Forest Fire Management Information System

1 – 5 November 2021, Virtual Training by AFoCO Regional Education and Training Center

Introduction to Global and ASEAN Wildfire,

Smoke Haze Tracking System
Veerachai Tanpipat
Upper ASEAN Wildland Fire Special Research Unit, Forestry Research Center, Faculty of Forestry,
Kasetsart University
[email protected] & [email protected]; 6681-620-4953
 Contents
• Geoinformatics
• Seven Steps of Forest Fire & Smoke Haze
Information System
• Conclusions and Challenges
• Ways to Overcome Obstacles
What is Geoinformatics? is The academic discipline or career of working
with geo-data for better understanding and interpretation of human
interaction with the earth or A number of different technologies,
approaches, processes, and methods to interpreter issue and controversy
relating to the earth for collaborative decision making. Geoinformation can
combine different types of dataset, say from GIS, RS/Non-RS, and socio-
economic to generated results inform of maps or other forms of reports
which allow better interpretation, management and decision making about
anthropogenic and natural phonomena’s effects upon earth and beyond.

Source: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/geoinformatics-in-eco-climatic-studies/42567
 Geoinformatics plays the very important roles with HPC, Cloud
Computation, IoT, BD, AI, ML and DL Technologies
1. The backbone technologies are much improved.
2. The cloud system is very important e.g. GEE, Sentinel-hub
3. Webmap Server with much higher capabilities e.g. FIRMS, WV
4. Better field validation leads to much better AI, ML and DL
5. IoT and Big Data become more common to community and much
easier to use in a daily life
6. Smart Phone and much improved High Speed Internet’s bandwith
and coverage
7. Free, Open and Sharing Data and Information
 7 Steps-of Forest Fire & Smoke Haze Information System
Fire&Smoke-informatics
1. Prevention and Communication
2. Monitoring
3. Prediction, Forecasting and Modeling
4. Warning
5. Response
6. Recovery and Mitigation
7. After Action Review, Assessment, Identify ad/disad, ways out and
Improvement
1. Prevention and Communication [The Most Important Task!!!!
A. Rising Awareness through
• Public Relations, Propaganda, face to face visit
• Fire Control and Awareness Training
• Fire break activities with locals
• Involve with all local cultural and traditional events
• Air quality information (Both Official and Low Cost)

C. Long Term Change ways of life and agricultural practices

D. Short Term: “no burning period,” not really working etc.
 Prevention Campaign

Source: Forest Fire Control Division, DNP

 Prevention Campaign

Source: Forest Fire Control Division, DNP

2. Monitoring
A. Traditional: Watch-out tower, patrol by foot, different vehicles
(pickup truck, SUV, motorcycle, and bicycle), helicopters, fixed
wings, EOS
B. New approaches: drones, UAV (unmanned aircraft vehicle),
Automatic CCTV with both visible and thermal infrared camera
control by AI/ML algorithms, Mobile App with or without AI,
Network of Camera trap
C. In developing process with IoT network of sensors with AL/ML/DL
D. Public Network – 1362 Hotline
E. Etc.
1362
 CCTV System

Source: http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/pt/pt_4.htm
 Thermal and
Visible Camera
Source: https://roboticscats.com/
 Thermal and Visible Camera

April 2020, Huai Hong Khrai Royal Development Study Centre, Chiang Mai Province

Source: https://roboticscats.com/
 Thermal and Visible Camera

February 2020, Huai Hong

Khrai Royal Development
Study Centre, Chiang Mai
Province Source: https://roboticscats.com/
Source: https://roboticscats.com/2020/08/31/reportfires-app-what-is-it/
 Don Schweizer, PhD
Air Resource Specialist, Forest Service
Source: http://www.alertwildfire.org/ Pacific Southwest Region, Fire and Aviation Management
Source: http://www.alertwildfire.org/sierra/index.html?v=7a7f1c3

Source:
https://app.air
sis.com/USFS/
UnitMap
Source: http://californiasmokeinfo.blogspot.com/
Early Detection of Forest Fires Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Can See Some from the following links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj33WK0ALE4
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydn2x5ima8o
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zgV1tcH63g
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TbyHTmHVT0
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpU7d1vWaog
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sSHCvsDFLg
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1FKRNGz8qg

Source:
Source: https://www.defencetalk.com/nasa-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328988608_Emerging_Metho
aeronautics-research-tests-new-tool-for-early-
ds_for_Early_Detection_of_Forest_Fires_Using_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicl
wildfire-detection-60728/
es_and_Lorawan_Sensor_Networks
Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle

Source: https://www.icarus.upc.edu/
en/research/unmanned-aerial-systems-uas
 UAV
Source:
http://www.inte
rpine.co.nz/new
s/default.aspx
Source: https://www.pix4d.com/blog/california-wildfire-pix4dreact
 The future of hotwashes: drone mapping and firefighting

Source: https://www.pix4d.com/blog/fire-aftermath-debriefing
 EARTHDATA Fire Information for Resource Management System

Source: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/ By Diane Davies, Minnie Wong, and Gary Fu (NASA-LANCE-Earthdata-FIRMS)

Online AF
Mapping
and Data
Delivery
Systems
Source: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/#t:adv;d:2020-03-04;l:modis_a,modis_t,countries,protected_areas,terra_crc;@100.1,18.0,7z
New 2020 Feature both Hotspot and Burned Areas Information together

Source: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
 Upper ASEAN MODIS Burned Areas Products by NASA FIRMS

Source: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
 Upper ASEAN MODIS Burned Areas Products by NASA FIRMS

Source: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
 Northern Thailand MODIS Burned Areas Products by NASA FIRMS

Sources: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
 Northern Thailand MODIS Burned Areas Products by NASA FIRMS

Sources: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
Source: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/alerts/
Source: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/faq/firms-faq
 What news in NASA-FIRMS

Source: https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/pages/viewrecentblogposts.action?key=FIRMS
Where’s the smoke coming from?
Brad Quayle posted on Jul 15, 2021 What news in NASA-FIRMS
Viewing smoke in FIRMS using corrected Viewing smoke in FIRMS using
reflectance imagery aerosol indices

Source: https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/pages/viewrecentblogposts.action?key=FIRMS
New FIRMS Feature/Capability Highlight What news in NASA-FIRMS
Brad Quayle posted on Jun 30, 2021

By Time
Since
Detection

Source: https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/pages/viewrecentblogposts.action?key=FIRMS
 Source: https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/?v=83.31121734338439,6.514841546671795,116.63364812195059,24.128126386771065&t=2020-03-04-
T07%3A17%3A25Z&l=MODIS_Terra_Aerosol,VIIRS_SNPP_AOT_Deep_Blue_Best_Estimate(hidden),MODIS_Combined_Value_Added_AOD(hidden),Reference_Labels,Reference_Features,Coastlines,VIIRS_NOAA20_CorrectedReflectance_TrueColor(hidden),VIIRS_SNPP_CorrectedReflectance_TrueColor(hidden),MODIS_Aqua_Cor
rectedReflectance_TrueColor(hidden),MODIS_Terra_CorrectedReflectance_TrueColor
Source: https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/
 -NOV 2021

https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov Davies Nov 2021

WHAT IS NASA WORLDVIEW AND GIBS?

• Worldview and the Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) provide

a visual-first approach to finding and using Earth observations.
• Worldview is an open source web mapping application -
interactively browse NASA's global satellite imagery within hours of
it being acquired as well as imagery from the past few decades.
worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov 
• GIBS is a set of services - fast and open access to 1000+ NASA
imagery products for Worldview and any other applications via
standards-based web services. earthdata.nasa.gov/gibs 
• Also available is Worldview Snapshots - a lightweight tool for
creating image snapshots in a variety of file formats from a selection
of popular NASA satellite imagery base layers and overlays.
https://wvs.earthdata.nasa.gov 
Davies Nov 2021
 OVERVIEW OF NEW FEATURES IN WORLDVIEW ADDED IN 2020 AND 2021

• Vector capabilities: Ability to interact with vector layers such as Fires and Thermal Anomalies, Settlements, Dams, Reservoirs and
Nuclear Power Plants. Zoom in and query a point or polygon for these layers to find out more about them.
• Embed: Ability to embed NASA Worldview into a web page, StoryMap, or other web-based product.
• Data Download via Earthdata Search: While Worldview has had a data download capability before, in the past it had been
limited to only about a third of the layers. We have now extended this capability to almost all of the layers available in Worldview
and provided a more robust method of getting users into Earthdata Search, EOSDIS' data discovery and access tool.
• Layer Grouping: Layers in the Layer List can now be grouped to more effectively place similar layer visualization types together in
the same category making it easier to manipulate a group than individual layers.
• Location Search: Allows users to type in a location name, or coordinates and a marker will be placed on the map. Conversely, a
marker can be placed on the map to retrieve the coordinates and place name (if available). Location Search is in the upper right
corner of Worldview. 
• Measure: Measure distance and area and export as geoJSON.
• Temperature conversion: Convert temperature units for relevant layers.
• Timeline Imagery Availability Panel:Visually determine whether layers you have loaded have temporally coincident imagery
using the timeline availability panel.
• Distraction free mode: Too much stuff on top of the map? Click on the "i" button in the upper right corner to turn on
distraction free mode and get rid the Layer List, Timeline, Measurement Tool and other buttons so you can concentrate solely on
the imagery! Davies Nov 2021
 VECTORS

• Zoom in and click any fire point to

retrieve attribute information
about that fire/thermal anomaly for
the 5 sets of Fire and Thermal
Anomalies layers from
Terra/MODIS, Aqua/MODIS, Terra
and Aqua combined/MODIS, Suomi
NPP/VIIRS and NOAA-20/VIIRS.
• Detailed description of
attributes: VIIRS and MODIS.
• Other vector layers in Worldview
include Dams, Reservoirs, Nuclear
Power Plants and Settlements. Go to Worldview and investigate the fire points in
Northern California on 15 September 2020.
• Learn more in the GIBS Blog… Davies Nov 2021
 EMBEDDABLE WORLDVIEW

• Learn how to embed NASA Worldview into a web page, StoryMap, or other web-based
product, by following the steps outlined on the Create an embedded Worldview page.
Compared to the full application, the embedded version of Worldview has intentionally
limited functionality to give users a more streamlined experience.
• Learn more: Worldview’s New Embed Feature Makes Telling Data-Driven Stories Easier than
Ever. Also, check out the Worldview embed examples page to see how you might embed
Worldview onto your own web page. 

Davies Nov 2021

 DATA DOWNLOAD VIA EARTHDATA SEARCH

• Click on the “Data” tab to

download underlying data
via Earthdata Search.
• In Worldview, users select
their desired layer, desired
date and can set their area
of interest.
• The user is directed to
Earthdata Search with
those options selected and
can then access data
download options.

Davies Nov 2021

 LOC ATION SEARCH AND MEASURE
Location Search Measure Tool

Allows users to type in a location name, or Measure distance and area and export
coordinates and a marker will be placed on the as geoJSON.
map. Conversely, a marker can be placed on the
map to retrieve the coordinates and place name
(if available). Location Search is in the upper
right corner of Worldview.  Davies Nov 2021
 IMAGERY AVAILABILITY AND LAYER GROUPING

Timeline Imagery Availability Panel Sidebar Layer Groupings

Visually determine whether layers you have Layers in the Layer List can now be grouped
loaded have temporally coincident imagery to more effectively place similar layer
using the timeline availability panel. visualization types together in the same
category making it easier to manipulate a
Davies Nov 2021 group than individual layers.
 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION AND DISTRACTION FREE

Temperature conversion Distraction Free

Too much stuff on top of the map? Click on the

Convert temperature units between
"i" button in the upper right corner to turn on
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin or keep the
distraction free mode and get rid the Layer List,
default for relevant layers.
Timeline, Measurement Tool and other buttons so
Davies Nov 2021 you can concentrate solely on the imagery!
 RESOURCES

• Webinar: NASA Worldview - Explore the Earth from Past to Present with Global Satellite
Observations (May 2021)
• Tutorial: Getting Started with NASA Worldview (May 2020)
• Brochure : How to Use Worldview (November 2019)
• Worldview and GIBS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
• Follow our blog
• Contribute to Worldview - Source Code: https://github.com/nasa-gibs/worldview
• Bring imagery into your own web application or GIS client: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/gibs 
• Contact us for questions or comments: [email protected]

Davies Nov 2021

 Scale Misinterpreting

Location or Point takes no space!!!

 VIIRS GLOBAL DATA COVERAGE
VIIRS instruments onboard S-NPP
and NOAA-20 satellites

Supplementary orbits separated

by 50min

Two or more imaging

opportunities every ≈12h

Source: Wilfrid Schroeder - NOAA NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 52
 MODIS 1KM X VIIRS 375M FIRE DATA

Aqua/MODIS 1 km S-NPP/VIIRS 375 m

Pixel Area Pixel Area

1<>10 km2 0.14<>0.625 km2
Image Swath Image Swath
2330 km 3000 km
53
Source: Wilfrid Schroeder - NOAA NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
 MODIS 1KM X VIIRS 375M FIRE DATA
AQUA/MODIS 1KM S-NPP/VIIRS 375M

What VIIRS higher spatial resolution brings to SE Asia:

≈ 5x more fire pixels
≈ 60% higher potential fire emissions 54
Source: Wilfrid Schroeder - NOAA NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
 ,

ftp://ftp.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/pub/smcd/emb/fire/VIIRS/
Source: https://eogdata.mines.edu/products/vnf/
 VIIRS
NightFire
Mine School

Dr. Chris Elvidge ([email protected])

 http://realearth.ssec.wisc.edu/

Geostationary
Monitoring
By Rick McRae and Richard Woods,
Risk Analyst, Emergency
http://www.highfirerisk.com.au/imr/Thai_H8 Management, Risk and Spatial
_01.htm Services, ACT Emergency Services
Agency, Australia http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/sat_img.php?area=se1
Open access, need register, not clear explanation of how they produce fire products!
Source: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/
 Custom Scripts Sentinel-Hub Services.

Source: https://custom-scripts.sentinel-hub.com/
 Custom Scripts Sentinel-Hub Services.

Source: https://custom-scripts.sentinel-hub.com/
 // For Camp Fire, Butte County, CA, USA, using Sentinel 2
Sentinel-hub EO-Browser Code on 11 NOV 2018 imagery to show.
// Wildfire and burn scar visualization in Sentinel-2
images V2.0.0
// Twitter: Pierre Markuse (@pierre_markuse)
// CC BY 4.0 International -
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
function a(a, b) {return a + b};
function stretch(val, min, max) {return (val - min) / (max -
min);}

function satEnh(rgbArr) {
var avg = rgbArr.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) /
rgbArr.length;
return rgbArr.map(a => avg * (1 - saturation) + a *
saturation); }

function highlightBurnscar(val, oLow, oHigh, deSat,

darken) {
if ((B12 + B11 > 0.05) && (val > 0)) {
if (((B8A - B12) / (B8A + B12)) > oLow) {
saturation = saturation - deSat;
Source: https://pierre-markuse.net/2018/04/30/visualizing-wildfires-burn- stretchMax = stretchMax + darken;
scars-sentinel-hub-eo-browser/ } else { ...
 Sentinel 2 5 August 2019 Sentinel-hub EO-Browser

Burned areas was

around 11 sqkm

https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/?lat=8.00331&lng=100.12407&zoom=13&time=2019-07-31&preset=6-SWIR&datasource=Sentinel-2%20L1C
 Current Peatfire
Situation in
Southern Thailand
Source: RFD 2019
Google Earth Engine

https://un-spider.org/advisory-
support/recommended-
practices/recommended-
practice-burn-severity/burn-
severity-earth-engine
 Sentinel-hub Playground

Source: https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/sentinel-playground-temporal/
 Time Frame of Active Fire Detection Satellites
i. US Air Force-NOAA-DMSP-OLS Since 1970s (Nightlight) 1 km
ii. NOAA-AVHRR-NOAA-since 1980s (Weather) 1 km
iii. GOES-NOAA- since 1980s (Weather) 1 km
iv. Terra-MODIS-NASA-1999 (CC & AF) 1 km
v. Aqua-MODIS-NASA-2002 (CC & AF) 1 km
vi. Suomi-NPP-VIIRS-NASA/NOAA-2011 (CC & AF) Replacement of Aqua 375 and 750
m (VIIRS-JPSS-1/NOAA-20-2017)
vii. FireBird-DLR-2012 & 2014 (AF) 150 m CC = Climate Change; AF = Active Fire
viii. Himawari-8-Jaxa 2015 (Weather) 1 km
ix. GCOM-C-SGLI-JAXA-2017 (CC & AF) Replacment of Terra 500 m
x. Sentinel-3-ESA-2018 (CC & Temperature) 1,000 m
 Satellite Fire Monitoring
Current Capabilities
–Vegetation Type and Fuel Condition
–Active Fire Detection
–Burned Areas Estimation
–Burn Severity Condition
–Fire Radiative Power for fire emissions (GHGs)
–Fire Emissions: Aerosols for Smoke and haze monitoring
 Published 19 October 2021
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425721004144
 General Active Fire Detection Algorithms and Products

Source: Woosters et al. 2021

 Examples of Satellite Sensing Systems Relevant to Fire Monitoring
• Active Fire Detection and Characterization (mid IR/Thermal)
– AVHRR, GOES, DMSP, MSG, Himawari-8
– MODIS (AM-Terra/PM-Aqua), AATSR, BIRD, ASTER
– VIIRS (Suomi-NPP/NOAA-20)
– DLR FireBIRD
– Sentinel 3
• Burned Area, Fire Danger, Post Fire Assessments (VIS, NIR)
– Coarse/moderate Resolution
• AVHRR/METOP, MODIS, SeaWiFS, ATSR, VEGETATION, High Resolution
• Landsat 8, SPOT, IRS, RapidEye
• ASTER-Terra – high resolution optical and thermal
• Radarsat, ALOS-2, Sentinel 1&2
– Hyperspatial Resolution – Ikonos, QuickBird, WorldView, etc.
• Emission products (optical and sounding)
– MODIS, MISR – Aerosol Optical Depth
– AIRS, MOPITT, DLR FireBIRD – CO,
– Sentinel-5 Precursor - AI, CO, CO2, Ch4, No2, O3, SO2
Some Links to Active Fire Information or Fire Hotspots:
i. Fire Information for Resources Management System (FIRMS)
https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/ or
https://firms2.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/; Terra/Aqua-MODIS and
Suomi NPP/JPSS-1 (NOAA-20)-VIIRS
ii. Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS)
http://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
iii. NOAA-19 AVHRR: Global Forest Watch
http://data.globalforestwatch.org/datasets/091ee6aa2bbb4d0da9
2e0e9367241372_9
iv. ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Center
http://asmc.asean.org/asmc-hotspot/ or
http://asmc.asean.org/asmc-gis-portal/
Some Links to Active Fire Information or Fire Hotspots:
iv. Suomi NPP VIIRS Active Fire (http://viirsfire.geog.umd.edu/)
v. Global Forest Watch Fire (http://fires.globalforestwatch.org)
vi. VIIRS Suomi NPP Nightfire - Nighttime Detection and
Characterization of Combustion Sources by Colorado School of
MINES (https://payneinstitute.mines.edu/eog/)
vii. VIIRS Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 by Wilfrid Schroeder’s email alert
system and FTP at
(ftp://ftp.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/pub/smcd/emb/fire/VIIRS/)
viii. Thai Himawari-8 Imagery Display
(http://www.highfirerisk.com.au/imr/Thai_H8_01.htm) or
RealEarth-SSEC/Google (http://realearth.ssec.wisc.edu/) or JAXA
P-Tree System (http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/)
Some Links to Active Fire Information or Fire Hotspots:
ix. Forest Fire Control Division, RFD, Thailand
http://www.forest.go.th/wildfire/hotspot/Hotspot_Index.html
x. Fire Monitoring System, GISTDA, Thailand http://fire.gistda.or.th/
xi. Global MODIS ACTIVE FIRE AND BURNED AREA PRODUCTS
https://modis-fire.umd.edu/af.html
xii. Indonesia Fire Hotspot, LAPAN http://lowres-
catalog.lapan.go.id/monitoring/
Some Links to Active Fire Information or Fire Hotspots:
xv. ASEAN Fire Hotspot, LEAF-USAID, USFS, GEC, IFACS
https://www.aseanfirealert.org/index.cfm?&menuid=6

Mobile Applications
xv. ASEAN Fire Alert
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.chancornerston
e.my.aseanfirealert
xvi. Forest Fire Monitoring System
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ffsapp&hl=en
3. Prediction (Forecasting, Modeling)
A. Fire behavior software (Prometheus Canada)
B. Smoke and haze monitoring and forecast system (ECMWF-CAMS)
C. Early Warning System for fire (EWR-Fire) based on Fire Danger
Rating System (FDRS) such as Upper ASEAN/Thailand FDRS
https://wildfire.forest.go.th/fdrs/FDRS.php &
http://www2.dnp.go.th/gis/FDRS/FDRS.php, EFFIS (Under
COPERNICUS Emergency Management Service)
 Fire Behavior Software “Prometheus”
The calibration process of
the software to suit
deciduous and dry
dipterocarp forest in
Thailand by using 10 years
of HKK fire experiment
data and other related
data such as FWI, weather
data, etc. have been
working by Gernot Rucker
and his team at ZEBRIS
GbR, Geoinformation
systems and consulting
services
(https://firemaps.net/) ,
Germany.
Source: http://firegrowthmodel.ca/prometheus/software_e.php
Test case HKK fire 2016
DEM (SRTM, 30 m)
Satellite images

Fuel types (from land cover LDD 2015)

Landsat 8 OLI:
15.02.2016
03:43:29 Fire fronts: ignitions for model
Previously burned areas by LS8 OLI:
non-fuel for model
(prevents fire from burning backwards)
Second observation of fire fronts:
Stop time for model by Suomi NPP VIIRS
79
By G. Ruecker, D. Leimach, J. Tiemann (ZEBRIS GbR, Germany) and V. Tanpipat (Thailand) 2017
Simulation process

Output: fire perimeter

Fuel Type: New Deciduous Forest
(based on Leafless Aspen Type)
Parameter: Custom from ISI-ROS
regression tuned for faster spread
Background Landsat 8 OLI: 15.02.2016 03:43:29 a: 5 / b: 0.0001 / c: 0.2
Fire Intensity Output

550 kW/m

75 kW/m

Output: fire intensity

Fuel Type: New Deciduous
(based on Leafless Aspen Type)
Parameter: Custom from ISI-ROS
Background: SRTM 30 Meter
regression tuned for faster spread
a: 5 / b: 0.0001 / c: 0.2
By G. Ruecker, D. Leimach, J. Tiemann (ZEBRIS GbR, Germany) and V. Tanpipat (Thailand) 2017
https://earth.nullschool.net/
https://www.windy.com/
 Source: https://www.acom.ucar.edu/Data/fire/

Source:
http://apps.ecmwf.int/da
tasets/data/cams-gfas/

3 Main Fire
Emissions
Databases in
the World Source: http://www.globalfiredata.org/index.html
 # install.packages(c("raster", "mapview"))

setwd("<ADD_HERE_PATH_TO_FOLDER_CONTAINING_NETCDF_FILES>")

library("raster")
library("mapview")

country <- raster::getData(name = "GADM", country = "Thailand", level = 0)

# Load the climatology

gfas_data_mean <- brick("gfas_0001_cfire_climatology_2003_2018.nc",

Current R-Code varname = "gfas_data_mean")

labels_clima <- substr(names(gfas_data_mean), 7, 11)
clima_area <- raster::area(gfas_data_mean) * 1000000 # in m2

provided by Claudia
clima <- gfas_data_mean * clima_area
clima <- mask(clima, country)

# Load current emissions

(CAMS) can run

current_emissions <- brick("201904_Wildfire_overall_flux_of_burnt_Carbon.nc")
labels_current <- substr(names(current_emissions), 7, 11)
aoi <- as(extent(gfas_data_mean), "SpatialPolygons")

country by country
current_area <- raster::area(current_emissions) * 1000000 # in m2
current <- raster::mask(current_emissions * current_area, aoi)
current <- mask(current, country)

with month by month

# Find indices in common
idx <- which(labels_clima %in% labels_current)

Carbon Emission data

# Compute sum over the area
clima_sum <- cellStats(clima[[idx]], sum) * 86400 * 1E-9
current_sum <- cellStats(current, sum) * 86400 * 1E-9

from CAMS-GFAS
# Grouped Bar Plot
df <- t(as.matrix(data.frame(climatology = clima_sum, current = current_sum)))
colnames(df) <- as.character(as.Date(idx, origin = "2019-01-01"))
barplot(df,
main="Wildfire overall flux of burnt Carbon",
xlab="", ylab = "Megatones per day", col=c("darkgrey", "darkred"),
legend = rownames(df),
beside=TRUE, las = 2, border = NA)

# Create a map of emissions for the first day of the month

Emissions <- current[[1]]
mapview(Emissions, alpha.regions = 0.3)
Current R-Code
provided by Claudia
(CAMS) can run
country by country
with month by month
Carbon Emission data
from CAMS-GFAS
By Dr. Mark
Parrington
CAMS -
ECMWF
Carbon Emission by Mark Parrington CAMS-ECMWF
 Carbon Emission by Mark Parrington CAMS-ECMWF
Jan-April's Carbon Emissions from Wildland Fires 2018 - 2020
Feb-Apr's Carbon Emissions from Wildland Fires 2021

Carbon Emission by Mark Parrington CAMS-ECMWF

By Dr. Mark
Parrington
By Dr. Mark Parrington
By Dr. Mark Parrington
By Dr. Mark Parrington
Source: Mark Parrington, CAMS-ECMWF
Copernicus Program:
https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/charts/cams/
Copernicus Program: https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/charts/cams/

Can run animation

of forecast results,
but it is not
sostificated like
Windy and
NullSchool. It is
the data owner
Source: https://www.globalfiredata.org/
 Including 41 Fire Emission Parameters

Source: https://globalfires.earthengine.app/view/gfedv4s
 Including 41 Fire Emission Parameters

Source: https://globalfires.earthengine.app/view/gfedv4s
 Source:
https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/THA/?category=fires%23firesAlerts&firesAlertsStats=eyJjb21wYXJlWWVhciI6MjAyMH0%3D&location=WyJjb3VudHJ5IiwiVEhBIl0%3D&map=eyJjZW50ZXIiOnsibGF0IjoxMy4x
NTE3NTkwNDM5OTkzNjYsImxuZyI6MTAxLjQ5MjMyODY0NDk5NTkyfSwiem9vbSI6NC4yODIwODgxOTMwNjUzNDgsImNhbkJvdW5kIjpmYWxzZX0%3D&showMap=true&widget=firesAlerts
 Source:
https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/THA/?category=fires%23firesAlerts&firesAlertsStats=eyJjb21wYXJlWWVhciI6MjAyMH0%3D&location=WyJjb3VudHJ5IiwiVEhBIl0%3D&map=eyJjZW50ZXIiOnsibGF0IjoxMy4x
NTE3NTkwNDM5OTkzNjYsImxuZyI6MTAxLjQ5MjMyODY0NDk5NTkyfSwiem9vbSI6NC4yODIwODgxOTMwNjUzNDgsImNhbkJvdW5kIjpmYWxzZX0%3D&showMap=true&widget=firesAlerts
Forecast Fire Danger Rating for Upper ASEAN and Thailand
By Manomaiphiboon, K., Tanpipat, V., Nhuchaiya,
P., Jaroonrattanapak, N., Buaniam, C. (2017)

Source: http://www2.dnp.go.th/gis/FDRS/FDRS.php/
Forecast Fire Danger Rating for Upper ASEAN and Thailand
By Manomaiphiboon, K., Tanpipat, V., Nhuchaiya,
P., Jaroonrattanapak, N., Buaniam, C. (2017)

Source: https://wildfire.forest.go.th/fdrs/FDRS.php
4. Warning
A. NASA FIRMS & NOAA active fire or fire hotspot alert emails:
B. Review historical fire related by EOS directly in WorldView for
overall situation
C. Forecast Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS)
D. Risk maps
E. Daily fire fuel survey
F. Weather condition espicially “Fire Weather”
G. Fire Radiative Power to Fire Emissions
H. Etc.
Daily report to the main wildland fire control task force through a smart phone
application LINE by RFD
 Smoke and haze caused by fires in Maechaem area during 16 – 24 April 2016
16 April 17 April 18 April

19 April 20 April 21 April

22 April 23 April 24 April

Source: https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov
From The
Wonthongc
hai-APN
Study
From The
Wonthongc
hai-APN
Study
 ASEAN Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS)

Source: http://haze.asean.org/fire-danger-rating-system-fdrs-for-southeast-asia/
In collaboration with Met. Malaysia to improve the ASEAN system which runs there!!!
 Fire Weather Index

By Manomaiphiboon, K., Tanpipat, V., Nhuchaiya,

P., Jaroonrattanapak, N., Buaniam, C. (2017)
Source:
http://www2.dnp.go.th/gis/FDRS/FDRS.php/
https://wildfire.forest.go.th/fdrs/FDRS.php
Source: https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/static/gwis_current_situation/public/index.html
Earth (CO, PM10, PM2.5, etc.) (https://earth.nullschool.net)
Aerosol detected by Sentinel-5P 19 March 2020

Source: https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/
Carbon Monoxide detected by Sentinel-5P 19 March 2020

Source: https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/
 Sentinel-hub Browser

Source: https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/
5. Response
A. Forest fire suppression units with different level of resposes such as
rapid response unit, hotshot unit, etc.
B. Related agencies
C. Collaborated local fire and smoke haze communities network
D. Volunteer with basic training
E. Etc.
 Fire and smoke pollution monitoring, information and operational decision support systems
How do the elements interact? Anja Hoffmann, 2011

Preparedness: Training, Logistics,

Prevention Detection & communication, equipment & warehousing and
maintenance, fire break maintenance, prescribed
monitoring of firesburning, early warning. Mobilization planning etc.

Initial attack

? Larges scale
Fire crews & equipment from
Taking decision Government, villages, private sector fire events
etc. More people & equipment
from other departments
Based on management mandates, and agencies
policy & laws, regulations, values
to be protected etc.
Awareness & Environmental education
and campaigns Prescribed or Early
Burning in Community Based Fire
Management programs and National
Parks Fire Suppression/Response
Fire location reporting (where, when, how big etc. fire fighting resources
(data base), Analysis of fire information

Routine budget On-call budget

 Ground Troop
and Ariel
Supports

Source: Forest Fire Control Division, DNP

6. Recovery and Mitigation - need to study and understand what
have been going on:
A. Burn Severity Index (BSI)
B. Burn Area
C. Emissions
D. Reforestation
E. Public Relation
F. Etc.
 Burned Areas Detection using Burn Severity Index
(BSI)

Source: https://un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/recommended-
practice-burn-severity/burn-severity-earth-engine
Burned Areas Detection using Burn Severity Index (BSI)

Ken Brewer and Carl Albury, 2015

 7. After Action Review (AAR),
Assessment, Identify ad/dis and
Improvement
Source: earthmap.org
Burned Areas Frequency by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Thailand

Source: earthmap.org
 Yearly Total Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Thailand

Source: earthmap.org
 Average Monthly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Thailand

Source: earthmap.org
 Monthly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021, Thailand

Source: earthmap.org
Burned Areas Frequency by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Tak Province

Source:
earthmap.org
 Yearly Total Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
 Average Monthly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
 Monthly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021, Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
Burned Areas Frequency by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Measot, Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
Burned Areas Frequency by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Measot, Tak Province

Source:
earthmap.org
 Yearly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Measot, Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
 Average Monthly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Measot, Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
 Monthly Burned Areas by MODIS 500m from 2000-2021 Measot, Tak Province

Source: earthmap.org
Burned Areas
i. ***Earth Map FAO https://earthmap.org/
ii. Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS)
https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/,
https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/apps/country.profile/,
https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/apps/gwis_current_situation/index.html
iii. ***NASA FIRMS https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
iv. Step by Step: Burn Severity Mapping in Google Earth Engine
https://un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-
practices/recommended-practice-burn-severity/burn-severity-earth-
engine
Fire Emissions and Smoke Haze Monitoring:
i. Earth Weather http://earth.nullschool.net with PM2.5 and others from
ECMWF CAMS WITH mobile Application under Earth Weather Live:
Simple Version:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.earth.weatherapp
ii. ***Windy with PM2.5 and others from ECMWF CAMS
https://www.windy.com with different models that can be ran. I
consider it to be the best application and website that contain the
most useful information for fire control, air quality, rain, etc.
iii. Document about CAMS GFAS ECMWF
https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/CKB/CAMS%3A+Global+Fire+Assi
milation+System+%28GFAS%29+data+documentation
iv. GFAS data download https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/cams-gfas/
v. ***GFAS Display Simulation Animation Maps by CAMS
https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/charts/cams/
vi. **Global Fire Emissions Database, GFED
https://globalfires.earthengine.app/view/gfedv4s Can download original
data from https://www.geo.vu.nl/~gwerf/GFED/GFED4/
vii. ***Fire Inventories: Regional Evaluation, Comparison, and Metrics:
FIRECAM Online Tool https://globalfires.earthengine.app/view/firecam
viii. ***FIRECAM https://sites.google.com/view/firecam/home
ix. ***WMO Vegetation Fire and Smoke Pollution Warning Advisory and
Assessment System, VFSP-WAS, https://community.wmo.int/activity-
areas/gaw/science/modelling-applications/vfsp-was
x. ***Southeast Asia Regional Centre WMO Vegetation Fire and Smoke
Pollution Warning Advisory and Assessment System, VFSP - WAS,
https://www.mss-int.sg/vfsp-was
xi. Berkeley Earth Project http://berkeleyearth.org/air-pollution-overview-
new/
xii. *Sentinel 5 precursor (S-5P) https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/
xiii. **Thailand’s Air Quality Information Center https://pm2_5.nrct.go.th/
xiv. *SEA-HAZEMON https://hazemon.in.th/v2/map.html#
xv. ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Center http://asmc.asean.org/asmc-
gis-portal/
xvi. NASA Micro-Pulse LiDAR Network https://mplnet.gsfc.nasa.gov/
xvii. NASA-GSFC AERONET-Aerosol Robotic Network
https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/
xviii. *Global Low-cost Purple Air https://www.purpleair.com/
xix. *EPA Air Sensor Toolbox https://www.epa.gov/air-sensor-toolbox
xx. *US AirNow https://fire.airnow.gov/
xxi. *USFS AirFire Research Team BlueSky https://www.airfire.org/
Fire and Smoke Haze Decision Support System
Socioeconomics, social dimension
EOS imageries, weather, climate,
maps, statistics, weather, models,
monitoring, detection, condition,
topographic maps

GIS RS

FSDSS
GPS ICT
Communication technologies,
Location identifying technologies, related information & knowledge
accuracy, GNSS (research, publication,
 The Wildfire Situational
Assessment of the Fire
Environment
(WildfireSAFE)
App: Delivering Real-
Time Data to Improve
Wildfire Management and
Control

Source: https://wfsafe.technosylva.com/
Source: https://wfsafe.technosylva.com/pro
 Presribed Burning and Smoke Haze Management System

Started Discussion with Trent Procter, Air Quality Program Manager (US Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Region) and Jason Branz, Air Quality Specialist (CA Air Quality Resources Broad)

https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/smp/smp.htm https://ssl.arb.ca.gov/pfirs/
Source: https://landfire.gov/
Source: https://landfire.gov/
Source: http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/home
Source: http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/maps/fw?type=fdr&year=2016&month=5&day=13
Source: http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/maps/fb
Source: http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/maps/fm3?type=tri
Objectives https://frc.forest.ku.ac.th/sru/index.
1. Fundamental fire research php
2. Advanced tools for fire early warning, monitoring and impact assessment
3. The human dimension of vegetation fires
4. Fire management and control
5. International collaborations and cooperations
An on going collaboration among Royal Forest Department, Office of Information Technology Administration for Educational
Development (UniNet), Upper ASEAN Wildland Fire Special Research Unit, Forestry Research Center, Faculty of Forestry,
Kasetsart University, Webster University Thailand and Chulalongkorn University

Data are 3 days latency

Source: http://wildlandfire.thairen.net.th/
Toward Fire Weather Understanding in Thailand
Finally, 28th April 2021, after 1 year 4 months, we GOT
it!!! SO time to test it in the field!!!!
22 May 2021
Assembly,
Chaiyaphum,
RFD
 NASA Micro-Pulse Lidar Photos from
the plane

Network-MPLNET
Source: https://www.micropulselidar.com/top-5-differences-
between-micro-pulse-lidar-and-ceilometer-technology/

Source: https://mplnet.gsfc.nasa.gov/data?v=V3&s=Princess_Sirindhorn_AstroPark&t=20200304
 Video from Radshadaporn
Janta in Phayao on October
2019

Source: Ronald Macatangay, NARIT

Source: https://www.facebook.com/pannavej
Dr. Pongsakorn Sangsuwan
In discussion process, but do not sure will get a support or not as there is no budget yet!!!!

Adam Kochanski, 2021

In discussion process, but do not sure will get a support or not as there is no budget yet!!!!

Adam Kochanski, 2021

In discussion process, but do not sure will get a support or not as there is no budget yet!!!!

Adam Kochanski, 2021

In discussion process, but do not sure will get a support or not as there is no budget yet!!!!

Adam Kochanski, 2021

 Daily Globle Disaster NEWS Updates:
1. UNDRR Website for daily news update
https://www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/
2. Twitter https://twitter.com/home
3. International Association of Wildland Fire
https://www.iawfonline.org/article/news-from-ijwf-the-wildland-fire-science-
journal/
4. Joint Fire Science Program https://www.firescience.gov/
5. Asia Pacific Fire https://apfmag.mdmpublishing.com/
 A Few Last Words
1. Physical Condition
2. Knowledge and Wisdom
3. Deciplines, Consistency & Responsibility
4. Communication & Teamwork
5. Patient - STOP Breath THINK Breath then ACT!!!
6. Duty, Respect and Integrity
7. Learn Things & Simplify with Moral Courage to do the right thing!
8. Good Example by Doing
9. If you do not have a backup plan, you do not have a plan!
10. After action review contribution to a greater good.
Lessons Learned:
-Users do not clearly understand the limitations of information given (most of the time
resulting in information misused and lead to further complicated problems as active fires detected
by polar orbit satellites are only snapshots during a short period of time e.g. using number of
hotspot detected as a government agencies' KPIs is not appropriated as people know how to ignite
fires after satellites already passed over to pass such KPIs.
-ONLY Numbers of fire hotspots detection do not reflect the total picture of smoke haze
situation which affects air quality, there are other factors such as wind, air pressure, etc.
-More active fires detected in near by countries do not simply mean those are sources
of bad air quality of the concerned country. The movement of smoke is the key.
-Users do not know what a fire ‘hotspot’ really is, but they always think they know.
-Users become too much obsessed with fire hotspot information, so they depend on
and wait for it too much.
What still needs to be known:
-Quicker delivery time of active fire information to users as the fundamental of fire
control depends on that. In the future, additional satellites in the EOS with better than
VIIRS’ capabilities with faster delivery time, within 10-15 minutes, are needed to provide
more complete information for more efficient forest fire control. The faster delivery
time of high quality active fire products reach fire managers, the better problems can be
managed and controlled; therefore, the less damage it can cause.
-Combination with traditional fire detection methods is still needed to reflect the real
situation as close as possible.
-The on-line analysis tools with all the statistics (historic, present and future) data of
active fire, burned areas, fire emissions and other related information could be analyzed
on the same platform is essential to have.
-Closer and Better international collaborations on forest fire control and smoke haze
management as it is also a transboundary issue.
-Improvement of geostationary thermal detection sensors and systems within the region.
-Faster estimated size of burned areas information (by both optical and microwave
data) is needed as all assessment and mitigation cannot wait that long.
-Fire spread direction and speed including intensity are needed for more efficient fire
control and suppression.
-Faster with high qccuracy fire emissions information from satellites and models for
smoke haze and air quality management is also needed.
-Smoke movements simulation of both local (< 1 km grid) and larger scale (1 km grid)
are needed for smoke haze and prescribed burning management.
 Lackings and Challenges
• Lacking utilization of suitable and effective fundamental existing knowledge of fire, smoke
and haze science including tools and advanced technologies based on scientific proves as
the part of Control, Management and Planning (strengthen Science-Policy Interface – SPI).
• Need to continue study on FSH, specially smoke haze behavior.
• FSH do not really recognize as a problem in the Upper ASEAN (only Thailand?), so the real
commitment to really implement what have been agreed on the table at ASEAN level are
not rolling (critical to have solid POCs, members who really want to solve problems with
authority in hand, etc.)
• Ongoing process to get fire emissions from ECMWF-CAMS Services ready for Upper ASEAN
• Not enough air quality measurement stations to reflect the real smoke and haze situation,
but it will be more supported through SEAS-HAZEMON 2nd Phase Project and others.
• Often times, main players who know the problems do not act or get appointed as a driving
force within the problem solving team.
 Lackings and Challenges
• Not sure, but may be ONLY Thailand has direct government forest fire control structure and
offices in Upper ASEAN; since it is a transboundary issue the related countries need to really
start to work together but as always a bit too difficult. Lao PDR shows interest of getting
start, but they still need further internal discussion!
• No really continuous efforts, usually will pay more attention when bad incidents or episodes
occur or get worse, they simply just do their routine works which is not good enough.
• Need to expand the real working network through all possible collaborations (Very Difficult)!!
• Not much of knowledge sharing/exchange, lesson learnt or problems solving NEED
effective communicate channel! Better Establish a SEA Fire, Smoke and Haze WG e.g. AFoCO
can facilitate this communication in ASEAN.
• “Fire Prevention” is still the main key!!! As indeed, it is in fact a socio-economic issue!!!
 Conclusions and Challenges
• Be prepared and ready by following those 7 fundamental steps (Prevention,
Monitoring, Prediction, Warning, Response, Recovery/Mitigation and After Action
Review, Assessment, Identify ad/disad, ways out and Improvement); especially
“Prevention”
• Need to put fire early warning (Forecast FDRS) information into forest fire control
planning process and daily operation
• Need to develop better and higher accuracy of high resolution medium range weather
forecast inputs (DA and Ensemble) for FDRS, so we can plan further ahead more efficient.
• Need to develop, calibrate and validate Forecast Ventilation or Dispersion Index to
use during prescribed burning planning and smoke haze management.
• Need to study and understand more on “Fire Weather.”
 Conclusions and Challenges
• Need to get Fire Behavior Software Prometheus or similar one ready to use
• Need to study and understand more on “Smoke Haze Behavior” in Thailand and Upper
ASEAN Region (not enough knowledge)
• Need to have a reliable and scientific proved Fire Decision Support System (FDSS)
• Need to understand behaviors of people who use fire as a tool better for more efficient
prevention
• Need to find feasible and possible alternatives incomes for people, so they can
reduce their fire ignition habit and change from mono-crop like corn to multi-crops
e.g. if would like people to change from monocrop to multicrops, you need to find
sustainable market for that as well
 Conclusions and Challenges
• Need to find easier and simpler communication schema to deliver scientific
information to decision and policy makers or so call Science-Policy Interface (SPI)
and be able to educate them including the people!!
• Make Upper ASEAN Wildland Fire Research Center at Kasetsart University visible and
deliver impacts to support SPI including others related issues
• Creating free access to digital wildland fire and smoke haze knowledge (espicially
Upper ASEAN) library for all interested parties
• Need a full cooperation and supports from ASEAN forest fire agencies, people and
related
• Need to combine and integrate Lower and Upper ASEAN FDRS together in order to
complete the SEA regional picture
 Ways to Overcome Obstacles: Examples from Thailand
1. We need to ensure involvement from all stakeholders in the search for solutions.
This has to be based on two-way communications and open conversation about the
challenges. Conflicts between the city and rural communities need to be reduced.
2. Local administration needs to be a part of the solution, with clearly defined roles
and responsibilities. Central government needs to then support the work of the locals
in terms of decision-making authorities, legal infrastructure, and financial support.
3. There needs to be a system to manage biomass burning equitably, taking into
consideration local context, and seasonal and meteorological effects. A
management system with regulations, guidelines, restrictions have to be established
to ensure minimal community impact from the burning; and all burnings have to be
approved either at least at the community leader or sub-district level.
 Ways to Overcome Obstacles: Examples from Thailand
4. Academic knowledge on fire behaviors based on 30+ years of experience, in
combination with local expertise and knowledge, should be used as the basis for
safe and efficient management and control of wildfires.
5. Behaviors of smoke should be studied and used as the basis for effective smoke
management with minimal (air pollution) impact.
6. Human behaviors should be taken into consideration when seeking solutions.
The local context and local people different from one place to the next, and
what works well in one area may not work in another. Solutions need to be
adjusted to suit the locality.
7. Burning behaviors and timing in different provinces are not the same; these
need to be understood and adjusted to suit local and regional context.
 Ways to Overcome Obstacles: Example from Thailand
8. Use the Community Forest Act (B.E.2562) and the National Park Act (B.E.2562) to
jointly manage wildfires and smoke by enabling joint management of wildfires and
community waters.
9. Establish systematic training program on fire control including prescribed
burning with proper standards and certification, to ensure that firefighters and
firefighting volunteers are able to safely manage wildfires.
10. Establish a burn permit with decision support system.
11. Define concrete solutions to illegal burning that are enforceable with minimal
impact.
12. Indentify the real smoke sources.
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