READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

(LESSON 2)

•Encounters With The West

-At the start of 16th century, Europe has tremendously advanced in politics and
sciences which brought fast changes in many parts of the world.

•Circumnavigation
- is defined as the act of travelling all the way around something. (travel all away
around the world with a ship.)

The Spanish Expedition

•Fernao De Magalhaes ( Ferdinand Magellan )

-Portuguese Explorer
-Ferdinand Magellan is often credited with being the first person to circumnavigate
the globe.
-Led the 1519 Spanish expedition.

Who was the Chronicler of Magellan's expedition?

• Antonio pigafetta
-one of the survivors
-a sailor and scholar
-wrote detailed journals throughout the voyage recording all that happened.

Who was the interpreter who accompanied magellan?

- Enrique
•Malay slave who accompanied Magellan
•interpreter of the voyage

What are the names of the five ships of magellan?

• The Five Ships
- Victoria
- Santiago
- Trinidad
- Concepcion
- San Antanio
What was the only ship that completed the circumnavigation?
•Victoria
-The only flagship during Magellan’s voyage which was able to return to Spain.
-was part of the Spanish expedition to the Moluccas commanded by the explorer
Ferdinand Magellan.

The Spanish Expedition

• Ferdinand Magellan presented his daring plan to King Charles I of Spain to reach
the Spice Islands by sailing west.
•Convinced in the proposition submitted by Magellan, King Charles I then gave
him five ships- Trinidad, Concepcion,San Antonio, Victoria and Santiago.
•The king also gave food to accommodate the 237 crew to last for two years and
with addition of weapons and navigational instruments.

The Journey
•September 20, 1519 – Magellan expedition left San Lucas Spain.
•October 21, 1520 – Magellan discovered a strait in the southernmost part of the
South America and called it “Strait of all saints” currently called as Strait of
Magellan.
•March 17, 1521 - Magellan and his crew landed in the island of Homonhon
(Samar) at the entrance of the gulf of Leyte. Magellan called it “The Archipelago
of Saint Lazarus”.
•March 25 1521 - Magellan and his men reached Limasawa, Leyte made a blood
compact between Rajah Kulambu of Limasawa and Rajah Siagu of Butuan.
•March 31, 1521 - The first Christian mass was held at Limasawa, Leyte with
father Pedro de Valderamma.
•April 08, 1521 - Magellan reached Cebu which was ruled then by Rajah
Humabon.
-Magellan sought friendship among the natives and took special pride in
converting them to Catholicism.

What was the gift given by Magellan to Queen Juana, wife of Rajah Humabon?
-Sto. Niño
What was put up by Magellan in cebu to mark the first conversion of the Filipinos?
- Magellan's Cross

•Lapu – Lapu
- the Mactan chieftain
-refused the presence of the Spaniards and declared war against them.
-April 28 1521 - the battle of Mactan occurred due to refusal of chieftain, Lapu-
lapu to recognize the Sovereignty of Spain with ships, instead Lapu-lapu and his
men fought valiantly against the Spaniards.
-Magellan died in the battle.

The Philippines in spanish times

Where was the famous legazpi-sikatuna blood compact held?
•The Island of Bohol

•Sandugo-a blood compact, performed in the island of Bohol in the Philippines,

between the Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna the
chieftain of Bohol on March 16, 1565, to seal their friendship as part of the tribal
tradition.
-This is considered as the first treaty of friendship between the Spaniards and
Filipinos.

•Under the command of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and other Spanish forces, the
Philippines was under the colony of Spain and it lasted for three hundred and
thirty-three years. (333 years).

What were the three reasons for spanish conquest in the philippines?
•3G’s
- GOD
- GOLD
- GLORY

1. To find the Spice Island

2. To spread Christianity
3. To add glory to Spain
 Spanish Contributions
• Catholicism
- Filipinos set up altars adorned with Catholic images, flowers and candles in their
homes.
- Roman Catholic Holidays: Christmas Day, New Year, Semana Santa, Noche
Buena, All Saint’s Day.

•Cuisine
Lechon Kare-kare
Puchero Sinigang
Paella Lumpia
Embutido
Leche Flan
Corn
Sausage

•Language
- The Filipino language, derived from the Tagalog language, which is the national
language today, was even a Spanish influence.
- Numerous words and some grammatical concepts of the Spanish
vocabulary are adapted.

•Values
Pagmamano
Siesta
Manaña Habit
Simbang Gabi
Prayer
Cock fighting (Sabong)

•Education
-Introduced the Western System of Education.
Spanish History and language, reading, writing, arithmetic and music.

The Caste System

The social classes for the Spanish era in the Philippines

•Peninsulares
- they are Spaniards who are born in Spain.

•Insulares
- they are Spaniards born in Philippines who took important government positions.

•Mestizos
- Filipinos mixed with other blood.
3 Mestizos
- Mestizo de Espanyol
- Mestizo de Sangley
- Tornatras

•Indios
- Filipinos who have an Austronesian blood.

Philippine Government under Spain

• Political System
- The earliest political system used during the Spanish era was the Encomienda
system, which resembled the feudal system in Medieval Europe.

•Conqustadores, Friars,Nobles
- are given estates and other riches.
-in exchange, they will pledge their services for the king of Spain.

•Encomendero
- tasked to provide military services and governance to the inhabitants.

National Government
•Governor-General
- the most-powerful person in the entire country besides the King of Spain.
- headed the Supreme Court (Royal Audiencia), was Commander-in-chief of the
army and navy, and was the economic planner of the country.

•Governor-General
- all known Executive power of the Local government stemmed from him.
- his yearly salary was P40,000.
-for obvious reasons, the Governor-General was usually a Peninsulares (Spaniard
born in Spain).

Provincial (Alcaldia)Government
•Alcalde Mayor
- his annual salary ranged from P300 to P2,000 before 1847 and P1,500 to P1,600
after it.
-City Governments (Ayuntamientos), were also headed by an Alcalde Mayor.

•Alcalde Mayor
-their salaries be augmented through the special privilege of “Indulto de
Commercio” where all people were forced to do business with him.
-The Alcalde Mayor was usually an Insulares (Spaniard born
in the Philippines).

•Corregidores
- The unpacified Military Zones (Corrigimiento) were headed by the Corregidores.

Alcalde Mayors and Corredores exercised multiple prerogatives as Judge,

Inspector of Encomiendas, Chief of Police, Tribute collector, Capital-General of
the Province even Vice-Regal Patron.

Municipal Government
•Gobernadorcillo
- Among his Administrative duties were:
-the preparation of the tribute list (Padron)
-recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor
-communal public work and Military conscription (Quinto),Postal Clerk and Judge
in minor civil suits.
-he intervened in all Administrative cases pertaining to his town: Lands, Justice,
Finance and the Municipal Police.
-his annual salary, however, was only P24 but he was exempted from taxation.
-any native or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old, literate in oral or written Spanish and
has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be a Gobernadorcillo.

Barrio Government
•Cabeza de Barangay
- Barrio government rested on the Barrio Administrator
(Cabeza de Barangay).
- he was responsible for Peace and Order and recruited men for Communal Public
Works.

Residencia and Visita

-to check the abuse of power of Royal Officials, two ancient Castilian Institutions
were brought to the Philippines. The Residencia, dating back to the 5th century and
the Visitas.
•Residencia
- public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain
whether they had commited abuses in the performance of their duties.
•Vista
- secret investigation of an official's conduct as a public servant.

Economic Status

•Galleon Trade
- during most of the Spanish colonial period, the Philippine economy depended on
the Galleon Trade which was inaugurated in 1565 between Manila and Acapulco,
Mexico.
- Manila became the most important center of trade in Asia between the 17th and
18th centuries.

•Taxation
- to support the Colony, several forms of taxes and monopolies were imposed. The
Buwis (Tribute), which could be paid in cash or kind.
- it was initially fixed at 8 reales (centavos) and later increased to 15 reales.

Polo Y Servicio
- Polo y servicio is forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years of
age who were obligated to give personal services to community projects.
- one could be exempted from polo by paying the falla (a corruption of the Spanish
falta, meaning “absence”), a daily fine of one and a half real.

(LESSON 3)- CHAPTER 3

Katipunan
- officially known as the Kataastaasan,Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan.

Intramuros
- is home to Spanish-era landmarks like FortSantiago, with a large stone gate and a
shrine to national hero José Rizal.
Suez Canal
- opened paving way for the Philippines' direct commercial relations with Spain.

GOMBURZA
- refers to three Filipino Catholic priests who were executed by garrote on
February 17, 1872, in Bagumbayan.

Revolt
- is an illegal and often violent attempt by a group of people to change their
country's political system.

La Solidaridad
- was an organization created in Spain on December 13,1888 composed of Filipino
liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities.

Cedula
- was first implemented as a 19th century tax reform in the Philippines during the
Spanish rule.

Ilustrado
- constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the
late 19th century.

Propaganda
- was the first Filipino nationalist movement, led by a Filipino elite and inspired by
the protonationalist activism of figures.

Nationalism
- identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the
exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

The Beginnings of Filipino Nationalism

•Nationalism
- a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying
with, or becoming attached to, one’s nation.
- involves national identity, by contrast with the related construct of patriotism,
which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviors that support a state’s
decisions and actions.

Difference between Nationalism and Patriotism

•Nationalism- rooted in rivalry and resentment militant by nature.
•Patriotism-based on affection and based on peace.
Birth of Filipino Nationalism

Factors that paved way to the birth of filipino nationalism:

•The British Invasion and Occupation
•Silang and Palaris Revolt
•Basi Revolt
•Laissez - Faire and the Opening Ports
•The Rise of the Filipino Class
•Education of some Filipinos
•The Opening of Suez Canal
•Liberalism in the Philippines
•Return of Autocracy
•The Secularization Controversy
•The execution of GOMBURZA

Reasons for the Discontent of Filipinos

Discontentment of Filipinos:
1. The masses remained poor and burdened with heavy taxes.
2. The wealthy and educated were discontented by the abuses of the Spaniards.
3. There were threats of persecution for those who would oppose or criticize the
Spanish government.

Propaganda
- it began in 1882 and lasted to the early months of 1892.
-This was a reform movement wherein the educated and the wealthy left for Spain.
There, they studied and worked for the introduction of reforms in the Philippines
where there was freedom.

The Great Triumvirate

- a group of individuals sharing authority and power.
- They were all young men who went to Europe to study. In the course of their
studies, they involved themselves in the cause of their country.

The other Reformists

Jose Ma. Panganiban
Antonio Luna
Mariano Ponce
Eduardo de Lete

The Ilustrados
•Graciano Lopez Jaena ( Founder and editor of "La Solidaridad") / (Butod)
Born: December 18, 1856, Jaro, Iloilo.
Died: January 20, 1896, Barcelona, Spain.(aged 39)
Occupation: writer, journalist, orator, propagandist.
-He was a noted orator and pamphleteer, also known as the “Fiery Mouthpiece and
Prince of the Filipino Orators” in the Propaganda Movement.
Notable works:
Fray Botod (Brother Fatso)
La Hija del Fraile (The Priest’s Daughter)
Esperanza (Hope)

•Dr. Jose Rizal ( Founder of "La Liga Filipina") / (" Laong Laan ")
Born: june 19, 1861, Calamba, Laguna
Died: december 30, 1896 (aged 35)
Occupation: patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the
Philippine nationalist movement.
- He wrote works that signified and opened the eyes of the majority of Filipinos.
Notable works:
Noli Me Tangere
El Filibusterismo

•Marcelo H. Del Pilar ( Founder of "Diariong Tagalog") / ( "Plaridel ")

Born: August 30, 1850, Bulakan, Bulacan
Died: July 4, 1896 (aged 45) Barcelona, Spain
Occupation: Writer, lawyer, journalist, and freemason.
- He helped the Propaganda Movement through his speeches and writings about
the abusive friars. He took over the management of La Solidaridad from Graciano
L. Jaena.
Birth of Filipino Nationalism
1. The British Invasion and Occupation
-The British Occupation of Manila was an episode in colonial history of the
Philippines when the Kingdom of Great Britain occupied the Spanish colonial
capital of Manila and the nearby port of Cavite for twenty months from 1762 to
1764. The occupation was an extension of the larger Seven Years' War between
Britain and France, which Spain had recently entered on the side of the French.

2. Silang and Palaris Revolt

-A revolt presaging the Ilocos Revolt led by Diego and Gabriela Silang.The
revolt sprang directly from the unmet demands of the common people. The
heaviest burden however was the payment of the tribute — in the form of rice
harvests.

3. Basi Revolt
-also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt led by Pedro Mateo and
Salarogo Ambaristo on 16 September 1807 in response to the Spanish
government’s wine monopoly, which prohibited the Ilocanos from manufacturing
and selling their locally made wine, basi (sugarcane wine).

4. Laissez - Faire and the Opening Ports

-an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from
any form of government intervention such as regulation, privileges, imperialism,
tariffs and subsidies. Proponents of laissez faire argue for a complete separation of
government from the economic sector.

5. The Rise of Filipino Class

-The Chinese Mestizos were an important element of Philippine society in the 19th
century. They played a significant role in the formation of the Filipino middle
class, in the agitation for reforms, in the 1898 revolution, and in the formation of
what is now known as the Filipino nationality.

6. Education of some Filipinos

-As a result of increasing the number of educated Filipinos a new social class
raised, which came to be known as the Ilustrados.Filipinos took advantage of it to
continue higher education in Spain and Europe.This new enlightened class of
Filipinos would later leadthe Philippine independence movement, using the
Spanish language as their main communication method.

7. The Opening of Suez Canal

-The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez Canal in Egypt paved the way for
the Philippines' direct commercial relations with Spain.With the opening of the
Suez Canal in 1869 travel to Spain become quicker, easier and more affordable
which paved way for Filipino "Ilustrados" to send their children to universities in
Europe.

8. Liberalism in the Philippines

-The limited higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction,
but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. There,
nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out of
this talented group of overseas Filipino students arose what came to be known as
the Propaganda Movement.

9. Return of Autocracy
-The Republic of Spain ended in 1870 when the monarchy was restored and a new
king assumed the Spanish throne. With this change from republic back to
monarchy, the monarchist officials in Spain sent to the Philippines some like-
minded Spaniards to take over the political leadership of the country.

10. The Secularization Controversy

-Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were
the regulars and the seculars.Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their
main task was to spread Christianity.Secular priests did not belong to any religious
order.They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the
supervision of the bishops.

11. The Execution of Gomburza

-The royal decree of 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or
the transfer of parochial authority to Filipino priests (“seculares”), was strongly
opposed by the Spanish friars (“regulares”). It was against this charged
environment that GOMBURZA were accused and found guilty of allegedly
orchestrating the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, and charged with treason and sedition by
Spanish authorities.
Bonifacio and The katipunan
KKK- Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan

Founding of the Katipunan

-When Apolinario Mabini organized the Cuerpo de Comprimisario, the radicals,
especially Bonifacio, did not join Mabini. Bonifacio came to realize that the
welfare of the Filipinos could not be achieved by peaceful requests for reforms but
through a violent revolution.

Along with:
•Ladislao Diwa
•Deobato Arellano
•Teodoro Plata
•Valentin Diaz

-Bonifacio then founded the “Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng

mga Anak ng Bayan” KKK on the night of July 7, 1892 in a house occupied by
Deodato Arellano at No. 72, Azcarraga St. Tondo, Manila (now Claro M. Rector
road).

Objectives:
• Political - to fight for Philippine Independence and unite all Filipinos.
• Moral - to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene,fine morals,
and how to guard themselves to religious fanaticisms.
• Civic - to help themselves and defend the poor oppressed.

5 The Branches of Katipunan:

• Kataastaasang Sangunian (Supreme Council) - the highest body and

considered of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller.
• Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) - represents the province level.
• Sangguniang Balangay - represented the municipality or town.
• Sangguniang Hukuman - responsible for resolving conflicts among the
Katipunan members.
• Camara Secreta (Secret Chamber) - doled out punishment for members who
betrayed or broke the by-laws of the Katipunan.
The Triangle Method
- to keep the whole organization from being discovered, Katipunan employed the
triangle method: a system of enlistment wherein a recruiter would ask only two
members to join. Only the recruiter would know the names of both recruits while
the recruits would not know each other.

It was divided into three groups:

• Katipon (Member)
- password: Anak ng Bayan
-wear black hood with a triangle of white ribbon.

• Kawal (Soldier)
- password: GomBurZa
-wear green hood with a triangle of white lines.

• Bayani (Patriot)
- password: Rizal
-wear red hood

(LESSON 4)
THE YEAR 1896

CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN

- After the tragic discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio scheduled an urgent
meeting to his members in Pugad Lawin in the backyard of Juan A. Ramos.
- Bonifacio demanded all the members to bring out their cedulas and tear them.
They shouted “Punitin ang Cedula!”.
-This act was a symbol of the Katipuneros’ total rejection to Spain and their strong
desire to wage revolution.
- This remarkable event took place in Balintawak on August 23, 1896.It indicated
the start of the Philippines-Spanish War.

EVENTS DURING THE REVOLUTION

• Melchora Aquino
1. August 28, 1896 – The Spanish authorities speedily arrested, persecuted, and
executed the suspected and identified members of the Katipunan.
Others escaped and hid in the house of Melchora Aquino, also known as
“Tandang Sora.” Later on she came to be called “Mother of the Katipunan.”

2. August 30, 1896 – Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked the Spanish arsenal in San
Juan del Monte (Municipality of San Juan, Metro Manila.)

3. The Revolution spread to several Luzon provinces- This made Governor

General Ramon Blanco speedily placed the first eight provinces to revolt against
the Spanish colonial rule under the state of war.

The eight provinces were:

Manila Tarlac
Bulacan Laguna
Pampanga Cavite
Nueva Ecija Batangas
• Governor-General Ramon Blanco
- When Cuba was under revolution and raging yellow fever epidemic, Rizal wrote
to Governor-General Ramon Blanco offering his services as a military doctor.
Governor-General Ramon Blanco later notified Rizal of the acceptance of the
offer.

• Trece Martires de Cavite

4. September 12, 1896 - a group of revolutionaries from Cavite were executed.
This event has been recognized as the “Trece Martires de Cavite”.

5. September 16-22, 1896 – some Ilustrados in Manila were arrested for they
were suspected as collaborators in the uprising. However, the fact that Bonifacio
implicated the Ilustrados in Manila by the fake documents show that they
contributed financial assistance in order for them to join the Katipunan.

• Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja

6. December 30, 1896 – Dr. Jose Rizal was executed by a firing squad in
Bagumbayan (Rizal Park, Luneta) after being held captive at Fort Santiago in
Intramuros, Manila.
-It was Governor General Camilo dePolavieja who signed the order of execution.
Up to his death, Rizal had remained a reformist.
.