Module I: Anchoring and presentation Qualities of an anchor A news presenter is a person that presents a news show on television, radio

or the Internet. An anchor traditionally is a television personality who presents material prepared for a news program and at times must improvise commentary for live presentation. Many news anchors are also involved in writing and/or editing the news for their programs. The term "anchor" was coined by producer Don Hewitt. Nowadays all anchors are expected to be journalists and not just read news. They analyze, interpret and broadcast news received from various sources. News anchors generally read prepared script, but in emergencies they often have to ad-lib commentary on the air. Qualities: A good voice Credible/trust worthy Ability o speak well Well-read, knowledgeable, a more rounded worldview Presentable An objective person Confident Knowledge of the technique of TV Language skills Combativeness Not scared of anything Basic homework Intuitive Good at connecting with the audience Role of styling (makeup techniques) Anchoring according to program formats News Program or Newscast - Anchoring a TV newscast involves different skills than reporting. It is far more complex. Anchors must be effective communicators while multitasking and processing an avalanche of information. Good anchors deliver the news in a sincere and believable way. Connect with your stories. Anchors dont read, they communicate. If you are too focused on the words in front of you, it will sound like you are reading. If your teleprompter goes out, you will not know what you are talking about. Think about the story and read about it, so that even if something goes wrong, you can handle it confidently. Music show: To host it well, you should know everything that would be going on around the show. So in case you don't have a handy guide, you still know what to say in front of the audience. Eye contact with audience is a must. Clear and proper pronunciation of words. You should look smart and confident as you will be in front of a huge audience. Have a lively interaction with the audience. Ask them

questions like are they enjoying or are they getting bored. Have punch lines. Modulate your voice. Interview - An interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee. "Interview" word is derived from French word "entirevior" it means "glimpse" to each other.

Anchoring techniques: live shows & recorded programs Discussing different news anchors of the industry Abul Nasr Iqbal, INDIA NEWS, formerly with INDIA TV, [DD & AIR NEWS (URDU)] Nidhi Razdan,NDTV ,All India Radio Prannoy Roy, NDTV Barkha Dutt, NDTV Rajdeep Sardesai, CNN-IBN, formerly with NDTV Vikram Chandra, NDTV Naveen Soni, Zee Business, formerly with CNBC Arnab Goswami, Times Now formerly with Zee News & IBN-7 Using the teleprompter It is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. The screen is in front of the leans of the camera. As the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, he or she appears to have memorized the speech. Look at the teleprompter naturally- do not fixate on the words as they roll past you. Usually readers squint and stare at the words without realizing it. Moving words tend to frighten people. When you stammer and words keep rolling by, panic sets in. it requires a great amount of skill to master the art of reading from a teleprompter. Dictate the pace- dont let the pace dictate you. Read the teleprompter at your own speed and make the operator adjust to you. Know your material: it is imperative that you know the story you are reading before you see it in the teleprompter. If you are already familiar with the script you are less likely to strain to see the words Use the teleprompter as a guide: do not try to read out every word exactly as it is written on the teleprompter. Practice: effectively reading a teleprompter is all about confidence and comfort in front of the camera. Tell your stories in an active voice: sound enthusiastic and have energy in what you are speaking. Piece to camera

A piece to camera is when the presenter of a television show or a character in a film speaks directly to the viewing audience through the camera. It is most common when a news or television show presenter is reporting or explaining items to the viewing audience. It has three advantages: It immediately establishes the reporters presence on the spot. It is simple to execute It is fast enough to be considered a kind of contingency sample MODULE 2 Basic toolbar of FCP: Selection - Lets you select clips or transition points. You use this tool to tell FCP what material it should act on when you select filters or transitions, or if you want to move clips around in the Timeline. Edit, Group, and Range Select - Allows for complex selections, such as those over many tracks. Track Select - Provides an easy way to select from the play head to the end or beginning of a track. Roll & Ripple Edit - Moves the In and/or Out points where two clips touch Slip & Slide Item - Moves the In and Out points of a single clip (but not the duration of the clip) Razor Blade - Cuts a clip into two clips. Zoom & Scrub - Let you move around the Timeline. Crop & Distort - Can be used for basic skewing and trimming of media. Pen - Sets, removes, and smoothes key frames and paths (for motion control). This tool is very useful when you are performing any operation over time (such as controlling audio levels, or moving items across the screen). These tools further have sub tools that are basically modifications of the main tool and make editing much more convenient and easy on FCP. Basic Transitions in FCP: Transitions are visual effects that are applied between the end points of two clips. These often add a different look to the visuals and give a feeling of continuity to the scenes. Besides this they can also be applied before and after the clips and can be modified in many different ways. There are almost 67 different types of transition patterns available on FCP. Cut: sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another. 2 basic kinds of cuts are matched cut and jump cut. Matched cut: a familiar relationship between the shots may make the change seem smooth. Because the viewers eye is absorbed by the action that he is unlikely to notice the movement of cut itself.

Jump cut: abrupt switch from one scene to another which may be used deliberately to make a dramatic point. Fade: in a fade picture usually appears from (fades in) and disappears to (fades out) a blank screen. Time lapses are often shown by a slow fade-out and fade-in. Dissolve: a dissolve involves fading out one picture while fading up another top of it. The impression is of an image merging into and then becoming another. Wipe: an optical effect marking a transition between two shots. It appears to supplant an image by wiping it off the screen. Sequencing shots: Self explanation. Keeping the shots in accordance to the requirement of the show and in a proper sequence. Concept of montage: Montage is the introductory video for any TV show. It has a blend of visuals (still and video shots), graphics, and music element for representing compressed narrative information. In terms of editing: is a technique in film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information. It is usually used to suggest the passage of time, rather than to create symbolic meaning. Continuity vs. non continuity: Self explanation. Continuity primarily refers to the smooth flow of the contents throughout a scripted show. Its the ordered and sequential pattern of elements in a visual artwork. Non continuity is the opposite of it. Editing: Editing is part of post production. Its need was apparent even in the early days of video production. Initially it was done by turning the camera off after one shot, then repositioning and turning it on for the next shot. The film was processed and then projected with all the scenes in the same order in which they had been shot. Online and off-line Editing: Online editing is analogous to cutting the film, whereas Offline Editing has been akin to film editing that uses work prints. Right after taking the shots, they are dubbed into work print tapes that are then used to make the editing decisions. Work prints helps to determine edit in points and out points. When the points are marked, their time code numbers will be stored in the computer which keeps a track of all the changes in an edit decision list.

Linear and Non Linear Editing: Linear: Originally all video editing consisted of recorded shots, one after another from the beginning of the program to the end. If someone finished editing the entire production work and then decided that the second edit should be 2seconds shorter, then there was no easy way to fix the problem. This process also suffers from generation loss because signal information is lost or contaminated when material is dubbed from one analogous tape to another. Non-Linear: Computer based non linear electronic editing was developed in mid 1980s and was known as Random Access Editing (RAE). In non linear editing scenes can be trimmed and moves quickly and easily. Cut Only Linear Editing: A cut only editing is the most basic and the simplest editing system, which can edit one video with its dialogue against another. It is not capable of executing wipes and dissolves (effects) since it cannot show two pictures at a particular instance of time. Control Track Editing: This process involves using the video controlled track and operator uses the controller to mark the edit in and edit out points. Then the controller backs up both the machines for an equal amount of time, so that they run at same speeds. Running frames in synchronization counts control and pulses to the edit in points and then starts editing. Time Code Editing: Time code is a digital numerical address that includes the hour, minutes, seconds and also the numbers allotted to each frame. Time code can be recorded on a linear audio track, which is referred to as Longitudinal Time Code (LTC). The item code can also be placed in the vertical interval, which is referred to as Vertical Interval Time Code (VITC). Editing Equipments: Cuts only video editing records includes two video tape recorders, one or two monitors and an edit control. I edit recorder called the source deck tape contains the original camera footage i.e. to be recorded. Other recorder called the edit deck is the machine to which selected material from the source deck are edited. One monitor shows the output of source deck, the other shows the output of editing. The edit controller is used to mark the editing points and the cue the deck to execute the editing decisions. Advanced editing can be achieved by incorporating other equipments like the switcher, which can generate transitions. Role of Editor:

In a TV show is mainly to check the entire package i.e. the synchronization of the script and the stills and videos showed along with it. He abides with the format, rules and regulations of his shows and sees to the fact that the entire package is complete and has all the necessary elements. Ingest and Digitizing: Ingest can be defined as the transfer of a file from a tape format or any other media into digital data on a video workstation. Digitizing: is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or a signal by discrete set of its points or samples. Analogous signal are converted into digital form for its further manipulation and modification. Ethics of Editing: Show the truth without camouflaging. Use of transitions to the minimum and only when required. Normally transitions are used by experienced people, as they are well aware about its use and purpose. While amateur users should avoid using these because they might end up making a mess of the entire thing. Morphing should be strictly avoided. Blend all the elements as a single piece and not as separate elements. Editing should be done to enhance the quality of the artwork and not for misleading audience. Digitizing of gore, intimate and other scenes not meant for viewing by kids, heart patients etc. But censorship should be in accordance to the willingness of the creator, board and public. Avoiding the portrayal of visuals that may lead to communal disharmony, social disturbance and panic. Focusing on delivering the message in the best way possible without disrupting the true artwork of the creator.

Importance of File Footage- Self Explanation Shots and footage present in the library. It is used when photographs of current events are missing and need to be compensated for. From Finished Product to Broadcasting:

If the show is in the format of live telecast then it is sent through the PCR, which comprises of the anchor, the use of teleprompter and the director sitting at the PCR for giving cues to the anchor.

In case the show is in the format of a recorded program, then it is sent to the MCR, for the entire package to be formed. MCR airs the ads, commercials, tickers, time band and logo. Module 3 BUSINESS REPORT WRITING The purpose of a business report is to communicate information to assist in the business decision making process. Some reports might propose solutions for business problems or might present relevant information to assist in the problem solving process. A business plan is a kind of report which serves to communicate the business model, business management model and the commercial objectives of a business. In general when writing a business report the following steps have to be followed 1. Preparing to write the business report: Preparation is the key to write a business report. As part of preparation, doing preparatory research is imperative. The author uses available technology to find valid information. Then, the writer must manage the outcome of the research. 2. Determining the scope of the report: This process would involve what topics would be covered in the report and what elements are not necessary. This step would also help to determine how detailed the report would be. 3. Understanding the target audience: A target audience, or target group, is the primary group of people that something is aimed at appealing to. A target audience can be people of a certain age group, gender, marital status, etc Discovering the appropriate target market(s) to market a product or service to is one of the most important stages involved with market research. In this step the potential requirements of the readers have to be considered and the target audience has to be identified. 4. Research to collect supporting information: In this step all previous reports, surveys and publications about the topic should be studied. A lot of reports would require some form of Data collection. Many times Investigative research might be needed. It is important that the process and methods used for research are explained. Data which is collected during this process should be presented clearly in the report. Recommendations and proposed solutions have to be studied and reviewed in this process. 5. Formatting and organizing the report: In this step the format of the report has to be decided. The following questions might rise during this step, how would the data be presented? What charts/diagrams will be used to complement the information presented in the report? How would the report be presented? What medium of presentation would be used? 6. Preparing to write the report STOCK MARKET REPORTING 1. The best way of going about this is to watch out for stock market reports.

2. The stock market report contains technical and fundamental analysis used by brokers and professional investors. They use this to interpret the direction and valuation of equity markets or stocks. 3. The report provides a synopsis of the stock market from different points-of-view. They should contain charts and texts of daily data of the performance of stocks in the market allowing traders to evaluate their stock portfolio. 4. They provide long-term views on certain stocks, predictions on how stocks will perform over the course of a day, weeks or even a year. 5. Stock market reports are provided by a lot of sources. Brokers provide their clients special reports of certain stocks currently in the market. 6. Analysis of the stock market is also provided in business programs in television, cable, and newsprint as well as online portals. 7. Business programs in cable provide the most current and up-to-date information on stock performance. Reports are made on gainers and losers throughout the trading hours. 8. Online portals providing financial reports and stock market analysis are also good sources of stock performance information. 9. Much of the information you will need over the course of your trading experience will come from stock market reports. So it is best to choose a good source of these reports for yourself. Reputable institutions will provide you the best information in the market. 10. Keeping yourself well-informed with stock market reports will provide you the best chance of making the most out of your trading. It will give you a more definite and clear view on the stock market and enable you to make intelligent decisions with minimal risk. SPORTS REPORTING 1. be prepared. 2. Take notes. 3. be thorough 4. be precise 5. Be energized 6. Know all the sports 7. Love your job FOR EXCLUSIVE REPORTS 1 Determine whether your tip is legitimate. You need to know if you can trust the person giving you the exclusive sports story. 2 Confirm the sports tip. It's essential that you confirm the tip before reporting anything. 3 Put out fillers with the coach, players and athletic director. Tell them what you learned and see if anyone will confirm it. 4 Know that if you have a good relationship with the team and coaches you will be more likely to find out what's going on. 5 Handle the sports exclusive with professionalism. 6 Ask the interview subject as many questions as you can think of. It's important to cover all your bases. 7 Protect your sources. Some people confirm facts for you as long as you promise to keep their identity confidential.

LEGAL REPORTING A court reporter should be able to perform the tasks of his or her profession accurately. Concentration: Quality court reporting requires concentration on the minute details of each legal proceeding to ensure that a comprehensive and concise legal account has been taken, free of inaccuracy or omission. Organization: Many people are depending on a careful record of legal proceedings, so organization is of the essence in order to keep various legal items from becoming misplaced. Flexibility Maturity: A court reporter needs to be able to keep his or her cool during the task at hand in order to take an exact and emotion-free record of the events. Promptness: If the proceedings are waiting for a court reporter, it clearly does not reflect well on the agency that hired the employee in the first place. Professional Appearance Professional Demeanor Technical Skills: Most deposition reporters possess real time reporting skills and the typing speed to keep up with even the most loquacious depositions. But it's what happens after a deposition comes to an end that determines a reporter's "technical" value to an attorney, particularly in terms of video/text synchronization and text syncing.

JUDICIARY The Judiciary of India is an independent body and is separate from the Executive and Legislative bodies of the Indian Government. The judicial system of India is stratified into various levels. At the apex is the Supreme Court, which is followed by High Courts at the state level, District Courts at the district level and Lok Adalats at the Village and Panchayat Level. The judiciary of India takes care of maintenance of law and order in the country along with solving problems related to civil and criminal offences. Supreme Court in India The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in India. The Supreme Court came into power on 28th January 1950. In the initial stages, it had its office in a part of the Parliament House. The Supreme Court is endowed with many duties and responsibilities. The biggest responsibility is that it is the highest court of appeal and is also the protector of the Constitution in the country. The Chief Justice of India and 25 other judges make up the Supreme Court of India. The appointments are done directly by the President of India. There are certain criteria that have to be fulfilled by the advocates to become a judge of the Supreme Court. Being a citizen of India is one of the most important criteria. Apart from this, the person has to have an experience of minimum five years as a judge in the High Court or any other two courts one after another. He should also be a prominent jurist as per the President of the

country, so that he can take up responsibilities well. The Chief Justice is also consulted at the time of appointment of the judges in the Supreme Court. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is divided into original jurisdiction, advisory jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. Original jurisdiction is required when there is a dispute between the Government and the states of India or any one state of India. The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India under Article 143 of the Constitution. The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court of the Constitution in respect. TYPES OF COURTS There are 4 types of courts-: # Supreme Court - Highest court in India # High Courts- Below Supreme Courts # Subordinate Courts include district courts and other courts # Lok Adalats - It solves cases at much faster pace than any other court. It is below districts courts. PSEPHOLOGY Psephology is the scientific analysis of political elections based on statistics. It uses compilations of voting records for elections of some previous years, public opinion polls, campaign finance information and similar statistical data. The sphere of study includes patterns of voting, swings in votes, the number of votes polled or percentage of total votes polled translating into the number of seats in the legislature, how much percent swing in the votes may lead to change in the government, what have been the traditional seats for any party or any candidate, etc. In this way, the role of a psephologist is very important for a vibrant democracy. These days elections being held in one state or the other with regularity, psephologists are busy the whole year. Skills and responsibilities Understanding the importance of elections. He must be ready to embark on extensive tours especially during the elections as to come in terms with the voting pattern dynamics. Must have a good knowledge about the breakup of the population, namely the caste groups, working groups and other important issues of the earlier elections as well as the ongoing one. Another thing he must keep in mind is to keep his own political adherence at bay while he is indulging in his professional work.

POLITICAL AND PARLIAMENT REPORTING/ COVERAGE 1. Respect the power of words 2. Reflect the importance of Parliament

3. Know the local laws: Different legislative bodies have different rules concerning access, privilege, use of cameras and recorders and so on 4. The importance of getting it right: At the most obvious level, check spellings, titles, party allegiances, etc. 5. be clear and comprehensible: Your audience should be able to understand every word and every sentence you write, immediately and without possibility of confusion 6. Keep your own views out of it 7. The political context: Politicians always want to be presented in the best possible light. 8. Make it interesting: Capture the attention of your audience. 9. Avoid exclamation marks 10. Keep a careful note: However good your memory, keep an accurate note of any parliamentary debate that you are reporting 11. Know the court system, procedures and the structure of the parliament. 12. For political reporting it is very essential to know the elementary structure of the political party that you are reporting for. 13. Political reporting should be unbiased. 14. Think before you claim.