PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

10. Regional Petroleum Geology of Indonesia

2022
Arif Rahutama

www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas 1

@akamigascepu
1. Tectonics of Indonesia
2. Tectonics and Petroleum Geology of Western
Indonesia
3. Tectonics and Petroleum Geology of Eastern
Indonesia
Tectonics of Indonesia
Zonation of the Earth – Composition
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core
Plate Tectonic Settings
 Divergent/Saling Menjauh (mid oceanic rift-Intraplate rift)
 Convergent/Saling mendekat (Subduction & Collision)
 Transform/Berpapasan (strike slip fault)
Continents in movement (VIDEO)
 Eurasian Plate

Pacific Plate
Philippine Plate

Sunda Shelf

Sahul Shelf
Indian Plate
Australian Plate

mod. after Hall (1999-2012)

Hall (1999)

Present Tectonic Setting of Indonesia

FREE AIR GRAVITY ANOMALY MAP
 Sebaran Cekungan Hidrokarbon di Indonesia

Wilayah Kerja Eksplorasi

Wilayah Kerja Produksi

Producing basins (16) Basins under exploration(14)

Basins with hydrocarbons found, but not yet
producing (8) Unexplored basins (22)
 SUMMARY OF INDONESIAN REGION TECTONICS
 YOUNG AND COMPLEX TECTONIC HISTORY
 DIVIDED INTO FOUR REGIONS: SUNDA, BANDA, AUSTRALIAN, PACIFIC
 DIVIDED INTO TWO PROVINCES : WESTERN AND EASTERN
 WESTERN DOMAIN (SUNDALAND) IS CONVERGENT MARGIN SINCE
MEZOSOIC (ASIAN AFFINITY)
 EASTERN DOMAIN IS PASSIVE MARGIN UNTIL LATE MIOCENE
FOLLOWING BY COLLISION INVOLVING NUMEROUS MICROTECTONICS
 WESTERN INDONESIA IS OIL PRONE BASINS
 EASTERN INDONESIA IS GAS PRONE BASINS
Tectonics and Petroleum Geology of Western Indonesia
NOMENKLATUR STRATIGRAFI NSB, CSB, & SSB
 Cekungan Sumatra Utara
 The Mergui – North Sumatera basin is
bounded by convergence of Mergui
Ridge with continental crust of Sunda
Craton to the north, Asahan Arch to the
east, Barisan Mountain to the south ,
and the Mergui ridge to the west.
 The main tectonic elements dominated
by relatively N-S and NW-SE trending
highs and deeps
 These highs and deeps divide the
larger basin into several sub-basins

Andreason, et. Al., 1997

NOMENKLATUR STRATIGRAFI CEKUNGAN SUMATRA UTARA
HYDROCARBON PLAYS

 Early Miocene Belumai sandstone

Play
 Miocene reefal carbonate Play
 Miocene Baong sandstone Play
 Mio- Pliocene Keutapang sandstone
play
 Pliocene Seurula sandstone play
 Source : Shales & mudstone of
Bampo Formation and Peutu
Formation. Outer neritic shale of
Lower part Miocene Baong Formation
 Trap : Structural trap; Stratigraphic
trap (Reefal Carbonate and clastic);
Combination structural/stratigraphic
trap
 First Hydrocarbon generation was suggested at Middle Miocene Time
 Critical moment occurred around Plio-Pliocene
 Migration pathway occurred through up-dip and vertical faults
Cekungan Sumatra Tengah

Non-marine half-graben rift

systems N-S trending
OOIP over 28 BBO (over 100
field)
Basin generation capacity
close 50 – 60 BBOe
Stratigaphy Regional Cekungan Sumatra Tengah
Petroleum System Cekungan Sumatra Tengah

Modified Heidric & Aulia (1996)

Regional Traverse NW-SE
SSB EXPLORATION SUCCESS BY FORMATION
Stratigaphy Regional Cekungan Sumatra Selatan
Penampang Seismik Cekungan Palembang
Penampang Seismik Cekungan Jambi
Basement Fracture Play di Cekungan Sumatra Selatan
Basement Fracture Play di Suban
Lokasi lapangan hidrokarbon di West Java.
Stratigraphy Regional Cekungan Jawa Barat
Lokasi lapangan hidrokarbon di North East Java.
Stratigraphy Regional Cekungan Jawa Timur
Petroleum System Cekungan Jawa Timur
Stratigraphy Regional Natuna
Penampang Struktur Natuna
Play Konsep Natuna
Tectonics and Petroleum Geology of Eastern Indonesia
 mod. after Hall (1999)

Present Tectonic Setting of Eastern Indonesia

 Australian Passive Margin & Banda Arc Collision
Barat Timur
 Australian Passive Margin & Banda Arc Collision
Selatan Utara
Pertamina & Corelab (1999)
Pertamina & Corelab (1999)
mod. after Livsey et al. (1992)

Identified Oil and Gas Seeps with Oil and Gas Fields, Eastern Indonesia
 Petroleum System Makassar Straits

Isochrone map at the top of the basement showing the major structural
lineaments affecting the basement.
Del Negro et al. (2013)
Fields of eastern Kalimantan onshore and offshore

Expected reefal buildups of the Makassar Straits

Will success in eastern Kalimantan on- & off-shore occur in western

Sulawesi on- & offshore ?
Satyana et al. (2012)
 Makassar Straits-West Sulawesi Play Schematic
West Sulawesi Foldbelt
Thrust Front Leads
SL

Makassar Basin

or rifting volcanics ?

decollement
Buildup Leads Sub-Thrust Leads

•Lead types mod. Exxon Surumana (2008)

– Carbonate Buildups in deepwater*
– Carbonate Buildups or Structural Closure sub-thrust
– Syn-rift clastics
– Shallow structures within thrust front, clastic reservoirs*

• Two greater source areas & pattern of migration

– Closed Neogene system in thin-skinned fold & thrust belts*
–Closed Paleogene system in subthrust areas below decollement
– Open Paleogene-Neogene systems in thick-skinned fold & thrust belts
*drop from play concept after exploration well by Exxon
• ExxonMobil Surumana
1. Rangkong-1 (2009) - dry
• ExxonMobil Mandar
2. Sultan-1 (2009) - gas show
3. Kris-1 (2010) - dry
4. Kris-1 ST (2010) - dry
• Marathon Pasangkayu
5. Bravo-1 (2010) - dry
6. Romeo-1 (2010) – MT
7. Romeo-B1 (2010) - MT
8. Romeo-C1 (2011) - dry
• Tately Budong-Budong
9. LG-1 (2011) – dry with shows
10. KD-1 (2011) – dry with shows
• ConocoPhillips Kuma
11. Kaluku-1 (2011) - oil
• Talisman Sageri Regional perspective for block at up to country / continent level
12. Lempuk – 1 (2011) - dry
• Statoil Karama Include:
• North arrow
13. Gatotkaca – 1 (2012) – dry • Scale in kilometers and miles
14. Anoman – 1 (2012) – dry • National and block boundaries
15. Antasena -1 (2012) - dry

Satyana et al. (2012)

Thin-Skinned
Thin-Skinned Tectonics
Tectonics and
and Blocking
Blocking of
of HC
HC Migration
Migration from
from Paleogene
Paleogene source
source open-system for dis-associated
to
to Neogene
Neogene reservoirs
reservoirs migration from Paleogene sources to
closed-system for dis-associated migration, from Neogene reservoirs
Paleogene sources to Neogene reservoirs

MAKASSAR STRAITS WEST SULAWESI OFFSHORE SULAWESI ONSHORE

decollement

Kaluku discovery
Eocene
Eocenesandstones,
sandstones,Eocene
Eoceneshallow
shallowlacustrine,
lacustrine,parafinnic
parafinic
oils

Neogene thin-skinned tectonics in fold-thrust belt thick-skinned tectonics –

decollement – blocked HC migration from Paleogene & Neogene
regional sealing Paleogene to Neogene

(Satyana et al., 2012)

 W KALUKU-1 E

Seabed
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE

Near Mid Eocene

Near Early Eocene ??

better, thicker & more mature source thicker reservoir

R-01
B-01
Eocene clastic: reservoir & source rock
K-01

KD-01
Exploration Implications
Satyana (2015)
 What should we do for later West Sulawesi offshore exploration

Geologic Risks
• Poor Neogene reservoirs, sources, maturity.
• No HC migration from Paleogene source to Neogene reservoirs.
• Paleogene source: early maturity, except at its depocenters.

Prospecting for the Future

• Eocene sandstones should be the primary objective.
• Acquire deep 3D-seismic data imaging Eocene objective.
• Drill deeper wells at the eastern part of West Sulawesi offshore.
Petroleum System Sulawesi Selatan Reconstructions showing
Australia–SE Asia collision
that began in the Early
Miocene when the Sula
Spur collided
with the North Sulawesi
volcanic arc, modified from
Spakman & Hall (2010) and
Hall (2012). Subduction
rollback began at
about 15 Ma into the
Jurassic Banda embayment
causing extension of the
Sula Spur.

Hall and Sevastjanova (2012)

Sulawesi Crustal Composition
Hydrocarbon Charge, seeps, offshore satellite anomalies and potential gas/oil kitchens in
Gorontalo & surrounding areas

Buton asphalt fields

mod. after Jablonski et al. (2007)

Coffield et al. (1993)
Onshore & Offshore HC Seeps of
West Sulawesi

map and section from Coffield et al. (1997)

 Sub-Volcanic HC of
West & South Sulawesi
volcanic cover

oil seep

petroleum system elements

Eocene coal

Oil to Source Correlation

stratigraphy after Coffield et al. (1993)
 What should we do for later onshore West Sulawesi exploration

Geologic Risks
• Complicated deformation.
• Breaching of structures.
• Some volcanic covers, reducing seismic quality

Prospecting for the Future

• Acquire denser seismic lines.
• Better processing and reprocessing seismic lines.
• Petroleum exist, target not too complicated structure.
WNW Petroleum System Buton ESE

Nolan et al. (1989), Davidson (1991)

Collision history of the Buton-Tukang Besi micro-continent

 Buton: Widely Distributed Oil Shows

Asphalt
Oil Stain
Liquid Oil

Japex (2009)
Complicated structure degrade seismic imaging due to poor seismic quality
Satyana et al. (2013)
 Prognosed Actual
113
Up. Tondo Fm

395
Sampolakosa Fm
532 600

Mid. Tondo Fm

1429

Mid. Tondo Fm
Y
2176

Tobelo Fm

PTD 3200m

Benteng-1 Well
3615
Geological Prognosis vs Actual Result
TD 3787m Satyana et al. (2013)
 Biomarker of Miocene oil sample in Benteng-1 well

oleanane

C29-norhopane C30-hopane

Tm
high tricyclic terpane - marine
Ts

Satyana et al. (2013)

triterpane distribution of SWC extracted oil sample from Miocene Tondo limestone of Benteng-1 well,
indicating source from Miocene marine carbonates, rich in olenane (red circled)
Exploring Buton: target
not too complicated
structure

Garrard et al. (1988)

Tondo obj.

intact structure

Satyana et al. (2013)

 What should we do for later Buton exploration

Geologic Risks
• Poor seismic quality due to intensive deformation and presence of shallow thick carbonates.
• Breached structures due to intensive deformation.
• Repetitive shallow beds due to thrust/ reverse imbrication will deepen main deep objective.

Prospecting for the Future

• Design seismic acquisition in highly deformed areas, targeting intact structures.
• Secondary objective is Miocene Tondo sandstones/ limestones. Map the objective.
 Petroleum System Banda Outer Arc

Collision of Australia Continent with Timor-Tanimbar-Seram

 Stratigraphy of Banda Outer Arc

Mola gas show,

Timor
Bula, Seram

(Charlton, 2004)
R

S R
S R S R

S Oseil & Bula, Seram

S
Timor oil seeps
 Timor Trough is not a subduction trench but a foredeep within the
Australian margin

Hall and Wilson (2000)

Arc collision in Timor region has led to intra-arc thrusting and reversal of
subduction polarity
 Hill (2005)

Origin of the Seram Collisional Orogen : Late Miocene - Recent

Seram: imbricated structures of Seram collision (Fractured Middle Jurassic
Manusela oolitic limestones) Kemp (1995)
Semai Area

Setiawan et al. (2016)

 30 km
Pairault et al. (2003)

Deformation of the Seram Orogen

Andalan Structure, Semai V - Hess
Andalan Structure, Semai V - Hess
 BAWANG PUTIH-1

SERAI-1

LENGKUAS-1

ANDALAN-2

ANDALAN-1

• Lengkuas -1 (Murphy Semai II, 2010): Jurassic & Paleocene sandstones, Miocene carbonate objectives: dry well, thin &
tight Jurassic sandstone, no Paleocene sandstone, no show at Miocene carbonate.
• Andalan -1 (Hess Semai V, 2011): Jurassic & Triassic sandstones objective: dry well, 30-60 ft Jurassic sandstone, Triassic,
tight.
• Andalan -2 (Hess Semai V, 2011): Miocene carbonate, dry well, encountered reworked carbonates, poor reservoir quality,
no show.
• Serai -1 (Murphy Semai II, 2014): Jurassic sandstone objective: dry well, 17.8 m Jurassic sandstone, 9.6 % porosity, water-
bearing.
• Bawang Putih -1 (Murphy Semai II, 2014): Jurassic sandstone objective: dry well, very tight sandstone to metasandstone.
 Thin Section of
the Early Jurassic
Sandstone
Lengkuas-1 Well

Setiawan et al. (2016)

 Setiawan et al. (2016)

The Early Jurassic sandstones are very tight

 What we should do for later Semai exploration

Geologic Risks
• Deeply buried reservoir rocks, later uplifted poor quality reservoirs.
• Late-formed structures, post-dating main charging period.

Prospecting for the Future

• Look for Early Jurassic sandstones which did not undergo subsidence and thick burial
covering.
• Look for early-formed structures (in Late Miocene or Mio-Pliocene time), pre-dating main
charging period.
• Ways to do: do many stratigraphic and structural reconstructions, seismic attribute
(inversion) analysis before drilling later well.
Petroleum System Papua
 Hall (2007)

Origin of the Lengguru and Papua Central Range Collisional Orogens

Formation of Papua’s Central Ranges

Hall (2007)
Structural elements map of the Bird’s Head area
Yudhanto & Pasaribu (2012)
Generalized Stratigraphy of Papua
Permian and Jurassic Petroleum System
 Emerging Proven Play for
Indonesia
Central Ranges of PNG: fold-
thrust belt and foreland faulted
folds, Early Cretaeous Toro-
Woniwogi sandstones – 3,100
MMBOE and 320 MMBOE
discovered to date in fold-thrust
belt and foreland basin,
respectively; emerging plays in
Indonesia’s Central Ranges and
foreland

McConachie et al. (2000)

Papua’s Central Range: the World’s record for HC testing

Antelope-2 DST (PNG): 705 MMscfd and 11,200 bcpd (129,000 boepd)
 Eisenberg, 1993
PNG fold-thrust belt

Collided Mesozoic Australian

passive margin sediments in
Central Ranges of Papua

Indonesian Papua fold-

thrust belt
 Paleozoic sections of South Papua
Cross section from Papuan foreland to Papuan foldbelt

Pertamina-Beicip (1996)
 The possibilities of finding
giant resources for oil or
gas fields in Papua fold belt
and Arafura platform

U.S. Geological Survey (2011)

Basement Types
 Tectono-stratigraphic Framework of North Papua

ExxonMobil (2009)
 Elang structure, Cenderawasih
Bay
Northeast Image Area Southwest

Mamberamo Fm
The well (Elang-1, Niko 2013)
Seal/Source
encountered a massive micritic
Structural Spill
CEN040 limestone of Miocene to Oligocene
age which was tight, with no
Reservoir
Seal/Source Seal/Source
CEN050

hydrocarbon indications during

ce0726
drilling.

Noble et al. (2016)

Biak Is.
Birds Head
Mamberamo River Delta
Yapen Is.
National Marine Park
Cendrawasih Bay Waropen Bay
Bintuni Bay Cendrawasih
PSC Blk Northern Divide Ranges
(Mamberamo Fold Belt)
Meervlakte Valley
Lengguru Fold Belt
Central Range

Cendrawasih PSC
Block
Location Map
Cendrawasih PSC Block
West Papua, Indonesia
 What should we do for later Northern Papua exploration

Geologic Risks
• Reservoir presence and quality (oceanic/ accreted terrane provenance), rapid
sedimentation.
• Source rocks presence, volume, quality, maturity.

Prospecting for the Future

• In Kofiau area: locate areas where the sands have thickened in suitable trapping
configurations, drill deeper.
• In Cendrawasih area: Look for other play types in the basin, offering alternative
opportunities to discovering a new hydrocarbon province.
 Edwards et al. (2006)

Hydrocarbon occurrences of northwest shelf of Australia

Pertamina and Corelab (1998)

Abadi
Seismic section crossing NW Shelf of Australia to Banda Arc Barber et al. (2003)

Seismic section crossing Southwest Timor showing similar configuration

with Abadi Field
 Bradshaw et al. (1997)

Distribution map of proven Cambrian Larapintine Distribution map of proven Permian Gondwanan
Supersystem Supersystem
 Major Events
Marine transgression – deposition of regional seal,
reservoirs

Fluvio-deltaic clastics - reservoirs

Major contraction, uplift and erosion in Goulburn

Graben, but only minor reactivation in northern basin

Extension in Goulburn Graben region, fluvio-deltaic

clastics
Carbonate and clastic reservoirs, potential source
rocks, regional seal

Shallow marine carbonates and muds – anoxic event(s) in

northern and central Australia – source rock deposition

Major basin forming event - extension in the

Neoproterozoic
Struckmeyer et al. (2006)
Miharwatiman et al. (2013)
 Arafura Basin Stratigraphic Seismic
Correlation
Miharwatiman et al. (2013)

Aru-1 well results summary

pre-drilling

Mutiara Putih-1 well results

summary

post-drilling
Miharwatiman et al. (2013)
 What should we do for later Paleozoic Arafura Sea exploration

Geologic Risks
• Deeply buried reservoir rocks, later uplifted, poor quality reservoirs.
• Absence of reservoirs due to non-deposition or intensive erosion.

Prospecting for the Future

• Paleotectonic and paleogeographic reconstruction between Australia and Arafura Sea.
• Define the area of paleo-high non-deposition and intensive erosion.
• Its counterpart to onshore South Papua may be more prospective.
 FUTURE REGIONAL PLAY TYPES OF INDONESIA
& FOCUSED AREAS FOR POSSIBLE GIANT FIELDS

PLAY TYPE 3
MIO-PLIOCENE DEEP- PLAY TYPE 5
WATER
PLAY TYPE 6
PLAY TYPE 7
TERTIARY & MESOZOIC PLAY TYPE 8
TERRANES

PRE-TERTIARY HORST
BLOCKS

PLAY TYPE 1
MESOZOIC
PLAY TYPE 2 PASSIVE MARGIN
PLAY TYPE 3
MESOZOIC FOLD-THRUST &
FORELAND
PLAY TYPE 4 MESOZOIC GONDWANAN
PLAY TYPE 5 TERRANE

basemap from Howes & Tisnawijaya (1995)

Satyana (2019)
PLAY TYPES: (1) Paleogene synrift and pre-Tertiary Basement of Sumatra-Java-Natuna-Barito, (2) Neogene delta and deepwater of eastern Kalimantan-Makassar Straits, (3)
Paleogene synrift & postrift of West Sulawesi offshore-Bone-Gorontalo, (4) Gondwanan Mesozoic sections of Sumatra-Java-Makassar Straits, (5) Paleogene-Neogene sub- and
intra-volcanic of Java-West Sulawesi, (6) collided Mesozoic Australian passive margin sediments in Gorontalo-Buton-Banggai-Sula-Outer Banda Arc-Lengguru-Central Ranges of
Papua, (7) Paleozoic sections of Arafura Sea-South Papua, (8) Neogene Pacific province of North Papua.
 TERIMA KASIH

www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas @akamigascepu