PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA

Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Concepts and Principles

Temperature is the state of hotness and coldness of an object.

Temperature Scales:

Temperature Conversion Equations

5
℃= (℉ − 32)
9
9
℉ = ℃ + 32
5
K = ℃ + 273
R = ℉ + 460

*R - Rankine

Absolute zero is the temperature at which there is no molecular motion.

Temperature Change
∆T = Tf − Ti Note:
We will use C° and F° as
5 a unit for temperature
∆TC = 9 ∆TF
change.
9
∆TF = 5 ∆TC
∆TC = ∆TK
∆TR = ∆TF

Thermal Expansion
 Coefficient of Linear Expansion (α)
The change in length per unit length per degree rise in temperature.
∆L
α=
L1 ∆T
 Coefficient of Area Expansion (αA )
The change in area per unit area per degree rise in temperature.
∆A
αA = A ∆T
1
Note: αA = 2α
 Coefficient of Volume Expansion ( β )
The change in volume per unit volume per degree rise in temperature.
∆V
β = V ∆T
1
Note: For solid materials β = 3α
Engr. J Doblado 1
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Thermal Stress
Thermal stress is created when a change in size or volume is constrained due to a change
in temperature.

Thermal Stress = Eα∆T

where:
E – Young’s modulus of elasticity
α – coefficient of linear expansion
∆T – change in temperature

Example Problems:
1. Convert 220 R to K.

Solution:
R = ℉ + 460
℉ = R − 460
℉ = 220 − 460 = −240 ℉

5
℃ = 9 (℉ − 32)
5
℃ = 9 (−240 − 32) = −151.111℃

K = ℃ + 273
K = −151.1111 + 273
𝐊 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟗

2. A glass flask with volume 200 cm3 is filled to the brim with mercury at 20° C. How
much mercury overflows when the temperature of the system raised to 100° C?
The coefficient of linear expansion of the glass is 0.40x10 -5 K-1 and the coefficient
of volume of expansion of mercury is 18x10-5 K-1.

Solution:
The increase in volume of the glass flask is
∆Vglass = βV1 ∆T
For solid material β = 3α
∆Vglass = 3αV1 ∆T
1
∆Vglass = 3 (0.40x10−5 K) (200 cm3 )(100 − 20)C°
∆Vglass = 0.192 cm3

Engr. J Doblado 2
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

The increase in volume of the mercury is

∆VMercury = βV1 ∆T
1
∆VMercury = (18x10−5 K) (200 cm3 )(100 − 20)C°
∆VMercury = 2.88 cm3

The volume of the mercury that overflow is

∆VMercury − ∆Vglass = 2.88 cm3 − 0.192 cm3 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝐜𝐦𝟑

3. An aluminum cylinder 10 cm long, with a cross-sectional area of 20 cm2, is to be

used as a spacer between two steel walls. At 17.2° C it just slips between the walls.
When it warms to 22.3° C, calculate the stress in the cylinder and the total force it
exerts on each wall, assuming that the walls are perfectly rigid and a constant
distance apart. EAl = 7 x 1010 Pa and αAl = 2.4 x 10−5 K −1.

Solution:
Thermal Stress = Eα∆T
1
Thermal Stress = (7 x 1010 Pa) (2.4x10−5 K) (22.3 − 17.2)C°
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐏𝐚

To solve for the force,

F
Stress = A
N 1m 2
F = (8.568 x 106 m2 ) (20cm2 x (100 cm) )
𝐅 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝐍

Check Your Understanding

A poorly designed electronic device has two bolts attached to different parts of the
device that almost touch each other in its interior as in figure. The steel and brass bolts
are at different electric potentials, and if they touch, a short circuit will develop,
damaging the device. The initial gap between the ends of the bolts is d = 5.0 μm at
27°C. At what temperature will the bolts touch? Assume the distance between the walls
of the device is not affected by the temperature change.
αsteel = 11 x 10−6 K −1 and αBrass = 19 x 10−6 K −1

Ans. 34.4 °C
Engr. J Doblado 3
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Heat
Heat is thermal energy in transit from a system at one temperature to a system that is in
contact with it, but is at lower temperature.

Q = mc∆T
where:
Q – heat energy
m – mass of the sample
c – specific heat
ΔT – change in temperature

 SI unit of Heat is Joule.

 Other units:
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 Cal = 1000 cal
1 BTU = 778 ft-lb = 252 cal

Specific Heat c of a substance is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature
of unit mass of a substance by one degree.
J
cwater = 4186 kg−C°

Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium is a state in which the interaction between two bodies cause no
further change in their temperature.

Qgained = −QLost

Latent Heat
Latent heat is the amount of heat necessary to change the phase of a substance without
changing its temperature.
Q = ±∆mL

Use (+) → if heat is absorbed

Use (-) → if heat is released

Latent Heat of Fusion is the heat that is necessary to change a unit mass of a substance
from solid to liquid state at its melting point.
J
Lf of water = 3.33 x 105 kg
Latent Heat of Vaporization is the heat required to change a unit mass of substance
from liquid state to vapor state.
J
Lv of water = 2.26 x 106 kg

Engr. J Doblado 4
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Example Problems:
1. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 250 mL of water from 20°C
to 35°C?

Solution:
Q = mc∆T
Solve for the mass first
m kg
ρ = V and ρwater = 1000 m3
Q = ρVc∆T
kg 1L 1 m3 J
Q = (1000 m3 ) (250 mL x x ) (4186 kg−C°) (35 − 20)C°
1000 mL 1000 L
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓.6975 kJ

2. How many sprints from rest to a speed of 5.0 m/s would a 65-kg woman have to
complete to burn off 5.0 x 102 Calories? (Assume 100% efficiency in converting
food energy to mechanical energy.)

Solution:
1000 cal 4.186 J
Q = 5 x 102 Cal x 1 Cal x 1 cal = 2.093 x 106 J
By law of conservation of energy
KE = Q
Let n be the number of sprints
1
n (2 mv 2 ) = Q
2Q 2(2.093 x 106 J)
n= = m 2
mv2 (65kg)(5 )
s
𝐧 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬

3. A 125-g block of an unknown substance with a temperature of 90.0°C is placed in

a Styrofoam cup containing 0.326 kg of water at 20.0°C. The system reaches an
equilibrium temperature of 22.4°C. What is the specific heat of the unknown
substance if the heat capacity of the cup is neglected?

Solution:
Thermal equilibrium
Qgained = −QLost or we can write the equation as Q1 + Q2 = 0
mw cw ∆Tw = −mx cx ∆Tx
mw cw (Tf − Tw ) = −mx cx (Tf − Tx )
m cw (Tf −Tw )
cx = − wm(T −T )
f x
J
0.326 kg(4186 )(22.4−20)C° 𝐉
kg−C°
cx = − = 𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐠−𝐂°
0.125 kg(22.4−90)C°

Engr. J Doblado 5
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

4. How much heat is needed to change 1.5 kg of ice at -20°C and 1.0 atm into steam?
J
Specific heat of ice is 2090 kg−C°.

Solution:
Energy to reach melting point 0°C
ice at -20°C → ice at 0°C
J
Q1 = mc∆T = (1.5 kg) (2090 kg−C°) (0 − (−20))C° = 62700 J

Energy to melt the ice

ice at 0°C → water at 0°C
J
Q2 = ∆mLf = (1.5 kg) (3.33 x 105 kg) = 499500 J

Energy to reach boiling point 100°C

water at 0°C → water at 100°C
J
Q3 = mc∆T = (1.5 kg) (4186 kg−C°) (100 − 0)C° = 627900 J

Energy to convert the water(100°C) to steam

J
Q4 = ∆mLv = (1.5 kg) (2.26 x 106 kg) = 3.39 x 106 J

The total energy needed is

Q T = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4
QT = 62700 J + 499500 J + 627900 J + 3.39 x 106 J
𝐐𝐓 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉 𝐨𝐫 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝐌𝐉

5. A 2.0-liter pitcher of water has been sitting on the picnic table in the sunlight all day
at 33°C. You pour 0.24 kg into a Styrofoam cup and add 2 ice cubes (each 0.025
kg at 0°C). Assuming no heat is released to the surroundings, what is the final
temperature of the water?

Solution:
Thermal equilibrium
Qgained = −QLost
Remember that energy must be supplied to melt the ice before its temperature
will begin to rise.
ice at 0°C → water at 0°C
Q1 = ∆mLf = (0.05 kg)(3.33 x 105 J) = 16650 J
That means we need 16650 J to melt all the ice.

Engr. J Doblado 6
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

From the available heat energy on the water, bringing water to 0°C
J
Q = mc∆T = (0.24kg) (4186 kg−C°) (33 − 0)C° = 33153 J
Since Qwater > Q to melt all the ice
Therefore, all the ice will melt.

Applying thermal equilibrium

Qice = −Qwater
∆mLf + (mc∆T)ice−water = −mw cw ∆Tw
J J
16650 J + (0.05 kg) (4186 kg−C°) (Tf − 0) = −(0.24kg) (4186 kg−C°) (Tf − 33)C°
Solving for Tf
J
(0.24kg)(4186 )(33C°)−16650J
kg−C°
Tf = J J
(0.05kg)(4186 )+(0.24kg)(4186 )
kg−C° kg−C°
𝐓𝐟 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟕℃

Check Your Understanding

For breakfast, a 100 kg student ate 2 slices of bacon (35 Calories each), scrambled egg
(75 Calories) and 2 pieces of bread (70 Calories each). Aside from that, he also drank
1 glass of milk (165 Calories). Believing that this is getting him fat, he wishes to do an
equivalent amount of work at school by using the stairs on his way to the class rooms.
Assuming that one step of the stairways is 0.2 meters, how many steps must he make?
Ans. 9600 steps

If 8.00 kg of ice at 25.00°C is added to 12.0 kg of water at 20.0°C, compute the final
temperature. How much ice remains, if any?
Ans. 0°C, 5.23 kg

Engr. J Doblado 7
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Heat Transfer

 Conduction – is the transfer of heat between two object in direct contact with each
other. The rate of heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference Th −
Tc and the contact area A and inversely proportional to the distance L between the
objects.

∆Q kA∆T
=
∆t L
where:
k – thermal conductivity of the material

Thermal Resistance or R values – is the insulating ability of a layer of material.

thickness d
R= =
thermal conductivity k

m2 −k ft2 −h−F° ft2 −h−F° m2 −K

 Its SI units is W . Its customary unit is BTU , 1 BTU = 0.176 W .
 For several slabs of the same surface area in series, the combined R value
is
R = R1 + R 2 + ⋯ + R n

where R1 …Rn, are the R values of the individual slabs.

Engr. J Doblado 8
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

 Convection – is the heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid.

The equation for convection can be expressed as

∆Q
= hA∆T
∆t
where:
h – convective heat transfer coefficient
∆T – temperature difference between the surface.

Warming a hand by convection

 Radiation – Heat transfer by radiation occurs when microwaves, infrared radiation,

visible light, or another form of electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed.

∆Q
= ε AσT 4
∆t
where:
ε – emissivity
A – cross-sectional area
W
σ – Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ = 5.67 x 10−8 m2 −K4
T – Absolute temperature (Kelvin temperature)

 The net power radiated by an object at temperature T in an environment at

temperature To is
∆Q
= ε Aσ(T 4 − To4 )
∆t

Engr. J Doblado 9
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Example Problems:
1. A Styrofoam box used to keep drinks cold at picnic has total wall area of 0.80 m2
and the wall thickness 2 cm. It is filled with ice, water, and cans of Omni-Cola at
0°C. What is the rate of heat flow into the box if the temperature of the outside wall
W
is 30°C? How much ice melts in one day? K styrofoam = 0.010 m−K

Solution:
Conduction
∆Q kA(Th −Tc ) Important Note
=
∆t L
W ∆Tk = ∆TC°
∆Q (0.010 )(0.80 m2 )(30−0)C°
m−K
=
∆t 0.02 m
∆𝐐 𝐉
= 𝟏𝟐 𝐬
∆𝐭

The heat flow Q in one day is

∆Q J
Q = Pt = ( ∆t ) t = (12 s) (86400 s)
𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉

The amount of ice that will melt is

Q = ∆mLf
Q 1.0368 x 106 J
∆m = = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐠
Lf 3.33 x 105 J/Kg

2. Find the energy transferred in 1 hour by conduction through a concrete wall 2 m

high, 3.65 m long, and 0.20 m thick if one side of the wall is held at 5°C and the
other side is at 20°C. Assume the concrete has thermal conductivity of 0.8W/m-K.
The owner of the home decides to increase the insulation, so he installs 0.50 in
of thick sheathing, 3.5 in of fiberglass batting, and a drywall 0.50 in thick. Calculate
the R-factor. Calculate the energy transferred in 1.00 h by conduction. What is the
temperature between the concrete wall and the sheathing? Assume there is an air
layer on the exterior of the concrete wall but not between the concrete and the
sheathing.

R values
m2 −K
Air = 0.030
W
m2 −K
0.5 in Shealt = 0.232
W
m2 −K
0.02 m concrete = 0.25
W
m2 −K
3.5 in fiber glass = 1.92
W
m2 −K
0.5 in drywall = 0.079
W

Engr. J Doblado 10
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Solution:
a.
Conduction
d
R= k + 2R air
concrete
0.20 m m2 −K
R= W + 2 (0.030 )
0.8 W
m−K
m2 −K
R = 0.31 W
∆Q kA(Th −Tc ) A(Th −Tc )
= =
∆t L R
∆Q (3.65 x 2 m)(20−5)C°
= m2 −K
∆t 0.31
W
∆Q J
= 353.2258 s
∆t

The heat flow Q in one hour is

∆Q J
Q = Pt = ( ∆t ) t = (353.2258 s) ( 3600 s)
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉

R value of the material

R = R outside air layer + R concrete + R shealt + R fiber glass + R dry wall + R inside air layer
m2 −K
R = (0.030 + 0.25 + 0.233 + 1.92 + 0.079 + 0.030) W
𝐦𝟐 −𝐊
𝐑 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝐖

The heat transfer through the material is

∆Q kA(Th −Tc ) A(Th −Tc )
= =
∆t L R
∆Q (3.65 x 2 m)(20−5)C° J
= m2−K
= 43.0763 s
∆t 2.542
W

The heat flow Q in one hour is

∆Q J
Q = Pt = ( ∆t ) t = (43.0763 s) ( 3600 s)
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟖 𝐉

∆Q hkA(T −T )
c A(Th −Tc )
= =
∆t L R Important Note
air-concrete wall The energy transfer through
m2 −K the compound slab is at the
R = R air + R concrete = 0.25 + 0.030 = 0.28 same rate at all points.
W
∆Q m2 −K J
R (0.28 )(43.0763 )
∆t W s
Th = A + Tc = 3.65 m x 2 m
+ 5℃
𝐓𝐡 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟐℃

Engr. J Doblado 11
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

3. If the total surface area of the human body is 1.20 m2 and the surface temperature
is 30°C, find the total rate of radiation of energy from the body. If the surrounding
is at temperature of 20°C, what is the net rate of heat loss from the body by
radiation? The emissivity of the body is very close to unity, irrespective of skin
pigmentation.

Solution:
Heat transfer by radiation
∆Q
= ε AσT 4
∆t
∆Q W
= (1)(1.20 m2 ) (5.67 x 10−8 m2 −K4 ) (30 + 273)4 K 4
∆t
∆𝐐 𝐉
= 𝟓𝟕𝟑. 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐖
∆𝐭

Rate of energy loss by radiation

∆Q
= ε Aσ(T 4 − To4 )
∆t
∆Q W
= (1)(1.20 m2 ) (5.67 x 10−8 m2 −K4 ) [(30 + 273)4 − (20 + 273)4 ]k 4
∆t
∆𝐐 𝐉
= 𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐖
∆𝐭

Check Your Understanding

A carpenter builds an exterior house wall with a layer of wood 3 cm thick on the outside
a layer of Styrofoam insulation of 2.2 cm thick on the inside wall surface. The wood has
k = 0.080 W/m-K and the Styrofoam has k = 0.010 W/m-K. The interior surface
temperature is -10°C. What is the temperature at the plane where the wood meets the
Styrofoam? What is the rate of heat flow per square meter through this wall.
Ans. -5.8°C, 11W/m²

A member of the Polar Bear Club, dressed only in bathing trunks of negligible size,
prepares to plunge into the Baltic Sea from the beach in St. Petersburg, Russia. The
air is calm, with a temperature of 5°C. If the swimmer’s surface body temperature is
25°C, compute the net rate of energy loss from his skin due to radiation. How much
energy is lost in 10.0 min? Assume his emissivity is 0.900 and his surface area is
1.50 m2.
Ans. 87873.66 J

Engr. J Doblado 12
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco St., Maysan Valenzuela City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Physics for Engineers with Lab (Calculus Based)

Reference
 Serway, R. A. & Jewett, J. W. (2014). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with
Modern Physics 9th Edition. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
 Serway, R. A. & Vuille, C. (2012). College Physics 9th Edition. Cengage Learning
Asia Pte Ltd.
 Tipler, P. A. & Mosca, G. (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern
Physics 6th Edition. W.H Feeman and Company.
 Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Sears, F. W. (2007).University
Physics with Modern Physics 12th Edition. Pearson Addison Wesley.

Engr. J Doblado 13