Name: ALNA G.

LOSA Date: December 2, 2020

ACTIVITY NO 2: Philosophical and Theoretical Orientations to Teaching

Philosophy Aim of Education Key Points Teaching Strategies Teacher Roles Metaphorbelow
(Proponents/date
s)

Perennialism The aim of education is Perennialists base Only information that Perennialists are Humans are rational
  to ensure that students their teachings on stood the test of instructors who feel beings, and their minds
acquire understandings reason, logic, and time is relevant. They that the knowledge that need to be developed.
about the great ideas analytical thought. do not illicit student has been passed Thus, cultivation of the
of Western civilization. The loftiest input. through intellect is the highest
These ideas have the accomplishments of priority in a worthwhile
potential for solving humankind are education.
problems in any era. emphasized– the
The focus is to teach great works of
ideas that are literature and art,
everlasting, to seek the laws or principles
enduring truths which of science.
are constant, not
changing, as the natural
 and human worlds at
their most essential
level, do not change.

Essentialism Students should be The core of the . Evaluations are Classrooms are formal, Essentialists believe
  taught hard work, curriculum is predominately teacher-centered, and that there is a universal
respect for authority, essential knowledge through testing, and students are passive pool of knowledge
and discipline. Teachers and skills and there are few, if any, learners. needed by all students.
are to help students academic rigor. . The projects or
keep their non- fundamentals of portfolios. These
productive instincts in teaching are the instructors easily
check, such as basis of the accept the No Child
aggression or curriculum: math, Left-Behind Act
mindlessness. This science, history, because test scores
approach was in foreign language, and are the main form of
reaction to English. Vocational evaluation
progressivist classes are not seen
approaches as a necessary part
of educational
training.

Progressivism Progressivism This educational The learner is a The teacher is a This is a student-
  Progressivists believe philosophy stresses problem solver and facilitator rather than centered form of
that education should that students should thinker who makes the center of the instruction where
focus on the whole test ideas by active meaning through his educational process. students follow the
child, rather than on experimentation. or her individual Student input is scientific method of
 the content or the Learning is rooted in experience in the encouraged, and questioning and
teacher. The scientific the questions of physical and cultural students are asked to searching for the
method is used by learners that arise context. Effective find their answer.
progressivist educators through experiencing teachers provide interpretation of the
so that students can the world. It is experiences so that answer
study matter and active, not passive. students can learn by
events systematically doing. Curriculum
and first hand. The content is derived
emphasis is on process- from student
how one comes to know. interests and
The questions.

Reconstructionis emphasizes the curriculum focuses These students are To do so requires dialog This student-centered
m/ addressing of social on student taught the and critical philosophy strives to
Critical Theory questions and a quest experience and importance of consciousness, the instill a desire to make
to create a better taking social action working together to development of the world a better place
society and worldwide on real problems, bring about change. awareness to overcome
democracy. such as violence, These teachers domination and
Reconstructionist hunger, international incorporate what is oppression. Rather than
educators focus on a terrorism, inflation, happening in the "teaching as banking," in
curriculum that and inequality. world with what they which the educator
highlights social reform Strategies for are learning in the deposits information
as the aim of education dealing with classroom into students' heads,
controversial issues Freire saw teaching and
(particularly in social learning as a process of
 studies and inquiry in which the
literature), inquiry, child must invent and
dialogue, and multiple reinvent the world
perspectives are the
focus. Community-
based learning and
bringing the world
into the classroom
are also strategies.

Information The mind makes Subject matter of Teach for handling Allows the student to Describes how
Processing meaning through mind: literature, ideas: lecture, understand symbols and information is received,
symbol-processing history, philosophy, discussion interpret it. processed, stored, and
structures of a fixed religion retrieved from the
Imitating examples,
body of knowledge. mind.
heroes

Behaviorism Behaviorists believe in Subject matter of Behavior shaped by This teacher-centered Learning occurs as
  rewards and physical world: design and system ultimately allows result of reinforcing
punishments as an science, math. determined by forces the students to be responses to stimuli.
approach to controlling in environment. Teach controlled by the
Training in rules of
the teaching for mastery of facts educator, who makes
conduct
environment due to and basic skills: the environment
their belief in the demonstration, pleasant or unpleasant
intrinsic nature of recitation depending on the
 humans to react to students’ behavior
internal or external
stimuli.

Cognitivism/ Learner actively Subject matter of Learner actively Teachers role is to Students are free to
Constructivism constructs own social experience. constructs own Active participation is explore their own ideas
understandings of Creation of new understandings of the key to this teaching and share concepts with
reality through social order reality through style. (Educational one another in
interaction with interaction with Philosophies in the nontraditional ways.
environment and environment and Classroom “Hands on activity […] is
reflection on actions. reflection on actions. the most effective way
Student-centered Student-centered of learning and is
learning around learning around considered true
conflicts to present conflicts to present learning”
knowing structures. knowing structures.

Humanism . Existentialism rejects In the existentialist existentialists focus The teacher's role is to The student is engaged
  the existence of any classroom, subject upon the actions of help students define in all aspects of learning
source of objective, matter takes second historical individuals, their own essence by and works together with
authoritative truth place to helping the each of whom exposing them to the teacher and her
about metaphysics, students understand provides possible various paths they may peers to develop a
epistemology, and and appreciate models for the take in life and creating curriculum and
ethics. Instead, themselves as unique students' own an environment in which evaluation system that
individuals are individuals who behavior. In contrast they may freely choose allows for individual
responsible for accept complete to the humanities, their own preferred interests and abilities
responsibility for math and the natural way. Since feeling is not
determining for their thoughts, sciences may be divorced from reason in
themselves what is feelings, and actions. deemphasized, decision making, the
"true" or "false," presumably because existentialist demands
"right" or "wrong," their subject matter the education of the
"beautiful" or "ugly." would be considered whole person, not just
For the existentialist, "cold," "dry," the mind.
there exists no "objective," and
universal form of therefore less
human nature; each of fruitful to self-
us has the free will to awareness.
develop as we see fit.