaluate Underwater Radiated
Noise (URN) induced by the fluctuating hydrodynamic pressure of submarine hull and propeller under
non-cavitating condition. For the purpose, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis using Large Eddy
Simulation (LES) turbulence model has been adopted to analyse characteristics of the flow field around the
obstacles in the fluid such as a circular cylinder and a submarine hull with a rotating propeller. Also, using
CFD analysis results, Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy has been applied to calculate
time-domain acoustic pressures induced by the structures at arbitrary receiver positions. Furthermore, sound
pressure levels (SPLs) in frequency domain have been investigated by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of time-
domain data obtained by FW-H equation. Validity of FW-H acoustic analogy using CFD analysis results with LES
turbulence model has been confirmed by numerical analyses for the 2-dimensional circular cylinder model.
In addition, acoustic characteristics of the submarine hull with a rotating propeller under non-cavitating
condition in free space have been investigated by evaluating time-domain acoustic pressures, SPLs and sound
power levels (PWLs) in frequency domain, and directivity patterns derived by the ISO 3744 equivalent method.
Keywords: Underwater Radiated Noise (URN), Submarine, Non-cavitating propeller, Ffowcs Williams-
Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

33. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - UNDERWATER RADIATED NOISE

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTIES IN UNDERWATER SOUND THU

MEASUREMENTS OF SHIPS
Tjakko Keizer , Renaud Gaudel , Lean Macleane , Chanwoo Bae , Bruce Paterson , David
1 1 1 2 2

09:00 – 10:40
Tolman2
1
Damen Research, Development & Innovation, Gorinchem, The Netherlands
2
BC Ferry Services, Victoria, Canada
Abstract. For six nominally identical road ferries, underwater sound level measurements have been
performed by two different parties at two different locations. The first measurements were done using a
mobile measurement setup, deployed for each ship trial, in the Black Sea, as part of the Sea Acceptance Trials.

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After delivery of the vessels to British Columbia, measurements were also performed at the static Underwater
Listening Station in the Boundary Pass shipping lane on the route to the port of Vancouver. In this paper the
uncertainty in measured underwater sound levels is assessed on basis of these measurements. The obtained
statistics have been assessed to identify uncertainties in measuring underwater sound levels resulting
from the use of different measurement procedures at different sound ranges and in different environmental
conditions, recorded from nominally identical ships. The analysis was conducted for the underwater sound
levels expressed in one third octave bands, as well as for frequency bands relevant for evaluation of the
impact on the Southern Resident Killer Whale. The results of this assessment are compared with the claimed
uncertainties on the basis of ISO 17208-1 and ANSI/ASA S12.64.
Keywords: Uncertainty, Variability, Underwater sound measurements.

PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS INVESTIGATION OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNALS FOR

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF WIND TURBINE BLADES
Zhimin Zhao1, Nian-Zhong Chen 1, 2
School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
1.
2
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Abstract. Acoustic emission (AE) is considered as one of promising monitoring approaches for structural
integrity management for wind turbine blades. However, there is not much work has been conducted on the
investigation of propagation characteristics of AE signals in wind turbine blades though it plays an important
role in explaining the generated AE waveform and optimizing the design of sensor layout scheme. This paper
aims to investigate the propagation characteristics of AE signals in cross-section structure of wind turbine
blade. A semi analytical finite element (SAFE) program is used to obtain the dispersion relations of composite
and sandwich structures for wind turbine blades. Numerical simulation is then performed using ABAQUS in
combination with modal acoustic emission theory to explore the propagation characteristics of AE signals in
cap and trailing panel. The investigation is further broadened to examine the scattering of AE signals with
shear web structure, and the reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated to quantify the scattering
characteristics. The results show that AE signals undergo “T-shaped” transformation, mode conversion and
amplitude attenuation when they pass through the shear web structure. The signal strength of the reflection
signals is the strongest and the transmission signals is the weakest. This work investigates the propagation
characteristics of AE signals in complex wind turbine blades, giving insight into the waveform interpretation
of AE signals in practical engineering application.
Keywords: Acoustic emission (AE), Wind turbine blades, Propagation characteristics, Modal acoustic
emission, Mode conversion.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

34. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - OPERATION

THU RESEARCH INTO CONTAINER LOSS ABOVE THE DUTCH WADDEN ISLANDS AFTER THE MSC
ZOE INCIDENT
Bas Buchner1, Bastien Abeil1, Levent Kaydihan1, Jos Koning1, Riaan van ‘t Veer1
11:10 – 12:50

1
MARIN (Maritime Research Institute Netherlands), Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract. In the evening and night of January 1 to 2 of 2019, the Ultra Large Container Ship (ULCS) MSC ZOE
lost 342 containers north of the Dutch Wadden Islands in north-westerly storm conditions. This resulted in
large-scale pollution of the sea and Wadden Islands. As independent research organisation, MARIN assisted
the Dutch Safety Board with an extensive model test campaign. Based on these model tests, it was concluded
that the most probable explanations for the loss of containers in the investigated shallow water conditions
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are: extreme (wave-frequency) ship motions and accelerations, ship contact with the sea bottom, impulsive
loading on containers due to green water and slamming-induced impulsive loading on the hull. As a next step,
the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management requested MARIN to investigate the behaviour of
a wider range of container ships: Feeders (160-170 m), Panamax (290-300 m) and ULCS (390-400 m). Based on
model tests, seakeeping calculations, Finite Element calculations on a 40 feet Container and analysis of the
present status of cargo securing requirements, MARIN derived preliminary limiting wave heights for these
ship types and routes. With wave heights above these limiting wave heights, the loading on the ships and their
cargoes can exceed their capacity (safe values). The paper describes the methodologies applied, the results of
the analysis and the reasoning behind the derivation of the limiting wave heights.
Keywords: Seakeeping, Container loss, Shallow water, Resonant roll, Green water, Bottom contact, FE
analysis.

COUPLED ANALYSIS OF THE LNG OFFLOADING OPERATION BASED ON MULTIBODY

DYNAMICS
Hye-Won Lee1, Myung-Il Roh2, Seung-Ho Ham3, Bo-Woo Nam2
1
Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Research Institute of Marine Systems, Seoul National
University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of
Korea
Abstract. The demand for LNG offloading operations in which Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) delivers
LNG to an LNG carrier is increasing in the process of LNG production. However, the analysis of the LNG offloading
operation is very complex as ships are connected with offloading arms. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic
interaction between the floating bodies should be considered at the same time. In this study, the dynamic
analysis of LNG offloading operations with FLNG and LNG carrier considering the interaction of two floating
bodies was conducted, and the joint forces exerted on the offloading arms were analyzed. Firstly, the
multibody dynamics-based equations of motion were formulated for the analysis of the offloading arms.
Subsequently, the external forces due to the hydrodynamic interaction of two floating bodies were calculated
in the time domain and integrated with the multibody dynamics. Finally, the coupled analysis of the ships and
the offloading arms was performed according to the various parameters of the offloading arms, such as the
number, position, and length. As a result, the dynamic loads acting on the joints of the offloading arms were
analyzed under various environmental conditions, and the safety regulations for the offloading operation
were derived.
Keywords: LNG offloading, Multibody dynamics, Hydrodynamic interaction, Dynamic analysis.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

34. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - OPERATION

CONNECTOR RESPONSE OF A MULTIBODY VLFS SUBJECT TO WAVE LOADING THU

Martijn Hoogeland1, Haico van der Werf1,2, Noud Werter1, Apostolos Grammatikopoulos2
1
TNO, Department of Structural Dynamics, Delft, Netherlands

11:10 – 12:50
2
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
Abstract. The energy transition requires us to explore all options for generating non-fossil energy and
offshore floating PV (OFPV) energy is gaining momentum with recent developments quite promising. The
trend is to combine small individual floaters into a grid using connectors which can be made reasonably
flexible. To address the challenges of offshore conditions the connectors need strength and flexibility. In this
paper, the authors address the challenge of the conflicting demands of strength and flexibility for offshore

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floating structures. The first step is to assess the wave excitation loads between individual elements and
how these loads influence the flexibility of a connection. A computational model is developed that uses a
3D BEM (Boundary Element Method) to calculate the linearized hydrodynamic coefficients and the wave
diffraction and radiation forces. Meanwhile, the Froude-Krylov, hydrostatic, connector, and mooring forces
are time and spatially dependent allowing nonlinearities to be captured. The time domain solution provides
answers into the nonlinear interaction between the mechanical behaviour of compliant (flexible) connectors
with hydromechanic behaviour of rigid floaters. After a successful validation, a three-floater OFPV system is
subjected to typical sea-states representing 1 year and 100 year return on periods. The pitch motion response
is compared for both sea-states and wave headings. Then, the forces and moments at the connectors are
presented for two connector stiffnesses and sea-states. The head sea case has the greatest force in the axial
direction and moment in vertical bending but then the forces and moments in the other DOF are greater in
bow quarter seas. There is a decrease in forces but increase in moments when the stiffness of the connectors
increases. The results also show the importance of dynamic amplification at sea-states with wave peak
periods close to the natural frequency of the system. The connectors are shown to influence the natural
frequency of the structure such that it behaves somewhere in between a single continuous structure and three
independent floating modules. After successfully using the model to investigate the behaviour of a serially
connected OFPV the next step will be to expand to a grid which is more representative of the future types of
structures that will be deployed.
Keywords: Offshore Floating Solar, Multibody, Fluid-structure interaction, VLFS.

MOTION SIMULATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF DROPPED OBJECTS IN OFFSHORE

OPERATIONS
Hanqi Yu1, Yi Li2, Linxiong Li1, Xiaochuan Yu2
1
Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA
2
Boysie Bollinger School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA
Abstract. Subsea pipelines are one of the most economic and reliable means of transporting hydrocarbons
in offshore oil and gas development. However, some possible hazards, such as dropped objects, may cause
damage to pipelines. In this paper, an online database of potential and actual dropped object incidents, called
DORIS (Dropped Object Register of Incidents and Statistics) will be briefly introduced at first. Second, motion
simulation methods of trajectories of dropped objects in different shapes will be mentioned. Then, the current
classification rules about how to deal with the dropped objects in offshore operations will be reviewed.
Finally, some ongoing research work about dropped cylindrical objects and container models at University of
New Orleans (UNO) will be addressed.
Keywords: Dropped objects, Motion simulation, Risk assessment, Pipeline protection, Det Norske Veritas (DNV).

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

35. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - RENEWABLE ENERGY

THU A REVIEW ON MARINE APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Ivan Ćatipović1, Neven Alujević1, Darko Smoljan1, Antonio Mikulić1
1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
11:10 – 12:50

Abstract. The solar photovoltaic technology costs are continually decreasing. In recent years, efforts have
been made towards implementation of solar photovoltaic technology in the marine environment. Currently,
floating photovoltaic (FPV) plants for commercial (general purpose) use are installed on lakes and dams as
well as on low-wave offshore sheltered locations. Recently, research efforts have been focused towards
enabling installation of FPV systems in offshore locations with higher waves where significant wave heights
up to 2 or 3 m can be expected. Such trends are beneficial in reducing the use of fossil fuels and consequently
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slowing down the climate changes as indicated in a number of recent review papers. This review is focused on
current mathematical and numerical methods tailored to evaluate the environmental loads and responses of
FPV systems installed at sea. For this purpose, available standards and recommendations are used as a guide
to identify the main parts and requirements for such evaluations. The review gives recent advancements
in the assessment of wind, waves, and sea current loads. The wave motions and mooring calculations are
also covered along with the mismatch losses caused by the wave induced motions. On-site testing and field
research that are relevant to the environmental loads and FPV responses are presented. Finally, the knowledge
gaps are indicated, and possible future research directions are proposed to ensure safer FPV applications in the
marine environment.
Keywords: Floating photovoltaic, Marine environment, Offshore locations, Environmental loads, Responses,
Mismatch losses.

HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING AND MOORING FATIGUE ESTIMATION OF AN OFFSHORE

OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER
Dimitrios N. Konispoliatis1, Spyros A. Mavrakos1, Ioannis K. Chatjigeorgiou1
1
Laboratory for Floating Structures and Mooring Systems, Division of Marine Structures, School of Naval
Architecture and Marine Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Abstract. This paper summarizes the coupled hydro-mechanical modelling of a moored floating Oscillating
Water Column device suitable for offshore wave energy exploitation. The device which is floating in finite
depth waters, and it is exposed to the wave action of regular surface waves, consists of an exterior partially
immersed toroidal body supplemented by a coaxial interior truncated cylinder, moored through tensioned
tethers as a TLP platform. In the formed annulus area between the two solids, water oscillates pushing the dry
air above the surface through an air turbine placed at the top of the device’s chamber. The considered numerical
implementation involves the hydrodynamic modelling of the floater through an analytical method that
accounts for the mooring- and the air turbine- characteristics. Numerical results are presented in the frequency
domain concerning the motion dynamics of the moored floater. Furthermore, since fatigue damage is known
to be a significant issue for moored offshore floating structures, the strength in the mooring system based on
the tension forces at the top of the tethers under different design environmental conditions, is simulated under
deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The objective of the analysis is to investigate which sea states yield
the dominating contribution to fatigue damage accumulation in the offshore OWC, based on wave records near
Kassos Island, at the Aegean Sea.
Keywords: OWC device, TLP moorings, Fatigue Analysis, Deterministic, Probabilistic.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

35. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - RENEWABLE ENERGY

AN EXPERIMENT AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION AND THU

LOAD FOR FLOATING SOLAR POWER FARM IN REGULAR WAVES
Jun-Hee Lee , Kwang-Jun Paik , Jun-Hwangbo , Tae-Hye Ha , Seung-Hoon Shin
1 1 1 2 2

11:10 – 12:50
1
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
2
Steel Structure Research Group, POSCO, Incheon, South Korea
Abstract. Recently, the demand for a floating solar power farm is rapidly increasing in lakes or coasts rather
than on land. Various studies have been conducted to develop a numerical analysis technique considering the
ocean conditions. Through this numerical analysis, structural stability and accurate motion response can be
predicted when designing the floating solar farm. In this study, the model tests were at the Inha University

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Towing Tank (IUTT) to verify the numerical simulation results. The test model was designed as a floating
solar farm composed of four units of two rows and two columns that can flexibly respond to external loads.
Four motion capture cameras were used to measure the time-series motions of the floating units. Also, four
tensiometers and a wave-height meter were installed at upstream points. The numerical results were verified
comparing with the experimental data such as the motion characteristics and mooring force s. As a result, the
heave and pitch movements were dominant in a head sea condition. When the wavelength was shorter than
the total length of the two units, a difference was observed in the motion RAO of the first row and the second
row. As the wavelength increased, the heave RAO increased linearly, and the pitch RAO converged. For oblique
sea conditions, not only heave and pitch but also roll and yaw occurred, which leads to complex behaviours
between the units. With the same wave condition, numerical simulation also showed similar results in motion
RAO and mooring force in the head sea condition. Furthermore, various floating solar farms with more than
two rows and columns are simulated to investigate in detail the complex interaction between floating units.
Keywords: Floating solar power farm, Wave-induced motion, RAO (Response Amplitude Operator), CFD,
Model test.

STUDY ON MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOATING HAWT CONSIDERING THE COUPLING

OF AERODYNAMICS AND HYDRODYNAMICS
Lei Tang1, Xiaoxuan Guo2, Weiqin Liu2
1
Changjiang Wuhan Waterway Bureau, Wuhan, Hubei, China
2
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy
Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Abstract. Ocean wind energy provides an excellent alternative option due to the shortage of traditional
energy resources and many environmental problems caused by carbon emission. Floating Horizontal Axial
Wind Turbine (HAWT) has advantage of utilising wind energy at far and deep sea while floating HAWT have
the challenge of evaluating the complex load characteristics due to interaction of wave load and wind
load. This paper studies motion characteristics of a deep-sea floating HAWT by coupling aerodynamics and
hydrodynamics using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). We use CFD platform to calculate HAWT load in
gas-liquid two-phase flow field. In the simulation process, the sliding mesh was used to simulate the rotating
motion of blades, the overlapping mesh was used to simulate the 6-DOF motion of platform, the VOF method
was used to capture the free liquid surface position accurately, and finally, the load characteristics of HAWT
were obtained by using multi-mesh thinning technology. NREL-5MW model is selected. The motion response
of the floating HAWT is found by analyzing the simulation results. It is indicated from research results that the
motion analysis of HAWT under the impeller-platform movement coupling is realized. The methods studied in
this paper provide a reference for floating HAWT engineering design.
Keywords: Floating HAWT, Motion characteristics, CFD, Aerodynamic, Hydrodynamic.

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL DESIGN OF SHIPS AND OTHER FLOATING STRUCTURES - PRADS 2022

36. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SLOSHING & HYDRO-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS

THU VALIDATION OF A FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION TOOL FOR FLEXIBLE PROPELLERS IN

COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Stéphane Paboeuf1, Wajiha Rehman2
11:10 – 12:50

1
Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, Saint-Herblain, France
2
Ecole Centrale de Nantes (EMSHIP+), Nantes, France
Abstract. With their interesting mechanical properties, composite materials are a potential alternative to
conventional metallic material for propellers. Indeed, in addition to the use of composite materials for their
lightweight, lack of corrosion, dampening of vibration and noise, their flexibility offers some advantages
to improve hydrodynamic efficiency. However, the design and the certification of flexible propellers are
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complicated and a hydro-structure coupling analysis is necessary to consider the relatively large deformation
of blades. Unfortunately, there is a lack of proper design assessment tools for such flexible composite
propellers. This article is about the validation of a design assessment tool known as ComPropApp which is
designed by Cooperative Research Ships (CRS) partners within COMPROP Project. ComPropApp is a specially
designed tool for the Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) analysis of propeller made of composite materials. It
is based on the explicit two-way coupling of a Boundary Element Method (BEM) solver and a Finite Element
Model (FEM) solver which gives it an advantage over Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations (RANSE)
solvers in terms of computation time, power and cost. Moreover, the coupling with the mechanical model is
fully implemented in the tool, simplifying the mapping of hydrodynamic pressure along blades. Hence, it is
suitable for the initial design stage and for the design review assessment. The validation study is based on
numerical simulations using different FSI techniques such as one-way coupling and two-way coupling, implicit
and explicit, and results are compared with ComPropApp. FSI simulations use commercial RANSE, STAR-CCM+
and FEM, FEMAP/Nastran solvers and are performed on a full-scale propeller made with carbon fibres coming
from the French research project FabHeli. The paper describes the procedure used for the validation and
compares results obtained with numerical simulations and ComPropApp. Discrepancies are in an acceptable
range and reasons are explained as well as suggested improvements.
Keywords: Composite materials, Propeller, Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI), CFD analysis, BEM-FEM coupling.

GROUPING METHOD FOR LONG-TERM PREDICTION OF SLOSHING LOADS ON LNG CARGO

Yangjun Ahn1, Jeoungkyu Lee2, Taehyun Park2, Yonghwan Kim2
1
Sungshin Women’s University, School of AI Convergence, Seoul, Korea
2
Seoul National University, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul, Korea
Abstract. Sloshing has been a contentious issue in designing a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier. To assess
sloshing loads, the experimental approach has been the main solution. Consideration of the design lifetime
has been suggested to reduce the possible uncertainties of the experiment. However, it has not been a
feasible option owing to the incalculable number of experimental cases. The present work proposes a viable
solution to use this long-term approach of the sloshing experiment by reducing the number of test conditions.
It suggests a grouping method that creates groups of the sea states and reduce the required number of test
conditions for the long-term approach. Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd (DSME), Hyundai
Heavy Industry Co., Ltd (HHI), Samsung Heavy Industry Co., Ltd (SHI), Korean Register (KR), and Seoul National
University (SNU) have conducted an extensive series of joint industrial experiments of six-degree-of-freedom
(6DoF) irregular sloshing model test. The second foremost cargo hold of the 174K S-LNGC provided by SHI is
used. This series of the experiment constructs long-term analysis fulfilling all considerable sea states. Based
on the experimental results, 16 different grouped sea states are proposed and their exceedance probabilities
are individually obtained. Their long-term analysis results are compared with that of non-grouping sea states.
From this validation, one of the grouping methods that shows the closest to the non-grouping long-term
analysis result is presented.
Keywords: Sloshing, Long-term Approach, Sloshing Experiment, Grouping, LNG Design.

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36. TECHNICAL SESSIONS - SLOSHING & HYDRO-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS

PREDICTION OF SLOSHING PRESSURE IN MEMBRANE TYPE LNG CCS THU

Han-Baek Ju1, Beom-Seon Jang1
1
Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,

11:10 – 12:50
College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Abstract. Due to the environmental regulations, the demand for LNG and LNG carriers has been increased.
The LNG cargo containment system (LNG CCS) is one of the most important facilities in LNG carriers, and
many membrane types of LNG CCS have been developed so far. Time series of sloshing pressures generated
in the actual LNG tank is essential for structural health monitoring of LNG CCS. Since, there is still not enough
information about the sloshing pressure time history occurring in real LNG tank, in this paper, a method of

MARE IV
predicting the sloshing pressure generated on membrane from the stress response measured on hull structure
was proposed. The impulse/space superposition method was newly proposed by discretizing the primary
membrane where the sloshing pressure is generated. However, the impulse/space superposition method
is used to predict the structural response of LNG CCS corresponding to a specific sloshing pressure. Thus, the
inverse process of the impulse/space superposition method was established, and the sloshing pressure was
predicted from the inner-deck stresses using the least square method. In order to validate the suggested
method, a series of fluid-structure interaction simulations were performed. It can be concluded that the
sloshing pressure prediction was properly made.
Keywords: Sloshing pressure, LNG CCS, Impulse superposition method, Fluid-structure interaction.

TIME-DOMAIN TEBEM FOR HYDROELASTIC RESPONSES OF A CONTAINER SHIP WITH

FORWARD SPEED
Haixing Wang1, Jikang Chen1, Wenyang Duan1, Shan Ma1
1
College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, China
Abstract. In this paper, a numerical method for solving hydroelastic responses of a container ship with
forward speed in regular waves is put forward. Firstly, Taylor Expansion Boundary Element Method (TEBEM)
is generalized to the elastic modes which is used principally to solve the double body flow and unsteady
flow boundary integral equation. The effect of forward speed on the underwater wetted grid is considered
when the steady flow is solved by means of TEBEM. The infinity radiation condition is achieved by the Damping
Zone Method. In the structure part, the Transfer Matrix Method is used to get the generalized structural mass,
damping, stiffness and principal mode of displacement and rotation of vertical oscillation modes which will
participate in the subsequent hydrodynamic calculation. In the hydrodynamic part, the first order wave force
and hydrostatic restoring force are corresponding to the linear part and the slamming force is corresponding
to the nonlinear part. Direct pressure integration on ship wetted surface is used to obtain the first order wave
force and the momentum slamming theory is used to predict the slamming load. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta
method is used to solve the hydroelasticity equations. Compared with the experimental results, an acceptable
agreement can be obtained by TEBEM. Meanwhile, the effects of forward speed and slamming forces are
analyzed.
Keywords: Hydroelastic, TEBEM, Time-domain, Slamming loads, Seakeeping.

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