,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;

gl;lNkw; fy;tp bg;Nshkh epfo;r;rpj;jl;lk;

2021 / 2022

GRADE-10: UNIT-02
vOj;J %y tPl;L xg;gil - 01
xg;gil - 02
GRADE-10: UNIT-02
STP 8301
fy;tp cstpay;

ngau; : md]; k];t=jh Ngfk;

gjptpyf;fk; : 621442530
khztu; milahs ,y : S21001834

Post Graduate Diploma in Education

Faculty of Education
-Ampara-
 Reg. No - 621442530

gFjp – I

01. `hu;yhf; (Hurlock) vd;gtupw;fpzq;f Foe;ij gUtj;ij (The period of infancy) %d;w
cg fhyfl;lq;fSf;Fs; cs;slf;fhyk;. fUj;J tiuglk; (Concept Map)
xd;wpD}lhf %d;W fhyfl;lq;fisAk; tpsf;Ff.

02. “rpWtu;fspd; Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ

mtu;fspd; rpwe;j KjyPlhFk;.” Foe;ij kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpy;
tpUj;jpapd; (Development) Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

03. N`tpf;fu;];l; (Havighurst) vd;gtupd; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Frhu; Nfhl;ghl;bd;

mbg;gilapy; Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; Ie;J tpUj;jprhu;
gzpfis nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; miltjpidg; ngw;Nwhu; vt;thW
vspajhf;fyhk; vd;gij %d;W cjhuzq;fs; %ykhf RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

04. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; gps;isfspd; mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis (Cognitive Skills) tpUj;jp

nra;a nraw;gLj;jf;$ba %d;W nraw;ghLfis RUf;fkhf tpgupf;Ff.

05. rpy Foe;ijfs; elf;fTk;> NgRtjw;Fk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kd;Ng

tiug;gbiffs; (Tablets) etPd njhiyNgrpfs; (Smart Phones) Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wy;fis nfhz;Ls;shu;fs;. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpd; tsu;r;rp
(Growth) kw;Wk; tpUj;jpia (Development) b[pl;ly; jpiufs; (Digital Screens) vt;thW
ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(gFjp – I = 08 X 05 = 40 Gs;spfs;)

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 Reg. No - 621442530

gFjp - II

01. I. r%fkakhf;fYld; (Socialisation) ,ize;j tifapy; Foe;ij tpUj;jpapy;

FLk;gj;jpd; tfpgq;if %d;W cjhuzq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

(08 Gs;spfs;)
II. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpYk;> Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpYk; Foe;ijfspd; r%f
tsu;r;rpf;F nkhop ifafg;gLj;jy; (Language Acquisition) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpYk;> Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpYk; Foe;ijfspd;
nkhoptsu;r;rpia vspjhf;Ftjpy; ngw;Nwhupd; tfpgq;if xt;nthU gUtj;jpwF ; k;
%d;W cjhuzq;f isf; Fwpg;gpl;L fye;JiuahLf. ckJ tpilia ,yf;fpa
Mjhuq;fspD}lhf epahag;gLj;jTk;.
(12 Gs;spfs;)

02. I. ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapd; (Cognitive Development) %d;W

Kf;fpa gFjpfis tpsf;Ff.

(08 Gs;spfs;)
II. xU Mrpupauhf ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpay; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fis ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fSf;fhd ghlq;fisj;
jpl;lkpLk; NghJ ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;;fs;
njhlu;gpy; cq;fs; tpopg;Gzu;it vt;thW gad;gLj;Jfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij %d;W
cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.
(12 Gs;spfs;)
03. I. ,sikg;gUtk; Gay; kw;Wk; kd mOj;jj;jpd; fhyk; vd Vd;? mwpag;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gij %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
II. xU Mrpupauhf ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; khztu;fs; re;jpf;Fk; gy;NtW
gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;f vt;thW trjp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij
,yq;ifr; #oyikTld; njhlu;GgLj;jp %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.
(12 Gs;spfs;)

(gFjp – II = 60 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk;; = 100 Gs;spfs;)

 xg;gil rku;g;gpf;fg;glNtz;ba ,Wjpj;jpfjp : 24.05.2022

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 Reg. No - 621442530

gFjp – I
01. `hu;yhf; (Hurlock) vd;gtupw;fpzq;f Foe;ij gUtj;ij (The period of infancy)
%d;w cg fhyfl;lq;fSf;Fs; cs;slf;fhyk;. fUj;J tiuglk; (Concept Map)
xd;wpD}lhf %d;W fhyfl;lq;fisAk; tpsf;Ff.
nghJthf Foe;ijg; gUtk; vd;gJ gpwg;gpypUe;J tsupsk; gUtk; tiu fhykhFk;. ,e;jg;
gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; gs;sp> tpisahl;L Mfpaitfspy; mjpf Neuk; gq;nfLf;fpd;wdu;. NkYk;
ngw;Nwhu;fs;> ghJfhtyu;fs; Nghd;wtu;fspd; md;gpidAk;> Cf;Ftpg;gpidAk; ngwf;$ba
fhykhFk;. ,e;j fhyj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; gaj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;Lk;> td;Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Lk;> jtwhd Kiwfs;> Vkhw;Wfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;Lk; tsu;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
,e;jg; gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; jukhd tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F toptif nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
gpwg;G vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; Muk;gk; my;y> khwhf ,J fUTWjy; Kjw;nfhz;L njhlu;e;J
eilngWfpwJ. NkYk; gpwg;G vd;gJ xU Foe;ijahdJ jhapd; fu;g;gigapy; tsUk;
R+o;epiyapy; ,Ue;J Gw cyfpw;F jd;id jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; ghq;fpid Fwpf;fpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gUtk;> Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtk; vd;gd xUtuJ tho;f;ifapd; KjypU
gUtq;fshFk;. Foe;ijg; gUtkhdJ rupahf vg;NghJ Kbtilfpd;wJ> gps;isg; gUtk;
vg;NghJ Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij rupahf tiuaWg;gjpy; gy;NtW JiwfspilNaAk;
NtWghLfs; ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (cjhuzkhf> rl;lepakq;fspd;gb> cstpay; ghlg;gug;gpy;>
kUj;Jt nrhw;gjq;fspd; gb). cstpayhsu; n`u;Nyhf;fpd; (Elizabeth Bergner Hurlock – 2009 )
vd;gtupd; Developmental Psychology vDk; E}ypy;> rpRg; gUtkhdJ nghJthf gpd;tUk; %d;W
cg gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; fUj;J tiuglk; xd;wpd; %yk;
tpsf;Ftjhapd; gpd;tUkhW mJ mikfpd;wJ.
fUj;J tiuglk; (Concept Map)

rpRg; gUtk;

rpW Fotpg; Gj;jpsq; Foe;ijg; gUtk;

gUtk; Foe;ijg; gUtk;

1. rpW Fotpg; gUtk; - jhapd; fUtiwapypUe;J ntspNawpajpypUe;J njhg;Gs; nfhb

njhlu;G Jz;bf;fg;gLk; fhyk; tiu. (xl;Lz;zpg; gUtk;).

2. Gj;jpsq; Foe;ijg; gUtk; (njhg;Gs; nfhb njhlu;G Jz;bf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,uz;L thuk;

tiu> gpwg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dhd #oYf;Nfw;g nghUj;jg;ghlilaf;$ba> Rakhf nraw;glf;
$ba xUtuhf.)

3. Foe;ijg; gUtk; (gpwe;J ,uz;L thuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L taJ tiu> Rje;jpukhd
tpUj;jpapD}lhf gbg;gbahf cjtpapd;wp ,aq;Fk; epiyailAk; tiu).
,e;epiyapy;> gpwe;jjpypUe;J Kjy; ,uz;L taJ tiuahd fhyg;gFjp Foe;ijg; gUtk; vd;Nw
nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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 Reg. No - 621442530

01. rpW Fotpg; gUtk; (period of the partunate): jhapd; fUtiwapypUe;J ntspNawpajpypUe;J
njhg;Gs; nfhb njhlu;G Jz;bf;fg;gLk; fhyk; tiuahd fhyj;ij Fotpg; gUtk; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
mjhtJ> jhapd; clypy; ,Ue;J Foe;ij ntspg;gLk; Neuj;ij njhg;Gs; nfhbia ntl;b
fl;Lk; tiu Fwpf;fpwJ Fwpg;ghf gpwe;jjpypUe;J gjpide;J Kjy; Kg;gJ epkplq;fs; tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpia ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j fhyk; jhapd; clypy; ,Ue;J fUtpd; cly; ntspg;gl;L> njhg;Gs; nfhbia ntl;bf;
fl;Lk; tiu ePbf;Fk;. ,J tiuf;Fk; rpR xU xl;Lz;zpahfj; njhlu;tjhy; ,jid xl;Lz;zpg;
gUtk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ> gpurtj;jpw;Fg; gpe;ija R+oypy; (jhapd; clYf;F
ntspNa cs;s R+oYf;F) ve;j khw;wKk; nra;ahJ.
02. gj;jpsq; Foe;ijg; gUtk; (period of the neonate): njhg;Gs; nfhb njhlu;G
Jz;bf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,uz;L thuk; tiu fle;J kw;Wk; gpwg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dhd #oYf;Nfw;g
nghUj;jg;ghl milaf;$ba> Rakhf nraw;glf; $ba epiyia gj;jpsq; Foe;ijg; gUtk; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
mjhtJ> ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Foe;ij xU jdpahd> Rje;jpukhd jdpeguhf cs;sNjhL ,dp xU
xl;Lz;zp my;y vd;w epiyf;F khw;wkhFk;. ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpy; jhapd; clYf;F ntspNa
Gjpa R+oYf;F Foe;ij khw;wq;fisr; nra;Ak;.
NkYk;> gj;jpsq; Foe;ijg; gUtkhdJ Gjpjhfg; gpwe;j Foe;ij vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; kpf Ntfkhf elf;Fk; fhykhFk; ,jpy; rpy Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfs;
gpd;tUkhW.
 gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; njhg;Gs; nfhbia mWj;jTld;> Foe;ij jdJ Kjy; fj;Jjiy
my;yJ mOifia ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 czT Kiwfs; Muk;gk;.
 ngw;NwhUf;Fk; Foe;ijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT njhlq;FfpwJ.
 Foe;ijapd; EiuaPuy; tpuptile;J jhNd Rthrpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
 jdf;Fupa ghypid cwpQ;rpAk;> tpOq;fpAk; Fbf;fg; goFfpwJ.
 Foe;ijapd; fopT cWg;Gfs; (rpWePH fopj;jy;> kyk; fopj;jy;) gpwe;j rpy kzp
Neuj;jpy; nray;glj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
 cly; KOtijAk; mirj;jy;.
 ehf;F> cjL> ,ikfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
 tpuy; #g;Gjy;> nfhl;lhtp tpLjy;> GUtj;ij RUf;Fjy;> tpsf;F ntspr;rj;ijg;
ghHj;jy;> fz;zHP tpLjy; Nghd;w nghJj; Jyq;fy;fis ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

03. Foe;ijg; gUtk; (babyhood): gpwe;jjpypUe;J Kjy; ,uz;L taJ tiuahd fhyg;gFjp
Foe;ijg; gUtk; vd miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j tajpy; gy elj;ij Kiwfs;> mZFKiwfs;
kw;Wk; czu;rr; p ntspg;ghLfspd; tbtq;fs; epWtg;gLfpd;w cz;ikahd mbj;js tajhFk;.
Foe;ijg; gUtk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;> Foe;ijfs; gy tp\aq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;thu;fs;
kw;Wk; kw;wtu;fs; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; Njitfs; / tpUk;gq;fisj; njuptpf;f KbAk;.
NkYk; ,J xU mghafukhd tajhFk; mjhtJ tho;f;ifapd; Muk;gj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l
tbtq;fs; ey;yJ my;yJ nfl;lJ> jPq;F tpistpg;gjh my;yJ ed;ik gag;gjh vd;gijg;
nghUl;gLj;jhky; njhlu;fpwJ. tpUk;gj;jfhj elj;ij my;yJ rhjfkw;w ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk;
mZFKiwfs; rup nra;ag;glyhk;.

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Muk;g m];jpthuq;fs; tpiutpy; gof;fq;fshf cUthfpd;wd> Foe;ijapd; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk;

r%f khw;wq;fspy; tho;ehs; KOtJk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd. fw;wy; kw;Wk; mDgtk;
tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd> ,it ,af;fg;gLk; / fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk;> vdNt
,f;fhyg; gFjpapd; tsu;r;rpahdJ ey;y jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%f khw;wq;fisr; rhj;jpakhf;Fk;
tifapy; ,Uf;f Foe;ijfs; fz;fhdpf;fg;gl;L topfhl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
NkYk;> ,J r%fkakhf;fypd; Muk;g gUtkhFk;> ,sk; Foe;ijapy; cs;s <Nfhnrd;l;uprk;
r%ff; FOtpd; xU gFjpahf khWtjw;fhd tpUg;gj;jpw;F toptFf;fpwJ; jdpikapy; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ vjpu;g;G. jha;khu;fs; my;yJ jha; my;yJ je;ij kPjhd gw;Wjy; elj;ij> jpUg;jp>
kw;wtu;fSld; md;ghd / ePbj;j cwTfis Vw;gLj;j tpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 18 - 24
khjq;fs; kw;w Foe;ijfSld; tpisahLtJ> r%f cwTfis Vw;gLj;j nghk;ikfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;> 22 - 24 khjq;fs; Mil mzpjy;> cztspj;jy; Nghd;w tof;fkhd
eltbf;iffspy; guhkupg;ghsUld; xj;Jiof;fpwJ.
,g;gUtj;jpd; Muk;gj; Njhw;wj;ijg; ghu;g;Nghkhapd;; ngupa jiyfs;> ePl;ba tapWfs;> rpwpa
nky;ypa iffhy;fs;> rpwpa iffs; kw;Wk; fhy;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,NjNghd;Nw fhyk;
nry;yr; nry;y mjhtJ ,uz;L taJf;Fs; vil> cauk;> cly; tpfpjk;> vYk;Gfs;> jirfs;>
gw;fs;> euk;G kz;lyk; kw;Wk; czu;rr
; p cWg;G Nghd;wd tsu;rr ; pailtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,Nj Nghd;Nw Ngr;R tsu;r;rp> czu;r;rpfukhd elj;ij> tpisahl;by; Mu;tj;jpd; Muk;gk;>
Gupjypd; tsu;r;rp> nrf;];-Nuhy; ilg;gpq;fpd; Muk;gk;> FLk;gcwTfs;> MSik tsu;r;rp Nghd;wd
gy;NtW tplaq;fspy; tsu;r;rp elf;Fk; fhykhFk;.

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 Reg. No - 621442530

02. ‘rpWtu;fspd; Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ

mtu;fspd; rpwe;j KjyPlhFk;.’ Foe;ij kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpy;
tpUj;jpapd; (Development) Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
tpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fs; xt;nthU taJ vy;iyapYk; fhzg;gLk; tsu;rr ; p> tpUj;jpg; gz;Gfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj tho;f;ifiaf; fl;lq;fshf tFj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F tpUj;jp
cstpayhsu;fs; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhu;fs;. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lq;fspy; mjw;fLj;j
fl;lq;fspYk;ghu;f;f NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl tpUj;jpf;
fl;lq;fs; my;yJ tsu;r;rpg;gbfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk; tpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fs; jdpahs;
NtWghLfSf;F Vw;g NtWgLtjhy; mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fSf;Fupa njspthd tiuaiwfisf;
$WtJ fbdkhFk;. NkYk; gps;isapd; tpUj;jpAk; tsu;r;rpAk; Xu; xOq;fikg;gpy; njhlu;r;rpahf
epfo;tjhy; kdpj mgptpUj;jpiaf; fl;lq;fshf tFj;Jf; fw;gJ mt;tsT nghUj;jkhdjd;W.
vdpDk; kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifiaf; fl;lq;fshf tFj;J Nehf;Ftjhy; mt;tt; taJf;fl;lq;fspy;
njspthff; fhzg;gLk; elj;ijg; gz;Gfisf; fw;gJ ,yFthFk;. jdpg;gl;l xUtupd; tho;f;ifapy;
Muk;gf;fl;lk; mjw;fLj;j fl;lj;jpw;F Maj;jg;gLj;JtJld; mjdbg;gilapNy mLj;JtUk;
fl;lKk; cUthFk;.

xU gps;isapd; tho;tpd; Fwpg;gpl;l taJf; fl;lq;fspy; Vida fl;lq;fspYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;Lf;

fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mwpQu;fshy; gps;is tpUj;jpf;fl;lq;fs;
tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;gjhy;> mtu;fs;
xt;nthUtupdJk; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; mtu;fSf;F kl;LNk cupajhFk;. vdpDk; vy;yhf;
Foe;ijfSf;Fkhd Xu; nghJthd tsu;r;rp Kiwnahd;W cs;sJ vd cstpayhsu;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,e;jtifapy; nghJthf gps;isfspd; tpUj;jpf;fl;lq;fis fy;tp
cstpayhsu;fs; jj;jkJ Nfhl;ghL uPjpahf gy;Ntwhf tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdu; mitfisj; njhFj;J
nghJthf gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

• gpwg;Gf;F Kd;ida gUtk; - fUTw;wJ njhlf;fk; gpwg;G tiu.

• Foe;ijg; gUtk; - gpwg;G njhlf;fk; ,uz;L taJ tiu.
• Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtk; - 2 taJ Kjy; 5 / 6 taJ tiu.
• gpd;ida gps;isg; gUtk; - 6 taJ Kjy; 12 taJ tiu.
• fl;bsikg; gUtk; - 12 taJ Kjy; 20 taJ tiu.
• tsu;e;Njhu; gUtk; - 21 tajpd; gpd;duhd gUtk;.

,e;jbg;gilapy;> Foe;ijg;gUtk; (infancy) vd;gJ xU Foe;ij gpwe;jJ Kjy; 2 taij milAk;

tiuf;Fkhd fhyg;gFjpahFk;. NkYk; ,jid gpwg;G Kjy; xU khjk; tiuf;Fk; Neonate vdTk;
gpwe;J xU khjk; Kjy; 24 khjk; tiu Infancy vd tifg;gLk;. ,g; gUtj;jpd; nghJthd
tpUj;jpahf elf;ff; fw;wy;> Ngrf; fw;wy;> cly; fopTfis ntspNaw;Wtij fw;wy; (learn to use
the toilet)> jpl czTfis vLf;f fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ> kw;wtu;fSldhd cwtpypUe;J
fw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;; (learn to from relationship with others)> ghypd NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; ghypay;
mlf;fj;ijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ> r%f kw;Wk; ngsjPf ajhu;j;jj;ij tptupf;f fUj;Jf;fis
cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; nkhop fw;wy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

NkYk;> Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtk; (early childhood) vd;gJ 2 taJ Kjy; 5 / 6 taJ tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpiaNa ,g;gUtk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. gps;isfspd; cly; tsu;r;rp ,af;f tpUj;jp> mwpT
tpUj;jp> nkhop tpUj;jp kw;Wk; gps;isf;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd
Kf;fpa gUtkhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa mtd; jhd; gpwe;j fyhr;rhuj;jpd; ngWkjp> ek;gpf;iffs;>
tpOkpaq;fs;> mtDila ebg;gq;F Nghd;w gy tplaq;fisAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whd;. xU kdpjdpd;
tho;ehspy; tpUj;jpailaf; $ba Ez;zwpT tsu;rr ; papy; 50% mtuJ 3 - 4 tajpy;jhd;
tpUj;jpailfpd;wJ vd;gij gy Ma;Tfs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. (B.S.GSk; - 1964).

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vdNt Foe;ijg;gUtk; (infancy) kw;Wk; Muk;gg; gps;isg; (early childhood) gUtq;fspd; taij
Nru;j;Jg; ghu;ff
; pd;wNghJ gpwg;G njhlf;fk; Kjy; 5 / 6 taJ tiuf;F Ks;s gFjpahf
tpsq;FfpwJ.

NkYk;> Foe;ijg; gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtq;fshdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd

gUtq;fyhFk;. ,jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w xt;nthU khw;wq;fSk; gpw;gUtq;fspy; xU kdpjdpd; midj;J
tplaq;fspYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf; $bajhf mikfpd;wJ. ,e;jbg;gilapy;> Foe;ijg; gUtk;
kw;Wk; Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtq;fspd; tsu;r;rp kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjid gpd;tUkhW
Nehf;fyhk;.
1. fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gUtk; vd;gjhYk; fw;wy; rpukq;fis Muk;gj;jpNyNa fz;lwpaf; $ba
gUtk; vd;gjhYk; Kf;fpakhdJ :

xU Foe;ijapd; gpwg;G Kjy; 6 tUlq;fs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd;

Kjy; MW tUlq;fspy; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; NtW ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; fw;Wf;nfhs;tij tpl
mjpfkhff; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjw;F cWjpahd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. Kjy; MW
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> fw;wy; tpfpjk; FiwfpwJ.

Foe;ijapd; Kjy; MW tUlq;fs; %is kpfTk; tsu;r;rpailfpwJ mjtJ epA+uhd;fs; Ntfkhf

tsUk; fhyg;gFjpahFk;> mjdhy;jhd; 6 taJf;Fs; cs;s Foe;ijfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy
nkhopfisf; fw;Fk; Mw;wy; cs;stu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

NkYk;> Muk;gfhy Foe;ij gUt tsu;rr ; pf;Fk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; me;jf; Foe;ij vt;tsT
ntw;wpfukhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjw;Fk; ,ilNa xU tYthd njhlu;G ,Ug;gjhf Muha;rr ; p fhl;LfpwJ.
xU Foe;ij jdJ tho;f;ifapd; Kjy; Mz;Lfspy; vijf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk; mJ mtu;fSf;F
ePbj;j tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;.

vdNt> rpy Neuq;fspy;> jPtpukhd kw;Wk; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; R+oypy;> xU Foe;ijf;F thOkhf
,Ue;jhjy; mtu;fspd; gpw;fhy tho;f;ifapy; rpukq;fs; Vw;gLk; vd Ma;thTfspd; %yk;
ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,e;j Kjy; 6 Mz;Lfs; ,t;tsT ngupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhy;>
Foe;ijfSf;F md;G> MjuT kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rp epiwe;j cWjpahd mbj;jsj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J mtu;fspd; vjpu;fhy tho;f;if kw;Wk; cwTfSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ.

,Nj Nghd;Wjhd;> rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> Foe;ijfSf;F fw;wy; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; rpukq;fs;

,Uf;fyhk;. vy;yh rpukq;fSlDk;> ePq;fs; mtu;fis vt;tsT tpiuthf milahsk;
fhZfpwPu;fNsh> mt;tsT mjpfkhf rpfpr;irapd; ntw;wp mopf;Fk;. Foe;ij rpukg;gLtij
Muk;gj;jpNyNa ghu;f;f Kbe;jhy; mjpf cjtpia toq;fp fw;wy; rpwkq;fspy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;f
KbAk;. ,jw;fhf xU epGziu ehb rupahd Nehawpjy; kw;Wk; rpfpr;irj; jpl;lj;ijg; ngwyhk;. rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> Muk;gfhy rpfpr;irahdJ rpf;fiy jPtpukhtjw;F Kd;Ng jPu;f;f cjTk;. xU
gps;isapd; fw;wy; mf;fiwia vt;tsT rPf;fpuk; fz;lwpfpwPu;fNsh> mt;tsT rpwe;jJ.

vdNt Foe;ijg;gUtk; (infancy) kw;Wk; Muk;gg; gps;isg; (early childhood) gUtq;fspd; tpUj;jp
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
2. cWjpahd cwTfis cUthf;Fk; gUtk; vd;gjhy; Kf;fpakhdJ :

xt;nthU ngw;Nwhuhf;Fk;> Foe;ijAldhd cwTfs; cwtpd; Kjy; mDgtkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fs;

ghlrhiy my;yJ ghyu; gs;spiaj; njhlq;fpdhy;> cq;fs; cwT Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; ,Ue;jijg;
Nghd;W ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.

khztu;fs; ghlrhiy my;yJ ghyu; gs;spf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ mtu;fs; ngw;Nwhu; my;yhj gpwUld;
njhlu;Gfis NgDtjw;Fupa re;ju;g;gkhf miktjdhy; 6 taJ tiu Foe;ijAld;; cwitf;
ifahSk; tpjk; mtu;fspd; vjpu;fhy cwTfspd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdjhf mikfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ mtu;fs; ngw;Nwhiug; ghu;j;J> mtu;fs; nra;Ak; vy;yhtw;wpypUe;Jk; fw;Wf; nfhs;thu;fs;.
ngw;Nwhu; MNuhf;fpakhd cwtpy; ,Ue;jhy;> mtu;fs; kw;wtu;fSld; gofTk; MNuhf;fpakhd
gpizg;ig cUthf;fTk; fw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs;. gps;isiar; Rw;wp ngw;Nwhu; nray;gLk; tpjk;>
kw;wtu;fisr; Rw;wp vg;gbr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpa mtu;fSf;F cjTk;.

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3. Neu;kiwahd (Positive) mDgtq;fisAk; MSikiaAk; cUthf;Ffpw gUtk; vd;gjhy;

Kf;fpakhdJ :

xU Foe;ijf;F Muk;gj;jpy; vt;tsT Neu;kiwahd (cWjpahd> jpl;lkhd> ew;rpe; jid)

mDgtq;fs; ,Uf;fpwNjh> mt;tsT mjpfkhf mtu;fs; tp\aq;fspy; Neu;kiwahd
fz;Nzhl;lj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; R+o;epiyfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mjpf
ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,J mtu;fSf;F jd;dk;gpf;if kw;Wk; rpwe;j Rakupahijia tsu;f;f
cjTk;.

xU Foe;ij Muk;gj;jpy; VjhtJ ntw;wp ngw;why;> mJ mtu;fis kPz;Lk; Kaw;rp nra;a

Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wp ed;whf czu itf;fpwJ. gpd;du;> mtu;fs; Gjpa
tp\aq;fis Kaw;rpg;ghu;fs; kw;Wk; me;j ek;gpf;ifia mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf Gjpa
Mu;tq;fisg; ngWfpd;whu;fs;.

NkYk;> tho;f;ifapd; kw;w vy;yh mk;rq;fisAk; NghyNt> rpWtaJ tsu;rr ; pAk; MSikia
cs;slf;fpaJ. tapw;wpy; $l> Foe;ijfs; xU milahsj;ijAk; MSikiaAk; cUthf;fj;
njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; gpwf;Fk;NghJ> mtu;fs; ngWk; xt;nthU mDgtKk; VNjh xU
tbtj;jpy; my;yJ tbtj;jpy; mtu;fspd; MSikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf Foe;ijiag;
ghuhl;Lk;NghJ> mtu;fspd; MSikf;Fg; gjpyhf mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpfisg; ghuhl;Ltij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. “ePq;fs; Gj;jprhyp” vd;W $Wtjw;F gjpyhf> “ePq;fs; vt;tsT
fbdkhf cioj;jPu;fs; vd;gij ehd; ghu;j;Njd;" vd;W $wNtz;Lk;. ,J mtu;fs; jq;fis kpfTk;
Neu;kiwahd ntspr;rj;jpy; ghu;f;fTk; tYthd MSikfis tsu;f;fTk; cjTtNjhL <w;wpy;
mtu;fSf;F vd xU milahsj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpdJk; Kd; ghlrhiy gUtj;jpdJk; tpUj;jp gw;wp NgRk; NghJ xt;nthU
fl;lj;jpy; gps;is va;Jk; tpUj;jp> ngw;Nwhupd; tfpkq;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> #oypd; ce;jy;fs;>
gps;is jdJ elj;ijia ngw;NwhupdJk; gpw tse;NjhupdJk; ftdkhd topfhl;lypd; fPo; MSif
nra;af;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpakhf Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ.

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03. N`tpf;fu;];l; (Havighurst) vd;gtupd; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Frhu; Nfhl;ghl;bd;

mbg;gilapy; Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; Ie;J
tpUj;jprhu; gzpfis nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; miltjpidg; ngw;Nwhu; vt;thW
vspajhf;fyhk; vd;gij %d;W cjhuzq;fs; %ykhf RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(State five developmental tasks of infancy and early childhood based on Havighurst’s Developmental Task
Theory. Briefly explain how parents could facilitate the children to go through the above-mentioned
developmental tasks citing three (03) examples.)
tsu;r;rpg; gzpfspd; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fg; gq;fspg;gjw;Fg; gy Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; nghWg;G vd;whYk;>
tsu;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;il kpfTk; Kiwahd kw;Wk; tpupthd Kiwapy; tpupTgLj;jpatu; uhgu;l;
n`tpf;fu;];l; Mthu;. ,tu; kdpj tsu;rr ; pia gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

1. Foe;ijg; gUtk; (Infancy) kw;Wk; Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtk; (early childhood) : 0 - 6 taJ.
2. gpw;fhy Foe;ijg; gUtk; (Later childhood) : 6-13 taJ.
3. ,sikg; gUtk; (Adolescence) : 13 - 18 taJ.
4. Muk;g taJ (Early Adulthood) : 19 - 30 taJ.
5. eLj;ju taJ (Middle Age) : 30 - 60 taJ.
6. ; p (Later maturity) : 60 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky;.
gpd;du; Kjpu;rr

,t;thW> ,tupd;; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpd;

tpUj;jprhu; gzpfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw nghJthff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. elf;ff; fw;wy;.
2. Ngrf; fw;wy;
3. cly; fopTfis ntspNaw;Wtij fw;wy; (learn to use the toilet)
4. jpl czTfis vLf;f fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
5. kw;wtu;fSldhd cwtpypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;; (learn to from relationship with others)
6. ghypd NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; ghypay; mlf;fj;ijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
7. r%f kw;Wk; ngsjPf ajhu;j;jj;ij tptupf;f fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; nkhop
fw;wy;.
8. gbf;fj; jahuhfpwJ

vdNt> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tsu;r;rpg; gzpfisr; nra;a ngw;Nwhu;fs; vt;thW Foe;ijfSf;F cjtyhk;

vd;gij gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsq;fyhk;.
1. elf;ff; fw;wy;: tplaj;ij vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy; eilgapw;rp vd;gJ Foe;ijapd; tho;f;ifapy;
xU mbg;gil gbahFk;. ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;jpd; fz;Lgpbg;G ngw;NwhUf;Fk;
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; cw;rhfkhd kw;Wk; gaKWj;Jk; nraw;ghlhFk;. Foe;ijfis jLkhwp
tPo;j;Jtjhy;> mtu;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gJ ngUfpa Kiwapy; fbdkhfp tUfpwJ.
elf;fj; njhlq;Fk; xU Foe;ij> Foe;ijf;Fk; mtDila ngw;NwhUf;Fk; ngupa
khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ. ghJfhg;ghd R+oiy cUthf;FtJ Foe;ijf;F NkYk;
NkYk; elf;f mjpf ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jk;. vdNt elf;ff; fw;wy; tsu;rr ; pg; gzpiar;
nra;a ngw;Nwhu;fs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Clhf Foe;ijfSf;F cjtyhk;.

 gps;is rkepiyiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s cjjy; : Foe;ij elf;fj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ mtid

vg;NghJk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtiu Mjupg;gjd; %yKk;> mtu; jdJ Kjy;
gbfis vLf;Fk;NghJ iffisg; gpbg;gjd; %yKk; rkepiyg;gLj;JtJ vg;gb vd;gijg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s mtUf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.
 NkYk; elf;f Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ> mtuJ fhyzpfis fow;wTk;. ntWk; fhy;fis
itj;jpUg;gJ Foe;ij epw;f cjt Ntz;Lk;.
 Foe;ij tPl;bypUe;J my;yJ nghJ ,lq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> mtu;fspd; Kjy;
eltbf;iffis vLf;f nghUj;jkhd fhyzpfis mzpa cjtNtz;Lk;.

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 Mgj;J ,y;yhj tPL ,Uf;f mbg;gil trjpfis nra;aNtz;Lk;. (cjhuzkhf>

Mgj;jhd jsq;fis rPu; nra;jy;> fOj;ij neupf;Fk; mghaj;ijj; jtpu;f;f jsu;thd
jpiur;rPiyfs; my;yJ mtw;wpd; tlq;fis gpd;Ndhf;fp fl;Ljy;> Foe;ijia neUg;gplk;
,Ue;J tpyf;fp itj;jy;> rikayiwia G+l;b itj;jy;)
 tPl;bw;F ntspNa ghJfhg;igf; ftdpg;gJ.

2. jpl czTfis vLf;f fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ: ghy; kl;LNk Fbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j cq;fs;

Foe;ijapd; lal;by; rpd;d khw;wk;. jpl czitf; Foe;ijf;Ff; nfhLg;gij tPdpq;
(Weaning) vdyhk;. ,e;j tPdpq;fpd; Kjy; gb> MNuhf;fpakhd czTg; gof;fj;ijf;
Foe;ijf;F mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ. mjhtJ> jpl czTfs; Foe;ijf;F nfhLg;gJ. Foe;ij>
];G+dpy; ,Ue;J vg;gbr; rhg;gpLtJ> vg;gb nkd;W tpOq;FtJ vd Kjy;Kiwahf ePq;fs;
Foe;ijf;Ff; fw;Wj; jUfpwPu;fs;. ,e;j Kiwahy; Foe;ij NtW Ritia czu;fpwJ
cztpd; jd;ikia> gjj;ij czuj; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,ij mtu;fspd; mofhd KfRspg;gpy;
ePq;fs; fz;L urpf;fyhk;. vdNt jpl czTfis vLf;f fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Foe;ijfSf;F>
ngw;Nwhu;fs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Clhf cjtyhk;.

 Foe;ijapd; 06 tJ khjj;jpy; ,Ue;J jpl czTfs; nfhLg;gjw;F Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 jpl czitr; rhg;gpl Foe;ijj; jahuh vd njupe;Jnfhz;L cztspg;gJ.
 jpl czTfs; nfhLf;Fk;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait tplajhdq;fis mwpe;J elg;gJ.
mjhtJ

 Foe;ij mku;e;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; czitf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijiag;

gLf;fitj;jgb czit xUNghJk; nfhLf;f $lhJ.
 Foe;ijf;F Cl;Lk; ];G+d; $u;ikahf ,y;yhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
];G+d; $u;ikahf ,Ue;jhy; Foe;ijapd; <Wfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
 Foe;ijf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ];G+d; cs;spl;l ghj;jpuq;fis nte;ePupy; Kf;fp
vLj;J ed;whfr; Rj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ ,jw;nfd epiwag; nghUl;fs;
khu;f;nfl;by; fpilf;fpd;wd. mtw;iw gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 czT rupahd gjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ];G+dpy; vLj;J Foe;ijf;F
Cl;Lk;NghJ czT fPNo nfhl;lhky; ,Uf;Fk; gb ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 czitj; jahu; nra;j ,uz;L kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; Foe;ijf;F Cl;b tpl Ntz;Lk;.
jahupj;j czT ,uz;L kzp Neukhfptpl;lhy;> mijf; Foe;ijf;Fj; ju Ntz;lhk;.
vg;NghJk; Gjpjhf jahupj;j czTfisj; jUtJ ey;yJ.
 Foe;ijf;F ve;j khjj;jpy; vijj; juNtz;Lk; vd;gij khj thupahd czT
ml;ltizia jahupj;J toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

Foe;ijf;F czTf; nfhLg;gjw;F Kd; mJgw;wpa midj;J jfty;fisAk; KOikahfj;

njupe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. ,jdhy; Foe;ijapd; eyk; Nkk;gLk;. ftiyapd;wp> kfpo;r;rpahf
cq;fs; Foe;ijf;F cztspAq;fs;. ePq;fs; jUtJ ntWk; czty;y; cztpd; %ykhf
Cl;lj;ijf; Foe;ijf;F jUfpwPu;fs; vd;gij epidtpy; itAq;fs;.

3. Ngrf; fw;wy;:

Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpNyjhd; (Foe;ijapd; Kjy; MW tUlq;fs;)

%is kpfTk; tsu;r;rpailfpwJ mjtJ epA+uhd;fs; Ntfkhf tsUk; fhyg;gFjpahFk;>
mjdhy;jhd; 6 taJf;Fs; cs;s Foe;ijfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy nkhopfisf; fw;Fk; Mw;wy;
cs;stu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

gps;isfspd; nkhoptpUj;jpahdJ tPl;bypUe;Nj Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. ey;y tPl;Lr; R+oypNyNa

mJ tsk; ngWfpd;wJ. gps;isfs; Ngrj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Muk;g Kaw;rpfis tpsq;fpf;
nfhz;L> mtu;fs; Ngrj; njhlq;Ftjw;F ngw;Nwhu;fNs ifnfhLf;fpd;wdu;. tsu;e;j xUtu;
NgRtijg; Nghd;W jkJ gps;isfspd; nrhw;fs; xypf;fhtpbDk;> mtu;fs; nrhy;y te;jJ
vd;d vd;gij ngw;Nwhu; Gupe;J nfhs;thu;fs;.

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gps;isfs; jkJ nkhopiag; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;Fk; NghJk; ngw;NwhNu Cf;fk;

mspf;fpd;wdu;. gps;isfspd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhd gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis ngw;NwhNu
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJTk; tPl;Lr; R+oypy; mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt Ngrf; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Foe;ijfSf;F> ngw;Nwhu;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Clhf cjtyhk;.

 Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; xU nrw;fis my;yJ ngaiu gy jlitfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy; ,jdhy; Foe;ij Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;.
 nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhd gy;NtW El;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; glk; ghu;j;J fij
nrhy;yy; vd;gJ gps;isfspd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F cjTtNjhL khj;jpukpd;wp> jkJ
fw;gidj;jpwidAk; gilg;ghw;wiyAk; $l gps;isfs; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
 gps;isfSf;Fr; rypg;igf; nfhLf;fhj tifapy;> ngupa vOj;Jf;fspy; mr;rbf;fg;gl;l>
glq;fSld; $ba Gj;jfq;fis thq;fpf; nfhLj;J> gps;isfSld; Nru;e;J mtw;iwg;
gbf;f Ntz;baJk; ngw;Nwhupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,t;thW fijfis thrpj;J tUk; NghJk;>
jkf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd xU fijiag; gy jlitfs; ngw;Nwhuplk; gps;is thrpf;f Nfl;Fk;.
mt;thW thrpf;ff; Nfl;gJ Foe;ijfSf;F tpUg;gkhf ,UgNjhL mf;fijfspy; tUk;
nrhw;fis kw;Wk; ngau;fis Foe;ijAk; cr;rupf;fj; jahuhFk;.
 nrhw;fis vOJtjd; Clhf Ngrf; fw;gpj;jy;.
 glq;fspD}lhf Ngrf; fw;gpj;jy;.

,Wjpahf> Foe;ijg;gUtk; kw;Wk; Muk;gg; gps;isg; gUtq;fs; ve;jnthU tplaj;ijAk; ntF

tpiuthf cs;thq;ff; $ba xU gUtkhFk;. ,g; gUtj;jpNy rpwhu;fspd; nkhop tpUj;jpf;Fg;
ngw;Nwhu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; kpfTk; epjhdkhfTk; nghWikahfTk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

- 11 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

04. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; gps;isfspd; mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis (Cognitive Skills)

tpUj;jp nra;a nraw;gLj;jf;$ba %d;W nraw;ghLfis RUf;fkhf
tpgupf;Ff.
Foe;ijfs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; tsu;fpd;wd> ,uz;L Foe;ijfSk; xNu khjpup ,Ue;jhYk;>
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tajpy; ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; rpy Kd;Ndw;w iky;fw;fs; cs;sd. koiyau; gs;spf;Fs;
Eiotjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;F> xU Gjpa cyfk; jpwf;fg;gl cs;sJ. mtu;fs;
Gjpa tp\aq;fis fw;Fk; kw;Wk; mDgtpf;Fk;. gs;sp Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd; rpy Kf;fpa mwpthw;wy;
jpwd;fisf; fhl;l ,J ey;yJ.

mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp

cq;fs; gps;isapd; tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; cq;fs; Foe;ij mwpthw;wy; iky;fw;fis

milfpwJ. Mdhy; GyDzu;T rhu;e;j tsu;r;rp vd;d> mJ Vd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ? mwpthw;wy;
tsu;r;rp mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fsplkpUe;J nghUs; kw;Wk; mwpitg; ngw xU jdp egupd;
jpwidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Mdhy; mwpthw;wy; Gjpa jfty; fw;wy; tpl mjpfk;. Gjpa jftiyg; gw;wp
ehk; rpe;jpj;J> vt;thW nray;gLfpNwhk;> mij gug;gyhk;. Kd;G mwpe;j mwpitg; gw;wpa Gjpa
jftiy ehq;fs; vt;thW gad;gLj;JfpNwhk; vd;gijAk; ,J cs;slf;FfpwJ.

gps;isfs; tsUk;NghJ> mtu;fsJ rpe;jid jpwd; kpFe;j mstpy; Kd;NdWk;. mtu;fs; cau;e;j
kl;lq;fspy; jq;fis rpe;jpf;fTk; ntspg;gLj;jTk; KbAk;. mtu;fs; koiyau; gs;sp fhyj;jpy;>
cq;fs; gps;is tplaq;fisg; gw;wp Nahrpj;J> gy;NtW topfspy; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs
ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.,g;NghJ cq;fs; gps;isapd; mwpthw;wy; jpwikfs; ,d;Dk; rpwg;ghf
,Uf;Fk;> mtu;fs; gs;sp njhlq;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. gs;spapd; Kjy; Mz;by; cq;fs;
Foe;ijf;F ePq;fs; ghu;f;Fk; tsu;r;rp mrhjhuzkhdJ.

ePq;fs; Nru Kd;> koiyau; gs;spf;F Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpy mwpthw;wy; jpwikfs;
cs;sd.

mwpthw;wy; jpwd; - njhlu;G

koiyau; gs;sp taJ Foe;ijfs; Ie;J Kjy; MW thu;j;ij jz;lidfis gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; nrhy;Yk; vd;d Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk; vd;W mtu;fs; njspthf NghJkhd
Ngr Ntz;Lk;. ey;y jfty; njhlu;G jpwd;fs; koiyau; gs;sp xU Kf;fpa gFjpahFk;. cq;fs;
Foe;ij mtw;wpd; Njitfis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;> Mrpupau;fSlDk; rf khztu;fSlDk;
njhlu;G nfhs;sTk;> Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;fTk; KbAk;.

GyDzu;T jpwd; - vz;Zk;

,e;j tajpy; ngUk;ghyhd Foe;ijfs; 10 Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vz;Zk; jpwd; mtrpak;. koiyau;
gs;sp khztu;fs; vz;fis vOJtJ> mbg;gil $Ljyhdtw;iw nra;tJ> NkYk; "mjpf" kw;Wk;
"FiwthdJ" Mfpatw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd; nghUisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ.

GyDzu;T jpwd; - cz;ikapy; vjpuhf mwptpay;

,e;j tajpy; Foe;ijfs; cz;ik kw;Wk; xU fij (cz;ik my;yJ mwptpay;) tpj;jpahrk;
Gupe;J nfhs;s njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; ,d;Dk; fijfs; Nfl;f> jq;fs; nrhe;j fijia
nrhy;yTk; vOjTk;> rpy fijfs; gbf;fTk; Muk;gpf;Fk;. mjdhy;jhd; mit elf;Fk; kw;Wk;
cz;ikapy; ele;jJ vd;W VjhtJ ,ilapy; NtWgLj;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mwpthw;wy; jpwd; - epfo;Tfs; tupir

tsu;r;rpapy; ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;> gy Foe;ijfs; xU tupir tupirapy; xU epfo;r;rpiag; gw;wp Ngryhk;.

njhlu; epfo;Tfis Kbe;jtiu xU fijia Muk;gk;> eLj;juk;> kw;Wk; KbTf;F nfhz;LtUtJ
xU Kd;NdhbahFk;. khztu;fs; gbf;f kw;Wk; vOj njhlq;Fk; vd> ,e;j tifahd mwpT
Kf;fpakhdJ.
- 12 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

GyDzu;T jpwd; - vspa jpirfs;

koiyau; gs;sp khztu;fs; Fog;gkpd;wp ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W gb topfis gpd;gw;wyhk;. koiyau;
gs;sp gy gbfs; jpirfspy; epuk;gpAs;sJ> mJ vt;thW xU Ntiyia Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
vg;gb ,ilntspiaj; jahu;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;j mwpTWj;jyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. gbg;gbahf kPz;Lk;
gbg;gjw;fhd topKiwfis Nfl;fhky; cq;fs; Foe;ij mbg;gil topKiwfis Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; nrhe;j Ntfj;jpy; tsu;rr ; p iky;fw;fs; mila. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tajpy;

jutupirfisj; jhq;f Kbahtpl;lhy;> fw;wy; Fiwghl;il Fwpf;ftpy;iy> my;yJ mJ "Nkhrkhd"
ngw;Nwhupd; gpujpgypg;G my;y. ,Ug;gpDk;> cq;fs; gps;isapd; GyDzu;T tsu;r;rpiag; gw;wp ePq;fs;
ftiyg;gLfpwPu;fs; vd;why;> cq;fs; czu;Tfis Gwf;fzpf;fhjPu;fs;. cq;fs; ftiyiaj; jPu;f;f
cq;fs; gps;isapd; Mrpupau; my;yJ kUj;JtUld; re;jp.

xU Foe;ijapd; GyDzu;T tsu;rr ; papd; Nghf;F Kf;fpakhf kugZf;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ>

Mdhy; mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis cz;ikapy; fw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;W Muha;r;rp
fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. cq;fs; Foe;ij mtu;fSld; NgRtjd; %yk; mtupd; mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis
Nkk;gLj;jTk;> mtu;fs; gbf;fpw xU Gj;jfj;ijg; gw;wpa Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fTk;> mtu;fs; vLj;j
xU gazk;> me;j ehspy; mtu;fs; vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd;gijg; gw;wpa Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fTk;
cjtyhk;. ,J cq;fs; Foe;ijia jftiy nrayhf;f kw;Wk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;fhd koiyau; gs;sp vd;gJ xU ngupa gbahFk;> vdNt cq;fs;
Foe;ij jahuhf cs;sjh vd;gijg; gw;wpa ftiyfs; ,Ue;jhy; Gupe;Jnfhs;tPu;fs;. ,e;j Kf;fpa
mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; cq;fs; gps;isapd; cs;Ns Eioe;jpUf;Fk; msit kjpg;gha;T nra;a
rpwpJ Neuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. Fwpg;gpl;l jpwik gw;wp ftiy ,Ue;jhy;> mtu;fSld; Ntiy
nra;J> Njitg;gl;lhy; mwpTiufisj; NjLq;fs;.

- 13 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

05. rpy Foe;ijfs; elf;fTk;> NgRtjw;Fk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kd;Ng

tiug;gbiffs; (Tablets) etPd njhiyNgrpfs; (Smart Phones) Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wy;fis nfhz;Ls;shu;fs;. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpd;
tsu;r;rp (Growth) kw;Wk; tpUj;jpia (Development) b[pl;ly; jpiufs; (Digital screens)
vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
Clfj;Jiw Ntfk; ngw;W mwptpaypd; tsHr;rpahy; ,d;W gy;NtW gupkhzk; ngw;W cs;sJ. mr;R
Clfk;> fhl;rp Clfk; Mfpad kdpj tho;tpy; ,uz;lw fye;J tpl;ld. nra;jp jhs;> ehNsL> thu
,jo;> khj ,jo;> khjkpUKiw ,jo; vdTk;> njhiynjhlHG Clfq;fs; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp>
gz;giy> tiyj;jsk;> ,izak; vdTk; fpis tpl;L tsHe;J cs;sJ. ,t;t+lfq;fs; md;whl
kdpj tho;tpy; jhf;fj;ijAk;> khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; Kjd;ik rhjdq;fs; Mfptpl;ld. jdp
kdpj tho;it jtpuTk; r%f nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L jsq;fspYk; Clfk; Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf jpfo;fpwJ.

rpW Foe;ijfis btp ghu;f;fTk;> njhiyNgrpfisg; ghu;f;fTk;> tPbNah Nfk;fis tpisahlTk;

mDkjpg;gJ ey;yjy;y vd;gJ nghJthd fUj;jhFk;. Mdhy; mt;thW $Wk; gyUf;F mJ Vd;
vd;w Nfs;tpf;F rupahd gjpy; njupahJ. vdNt ,e;jj; jpiufspy; mjpf Neuk; nrytopf;f Ntz;lhk;
vd;W $Wtjw;fhd cz;ikahd kw;Wk; MjhuG+u;tkhd fhuzj;ij ,d;W $WfpNwhk;. Kjypy;>
,e;j ];fpuPd; Neuk; btpf;F kl;Lky;y. ehq;fs; nghJthf btp ghu;g;gjpy;iy vd;whYk; ];fpuPd;
ilk; gpuptpy; btpfs;> nry;Nghd;fs;> nlg;nyl;Lfs; kw;Wk; fzpdpj; jpiufs; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
vdNt> b[pl;ly; jpiufs; my;yJ SCREEN TIME Foe;ijfSf;F Vd; jPq;F tpistpf;fpwJ
vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJk; Foe;ijfis ,tw;wpypUe;J tpyf;fp itg;gJk; ngupatu;fshfpa vkJ
nghWg;ghFk;.

Virtual Autism

,e;j Virtual Autism vd;gJ kpf rkPgj;jpa kUj;Jt uPjpahd fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. itj;jpau;fs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahsu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb b[pl;ly; jpiuapy; mjpfk; Neuj;ij nrytpLk; Foe;ijfSf;F ,e;j
Virtual Autismj;jpd; rpy mwpFwpfisf; fhl;lf;$Lk;. ,e;j b[pl;ly; jpiufs; rpwhu;fSf;F Autism
vdg;gLk; ,e;j Neha;fSf;fhd mwpFwpfSf;F xU fhuzk;. njhlu;e;J b[pl;ly; jpiuia
gykzpNeuk; ghu;g;gJ Foe;ijapd; %is tsu;r;rpiaf; Fiwf;Fk;. ,J xUtUf;F gjpyspg;gJ
kw;Wk; fz;izg; ghu;j;J Neubahf njhlu;G nfhs;shjJ Nghd;w mwpFwpfSf;F toptFf;Fk;. ,it
Autism-j;jpd; mbg;gil mwpFwpfs;.

elj;ij gpur;rpidfs;

Njitapy;yhky; Foe;ijfis b[pl;ly; jpiufSf;F gof;fg;gLj;J tsu;e;J tUk; Foe;ijfspd;

elj;ijapy; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. Foe;ijfspy; rpy ruhrup tajpdUf;F ,ay;ghd elj;ij
gpur;rpidfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. Fwpg;ghf btp> nkhigy; kw;Wk; fzpdpfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; ftdk;
nrYj;jhj rhjhuz tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;l xU Foe;ij kw;Wk; ,e;j b[pl;ly; rhjdq;fspy; mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;Jk;. mjhtJ> mtu;fspd; czu;r;rpfs;> r%f njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fisr; Rw;wp
vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gjw;F mtu;fs; gjpyspf;Fk; tpjk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mtu;fSf;F rpf;fy;fs;
Vw;glyhk;.

fy;tpapy; rpf;fy;fs;

mLj;jJ fy;tp njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;. fy;tp vd;gJ ghlrhiy fy;tp kl;Lky;y. rpWtaJ Kjy;
Foe;ijfs; rpy tplaq;fis jhkhfNt fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; mijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s
tpUk;gpdhy;> mtu;fs; Rw;Wr;R+oiyf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; b[pl;ly; jpiu ,e;j R+oy;
fz;fhzpg;G jpwd;fspy; Foe;ijfspd; Neuj;ijAk; Mu;tj;ijAk; Fiwf;fpwJ. vdNt rpWtaJ
kw;Wk; Kd;gs;sp fy;tp ,uz;LNk ,e;j b[pl;ly; jpiufshy; jlq;fyhf ,Uf;Fk;.

- 14 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

cly; gUkd;

b[pl;ly; jpiu vd;gJ xNu ,lj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;J gykzpNeuj;ij tPzbf;ff;$ba xU fUtpahFk;.

Foe;ijfs; ,aw;ifahfNt kpfTk; RWRWg;ghf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,e;j nraw;ghl;ilf; Fiwg;gJ kw;Wk;
btp kw;Wk; fzpdpfisg; ghu;g;gjpy; mjpf Neuk; nrytpLtJ Foe;ijfspy; Njitaw;w cly;
gUkDf;F toptFf;Fk;. Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; cly; gUkd;> tsu;e;j gpwFk; cliy ghjpf;Fk;
xU epiyahf khWk; vd gy kUj;Jt epGzu;fs; MjhuG+u;tkhf tpsf;fpAs;sdu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
,J njhlUNkahdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; fbdkhfptpLk;.

Kuz;Lgpbj;jy;

b.tpf;fs;> nry;Nghd;fs; kw;Wk; fzpdpfs; Nghd;w b[pl;ly; rhjdq;fSf;F mjpfstpy;

mbikahf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs;> mjpy; cs;s fjhghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;
kw;Wk; tPbNah Nfk;fs; fhuzkhf fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Kul;Lf; Foe;ijfshf khwf;$Lk;. b[pl;ly;
jpiuf;F mg;ghy; R+oy; kw;Wk; fiy Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; mtu;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jhjjhy;
czu;jpwd; kpf;f jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;. ,e;j Foe;ijfs; r%fj;jpy; jq;fisr;
Rw;wpAs;stu;fspd; khWgl;l czu;r;rpfisf; ftdpj;J nraw;gLtJk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fnkd
kUj;Jtu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,e;j b[pl;ly; jpiufSf;F Kd;dhy; mtu;fs; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpd;
fhuzkhf mtu;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiwa r%f jpwd;fis mtu;fs; ,of;fpd;wdu; .

J}f;fkpd;ik

,J b[pl;ly; jpiuAld; Neubahf njhlu;GgLj;jg;glhj Mdhy; kiwKfkhf

,ize;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba xU tplak;. btp> fk;g;A+l;lu; Nghd;w rhjdq;fSf;F mbikahFk;
Foe;ijfs; J}q;FtJk; FiwT. ,jw;F fhuzk;> b[pl;ly; jpiu topahf fz;Zf;F kpf mUfpy;
tUk; Njitaw;w xsp fhuzkhf ,uTf;Fk; gfYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il %is rupahf
ngwhjjhy; ,utpy; tpopj;jpUg;gJk; gfypy; cwq;FtJkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jd; tpisthf ngUk;ghYk;
J}f;fj;ij ,of;fyhk;.

FLk;g cwTfs;

b[pl;ly; jpiufSf;F mbikahf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSldhd njhlu;ig

,of;fpd;wdu;. ngupatu;fs; ,ij czu;e;Jk;> mj;NjhL mtu;fs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw b[pl;ly; jpiuapy;
mjpf Neuj;ij nrytpl;lhYk;> rpwpatu;fs; ,ijg;gw;wp rupahf mwpahky; cs;sdu;. ,jdhy; FLk;g
cwTfspy; ,Ue;J J}ukhfpd;wdu;. FLk;gj;Jld; Neuj;ij nrytpLtJ> mtu;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;tJ> mtu;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ,e;j b[pl;ly; jpiufshy;
jilgLfpwJ. ,e;j mq;fPfhuk; mtu;fspd; kd tsu;rr ; papy; xU iky; fy;yhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,J
Foe;ijfspd; tsu;rr ; pf;F jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; xU epiy. ,jdhy;jhd; ngw;Nwhu;fs; my;yJ
guhkupg;ghsu;fspd; trjpf;fhf Foe;ijfs; b[pl;ly; jpiufSf;F Mshfpd;wdu; vd $wg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Foe;ijfSk; mtu;fisr; Rw;wpAs;stu;fSk; ,jd; tpisTfis mDgtpf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.

kf;fs; njhlh;G rhjdq;fshd thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> jpiug;glq;fs;> gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk;

nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> ifNgrpfs;> fzpdp kw;Wk; ,izajsk; Nghd;wit Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt
mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpia nghpJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; njhlh;G rhjdq;fspd; Kf;fpa
gzpfs; kf;fSf;F md;whl jfty;fis mspg;gJ> nghOJNghf;fpw;Fg; gad;gLtJ> tpsk;guq;fspd;
topNa th;j;jf tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLtJ vd;whYk;> Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk;
tsHr;rpf;Fk; ,tw;wpd; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; kiwKfkhfg; ngUe;njhlh;G cs;sJld; ghjpg;GfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

- 15 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

gFjp - II
01. I. r%fkakhf;fYld; (Socialisation) ,ize;j tifapy; Foe;ij tpUj;jpapy;
FLk;gj;jpd; tfpgq;if %d;W cjhuzq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
kdpjd; jd; r%fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij tphpthf;f xd;Wg;gl;lhd;. mtdJ fyhr;rhuk; r%fj;jpw;F
kl;Lky;yhJ jd; gpd;dhy; tUk; re;jjpf;Fk; NrHe;Nj mike;jJ. r%fk; vd;gjpy; ngw;NwhH> MrphpaH>
ez;gHfs;> midtUk; mlq;FtH. ,r;rKjhak;jhd; kdpjd; gpw tpyq;fpdq;fspy; ,Ue;J
khWgLfpwhd;. rKjhaj;jpDs;Sk; gue;j rKjhaj;jpDs;Sk; jdpkdpj #o;epiy kw;Wk;
r%fj;JlDk;> rKjhaj;JlDk; jdpkdpjDila cwT gw;wpaJ r%fkakhf;fy; fw;wy; MFk;.
r%f cstpayhsHfs; jdpegH> r%f kw;Wk; rKjha tho;f;if juj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
mtHfSila Nehf;fk; $l;L Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; eltbf;if %yk; tho;f;if juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.
rKjhakhf;fy; %yk; rKjhaj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzHe;J mtHfSf;fpilapyhd
cwTfs; kw;Wk; njhlHGila kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;F> elj;ij Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jiug;gJ gpwe;j
Foe;ij> rKjhaj;jpd; kuGfs; kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fis mwpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ve;j kjpg;GfisAk;
my;yJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; mila mJ vz;Ztjpy;iy. Foe;ij tsu> tsu fy;tpapd; Kiwahd>
Kiwaw;w nray;fshy; mjd; cly;> kdk;> czHr;rp kw;Wk; rKjha czHTfs; khWfpd;wd.
gpd;dNu jd; nghWg;Gfis czHe;J> gpur;ridfisj; jhNd jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s mf;Foe;ij KaYk;.
rKjhaj;jpd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g> Foe;ijaplk;> tpUk;gj;jf;f khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j fy;tp tif
nra;fpwJ. fy;tp> Foe;ijfspd; KOikahd MSikia tsHf;fpwJ. JzpT cilatd;>
ed;dlj;ij cilatd;> caHgz;G cilatd; vd tsHr;rp milar; nra;tNjhL> rKjhaj;jpd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk;> tsHr;rpf;Fk; cjTfpwJ. NkYk; fy;tpapd; thapyhf> r%f elj;ij> Md;kPf ehl;lk;>
Njrpa tpUg;gq;fs;> fyhr;rhug; ghuk;ghpaq;fs; Mfpad xU jiyKiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU
jiyKiwf;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;iffisAk; NjHT nra;ag;gl;l ,yf;FfisAk;> fy;tp eilKiwfNshL
,izf;fr; rhpahd topfhl;Ljy;fshf fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. mNjNeuj;jpy; cldbj;
NjitfisAk;> fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. Nja;e;J tUk; r%f kjpg;GfisAk;>
r%fj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fisAk; cldb r%f vjpHg;ghHg;GfisAk;> kdpj Fyj;jpd; tphpj;j
,yf;FfisAk; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mit kdpj Fy vjpHghHg;GfisAk;>
r%f kjpg;GfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; epidT$Htdtha;
mikAk;.
r%fkakhf;fypd; Kfhikfs; (Agencies of Socializing)
r%fk; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fk;> fhy Xl;lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g jdJ mikg;G> nray;fs;>
cUtk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> fy;tp ngWk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. xt;nthU
jiyKiwAk; Kd;NdhHfsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w fyhr;rhu ghuk;ghpaj;NjhL> jkJ mDgtq;fs;>
rpe;jidfs;> kjpg;Gfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; NrHe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F
NrHg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW fyhr;rhug; ghuk;ghpak; njhlHe;J mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwf;Fg; gutpf;
nfhz;NlapUf;f> r%fk; rpy mikg;Gfis cUthf;fp Ngzpg; guhkhpj;J tUfpwJ. NeubahfNth
my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth> fy;tpaspj;jpLk; nghWg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;s ,j;jifa r%f mikg;Gfs;
‘r%fkakhf;fypd; Kfhikfs;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit>
1. FLk;gk;
2. ghlrhiy
3. xg;ghH FO
4. rKjhak;

- 16 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

FLk;gk; (Family)
“$b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik” vd;w fUj;Jg;gb FLk;gk; vd;gJ gy;NtW ehLfspYk;> ehfhPfj;jpd;
gy;NtW epiyapYs;s r%fq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; kpfTk; goiktha;e;j mbg;gil r%f mikg;ghFk;.
FLk;gk; vd;gJ fztd; - kidtp mtHfsJ Foe;ijfs; kl;LNk cs;s jdpf;FLk;gkhfNth> gy
neUq;fpa cwtpdHfs; NrHe;J thOk; $l;Lf; FLk;gkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. FLk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Vida
r%f mikg;Gfs; cUthfp tsHr;rpaile;jd. FLk;gk; ,uj;jg; ghrj;jhy; gpizf;fg;gljhfTk;>
mopahj cwT Kiwfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. FLk;gNk cwT Kiwfs; %yk;
jdpnahUtid nghWg;Gs;s kdpjhdf;FfpwJ. FLk;gNk xU Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpg; ghijapy;
njhlf;fkhf cs;sJ. mjd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;> rpy kuG topte;j cly; - csg;gz;Gfs;> Ez;zwpT
Nghd;wit jha;-je;ijapduJ kuG topfshy; ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
FLk;gk; Foe;ijapd; MSikia nky;y nky;y cUthf;FfpwJ. jpUkzk; %yk; Vw;gLk; FLk;g
tho;f;if> ghY}f;fj;ij epiwT nra;J> kf;fl; nry;tj;ij mspj;J> FLk;g nghWg;GfisAk;
flikfisAk; czHitAk; mwpe;J nrayhw;Wk; gf;Ftj;ijAk; cUthf;FfpwJ. xUtH jkJ
tho;f;ifg; ghijia mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; FLk;gk; ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,dpa FLk;gr; #o;epiy
,y;yhikNa ngUk;ghYk; r%f tpNuhjpfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
ng];lyhrp (Pestolazzi) $WtJ Nghy; Fotpg; gUtk;> koiyg; gUtk; Mfpa ,uz;bidAk;
cs;slf;fpa Foe;ijapd; Kjy; MW Mz;Lfs; kdpj tho;tpy; Kf;fpa fhykhFk;. FLk;gNk Kjy;
gs;spf;$lkhfTk;> jhNa Kjy; MrphpiaahfTk; tpsq;Ftjhf fy;tpahsHfs; midtUk;
fUJfpd;wdH. FLk;gj;jpdhplk; ,Ue;J Ngr;R KiwfisAk; gy;NtW gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;
‘gpd;gw;W Kiwapy;’ ,ay;ghfTk; Kaw;rpapd;wpAk; Foe;ijfs; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. gz;Gfs;
NtHtpLk; Kd;gps;isg; gUtj;jpy;> Foe;ijf;Ff; fpl;Lk; r%fr; #o;epiy KOtJk; FLk;gj;jpNyNa
miktjhy; mjd; MSikapd; mbj;jsKk; ,q;Fjhd; cUthFfpwJ.
Foe;ij ngWk; fy;tpapd; jd;ik> fw;Fk; ,lk;> Kiwikf;Fl;gl;l fy;tp ngWk; Mz;Lfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw FLk;gj;jpd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyNa epHzapf;fpwJ.
RarhHGld; jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd njhopw;jpwd;fis mspg;gjpy; FLk;gNk Kd;Ndhbahf
tpsq;FfpwJ. cjhuzkhf FLk;gj;jpd; ghuk;ghpaj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s tpUk;GNthH> FLk;g
cWg;gpdHfsplkpUe;j mj;njhopiyf; fw;Wj; NjHr;rp milfpd;wdH. ngz; Foe;ijfs;> FLk;gj;ij
epHtfpj;J ,y;yj;jurpahf tpsq;Ftjw;fhd gapw;rpia jk; jhaplkpUe;Nj ngWfpd;wdH.
FLk;gj;jpd; r%f ,iltpidfspy; gq;F ngWtjd; %yk; Foe;ijfs; gy;NtW ew;gz;GfisAk;>
tpUk;gj;jF r%f elj;ijfisAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. “ey;yNjhH FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fofk;”
vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; cz;ikahd $w;whFk;. xj;JzHT> ciog;G> tpl;Lf; nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik>
rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> mOFzHjpwd;> fl;Lg;ghL> fPo;gbjy; Nghd;w gz;Gfs; FLk;gr; #o;epiyapNyNa
kyHfpd;wd. md;G> MjuT> ,dpanrhy;> Nkd;ikahd fz;Lgpbg;G> ghuhl;L Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; %yk; ngw;NwhH jk; Foe;ijfis r%f newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
FbAhpikg; gapw;rpf;fhd Kjw;fskhf miktJ FLk;gNk. FLk;gj;jpd; rpWrpW Ntiyfspy;
ngw;NwhUf;F cjTjy; %yk; nghWg;Gfis Vw;W nray;gLjy;> chpikfNshL> flikfisAk;
czHe;J ele;J nfhs;Sjy;> FLk;g eyDf;fhf rpWrpW Rfq;fs; ,oj;jiy> kfpo;Tld; Vw;wy;
Nghd;w gz;Gfisf; Foe;ijfs; ngWfpd;wdH. kp];]pdp (Mizzini) $WtJ Nghy; Foe;ijfs; jhapd;
Kj;jj;jpw;Fk;> je;ijapd; epkpz;lYf;Fk; ,ilNajhd; FbAhpikg; gapw;rpapd; Kjy; ghlj;jpidf;
fw;fpd;wdH.
ekJ #oypy; kjr; rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpUtpohf;fs; thapyhf r%f cWg;gpdHfs; xd;W $Lk;
,lkhf FLk;gNk mikfpwJ. ,iw ek;gpf;ifiaAk;> rka czHT kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;
FLk;g topghl;L Kiwfspy; gq;F ngWtjd; %yNk Foe;ij jd;trg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ.
njhFj;Jf;$wpd; Foe;ijfis r%fnewpg;gLj;JtjpYk;> RarhHg;Gld; jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
njhopw;jpwd;fis fw;gpg;gjpYk;> FbAhpikg; gapw;rpaspj;jypYk;> xOf;fnewpfisg; gpd;gw;wr;
nra;tjpYk;> rka czHtpid Cl;LtjpYk; gz;ghl;Lg; gof;ftof;fq;fis fw;Wf;nfhLj;J
fyhr;rhu ghuk;ghpaj;ij fl;bf;fhg;gjpYk; FLk;gNk Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Ftjhy;> mJNt
Kjd;ikahd r%fkakhjypd; Kfhik vd;W vt;tpj IaKkpd;wp $wyhk;.

- 17 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

r%fkakhf;fiy Gupe;Jnfhs;s> vupf;rdpd; tsu;r;rp epiy gbfs; cjTfpd;wd. xt;nthU

epiyapYk;> r%fkakhf;fiy gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis fw;gpf;Fk; mikg;GfSk;> mtw;wpypUe;J ngWk;
fUj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd. Foe;ij tsu;e;J> cs r%ftsu;r;rp ngWk;NghJ> ,e;j mikg;Gfspd;
jhf;fk; tYthdjhfNth> tYtpoe;jjhfNth Mfpd;wd. Foe;ijapd; Muk;g tsu;rr ; papy;> FLk;gNk
tYthd mikg;G. MapDk; Foe;ij ghlrhiy nry;Yk; epiyia milAk;NghJ> ghlrhiyapd;
nray;ghLfs; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ghlrhiy tajpy;> xg;ghu;FOf;fs; r%fkakhf;Fjiy tsu;f;Fk;
rhjdq;fshthu;fs;. Kjy; vl;L Mz;Lfspy;> FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> xg;ghu;FO> rKjhak; Mfpaitfs;
r%fkakhf;fiy tsu;g;gjpy; fPo;f;fz;l mk;rq;fspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
 ek;gpf;ifia tsu;j;jy;.
 Rakhf nray;gliy tsu;j;jy;
 Kidg;Gld; nray;gliy Cf;Ftpj;jy;
 jFjp cs;stuhf vz;Zjy; > rhjidfs; gw;wpa Mu;tk; / Mir
 jhd; ahu; vd;gijg; gw;wpa KbTfs;
 kw;wtu;fSld; njhlu;Gfs;
 mLj;j tk;rhtspapdiug; gw;wpa KbTfs;
 tho;f;if gw;wp rpe;jpj;jy;
MfNt> fy;tp rKjhak; tho;tjw;fhd XHmbg;gil> tho;f;ifNahL gpd;dpg;gpize;jJ r%f
epiyia Nkk;gLj;j xU fUtp> fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; rKjhaj; NjitfNshL njhlHGilajhf
,Uf;fpd;wd. Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;ghd Njitfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; rKjhaj; NjitfNshL
rhHe;J epw;git. Foe;ijfs; rKjhaj;jpd; ,sk; rq;fj;jpdH MtH. MfNt fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
mf;Foe;ijfspd; rKjha Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjtf;$ba tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

- 18 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

II. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpYk;> Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpYk; Foe;ijfspd; r%f

tsu;r;rpf;F nkhop ifafg;gLj;jy; (Language Acquisition) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpYk;> Muk;g gps;isg; gUtj;jpYk; Foe;ijfspd;
nkhoptsu;r;rpia vspjhf;Ftjpy; ngw;Nwhupd; tfpgq;if xt;nthU gUtj;jpw;Fk;
%d;W cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L fye;JiuahLf. ckJ tpilia ,yf;fpa
Mjhuq;fspD}lhf epahag;gLj;jTk;.

nkhopj; jpwd; vd;gJ rpWtajpypUe;Nj njhlu;r;rpahf Nkk;gLj;jf; $ba xd;whFk;. nkhop vd;gJ
ntspnfhzUk; xU FwpaPlhFk;. Foe;ijapd; jpwid %isahdJ tsu;e;J vz;zq;fspd;
gpujpepjpahfTk;> fpilj;j jfty;fis njupT nra;Ak; epiyf;fhd Xu; kW cUtkhfTk;
nkhopj;jpwd; nray;gLfpwJ.

nkhop tpUj;jpiag; nghWj;jstpYk; Foe;ijg;gUtk; Kf;fpakhdJ. nkhop tpUj;jpahdJ nkhopf;F

Kd;ida tpUj;jp> nkhop tpUj;jp vd ,U fl;lq;fspy; mikfpd;wJ. nkhopf;F Kd;ida tpUj;jpf;
fl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Njhd;Wk; koiyg; Ngr;R> Mwhk; khjkstpy; Muk;gkhfpwJ. koiyf; fl;lj;jpy;
fhJ ke;jkhd Foe;ijfs; cl;gl midj;J Foe;ijfSk; tFg;G> Njrpa ,d NtWghbd;wp NgRk;
koiy xypfs; xNu tpjkhdit vd;gJ tpNrlkhff; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; vd;dntdpy;
koiy xypfs; Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fspd; Kjpu;rr ; papd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;wNjnahopa tsu;e;Njhu;
Ngr;ir mtu;fs; Nfl;gijg; nghWj;J Vw;gLtJ ,y;iy.

nkhop tsu;r;rp Foe;ijapd; mOif gpw;fhyj;jpy; mJ vOg;gf;$ba rj;jj;jpw;F Ntz;ba thAld;

$ba rfy cWg;GfSf;Fk; mbg;gilahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Foe;ij Nfl;Fk; nkhopapYs;s mbg;gil
xypfisAk; mikg;igAk; gad;gLj;jp Foe;ij gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ngrf;fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. Foe;ij
Ngrf;fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,Nyrhd xypia vOg;Gk;. Mdhy; gps;is nkhop Mw;wypy;
NtWgl;bUg;gJld;> mj;jifa tsu;rr; p ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLtJ gw;wpAk; ehk; mwpe;jpUg;gJ
mtrpakhFk;.

nkhop tsu;r;rpapNy Kd;nkhopapay; epiy> nkhopapay; epiy vd ,Uepiyfs; cz;L.

Kd;nkhopapay; epiy %d;W fl;lq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mOjy;> $Tjy;> koiyr; nrhw;
NgRjy;. mOjy; fl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpfkhf vjidAk; nra;a Kbahtpl;lhYk; xypia cs;thq;Fk;
vy;iyapy; xypia NtW gpupj;jwpfpd;wJ. ,Ukhj tajstpy; $Tjy; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. Foe;ijapd;
thairg;Gf;fspy; fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; ngWtjpdhy; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp moifaw;w xypahf khw;Wk;.
rpy Foe;ijfs; ngUkstpw;F $Tjiyr; nra;tJld; mt;thW nra;tjpy; mjpfk; ,d;gKk;
fhZfpd;wdu;. MwhtJ khjj;jpy; koiyr; nrhy;NgRjy; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; Foe;ij
jd;Dila ehf;F> cjL> njhz;il Mfpa thAWg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf ,d;gk; fhZk;.
koiyg;Ngr;R rfy ,dj;jtupilNaAk; xNukhjpupahf ,Ug;gjpdhy; ,J xU ru;tNjr
nkhopahfpd;wJ. Nfs;tpf; FiwghLila gps;isfspd; mOjy;> $Tjy;> koiy NgRjy;
Mfpatw;wpy; vt;tpjkhd tpj;jpahrq;fSk; ,y;iy. koiyg; gUtj;jpYs;s gps;isfs; rfy
xypfisAk; cz;lhf;Ftu;.

Vidatu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopapy; mit ,lk;ngw;whYk; Foe;ijfspd; Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fs;

vt;tpj rk;ge;jKkpy;yhky; rj;jj;ij cUthf;Fk;. nkhopapay; epiy Foe;ij jdJ KjyhtJ
nrhy;iyg; NgRtJld; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. KjyhtJ tajpNy rpy jdpr; nrhw;fis Foe;ij NgRk;.
,e;j epiyAk; %d;W fl;lq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Xu; nrhy; epiy. je;jp Kiwg;Ngr;R>
KOikahd thf;fpaq;fs;> Foe;ij jdJ KjyhtJ jdpr;nrhy;iyg;Ngr rpwpJ fhyk; vLg;gpDk;>
mjd; gpd; tpiuthf rpy nrhw;fis cr;rupf;Fk;. 15 khj tajpy; 10 nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;
fsQ;rpaj;ij njupe;jpUf;Fk;. 19 khj tajpy; 50 nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l nrhW fsQ;rp ghij
njupe;jpUf;Fk; nkhop tsu;r;rpapYs;s jdpahs; nghJthditahFk;. ,uz;lhtJ> je;jpKiwg;Ngr;R
Muk;gpj;J tpLfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l thf;fpaj;ij
NgRtu;.

- 19 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

Ngr;R tsu;r;rpia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;. Ngr;R tsu;r;rpahdJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJk;> fw;wy; nray;
KiwfSld; njhlu;GilaJkhFk;. fw;wiy ghjpf;fpd;w ve;jnthU fhuzpAk; gps;isfs; Ngrf;
fw;gijg; ghjpf;Fk;. cs tpUj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tPjk; nkhop tsu;r;rpf;fhd xU
mbg;gilf; fhuzpahFk;. Foe;ijapd; koiyg; Ngr;rpy; fhzg;gLk; capu; - nka; vOj;Jf;fspd;
epfo;jfT tPjk; mjDila gpw;fhy Ez;zwptpd; vjpu;T Fwpahf tpsq;Fk;. cau; cs
Mw;wiyf;nfhz;l gps;isfs;> nkhopahw;wypy; Fwpg;ghd rpwe;j ntspg;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltu;.

R+oy; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; nkhop tsu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. rpwg;ghd nkhoptsu;r;rpf;F Nghjpa

msthd> nghUj;jkhd> Jhz;bfs; tPl;Lr;R+oypy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy
J}z;bfshtd> fijg;Gj;jfq;fis jha;khu; thrpj;Jf;fhl;ly;. ghly; ghbf;fhl;ly;. Foe;ijfs;
tsu;e;NjhUld; ,ilj;jhf;fk; Gupjy;. nraw;ghLfisj; J}z;Ltjw;fhd eltbf;iffshFk;.

nghJthf fw;wiy ghjpf;Fk; vy;yhf; fhuzpfSk; nkhop fpufpj;jiyAk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. #oypy;

cs;s J}z;ly;fs;> Foe;ij ,iltpid nfhs;Sk; tsu;e;Njhu; kw;Wk; gps;isfspd; njhif>
ghlg;Gj;jfq;fSk; fijg;Gj;jfq;fSk; fpilf;fg;ngwy;> gps;isfSf;F fij nrhy;Yfpd;w> ghl;Lg;
ghLfpd;w jha;khu; Mfpa fhuzpfs; mwpTrhu; tpUj;jpapd; Kd;Ndw;w tpfpjk; rk;ge;jkhf Kf;fpak;
ngWfpd;wd. ,g;gbg;gl;l J}z;ly;fs; fpilf;fhik> nghJthf fPo; r%f tFg;Gf;fSld; njhlu;GWk;
juk; Fiwe;j Ngr;R eil Mfpad gps;isfspd; nkhop tpUj;jpapy; ghupa ghjpg;Gf;fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

rpy Ma;thsu;fSs; xUtuhd Nuhn[u; gpnuhsd; nkhop tsu;r;rp jpwid Foe;ijfs;

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; thf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia nfhz;L mstplyhk;
vdf; $wpAs;shu;. xU Foe;ij mjpf mstpyhd nrhw;fis gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mf;Foe;ij
mgupkpjkhd nkhopj;jpwd; tsu;rr ; papidg; ngw;Ws;sdu; vdyhk;. gpnusdpd; fUj;Jg;gb nkhop
tsu;r;rp vd;gJ xU njhlu;r;rpahd epiyfshFk;. Vw;w FwpaPLfSld; $ba nrhw;fs; vspa
thf;fpak;> fyit thf;fpak;> njhlupay; Mfpa nkhop rhu;e;j KOikahd nra;jpfis 10 tajpw;F
Nky; kl;LNk mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk; vd;fpwhu;.

koiyau;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Gjpa thu;j;ijfisf; fw;fpd;wdu;. ngw;Nwhu;> cld; gpwe;Njhu;>

xj;j taJilNahu;> Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk Clfq;fs; thapyhf mNef nrhw;fis mwpa
tha;g;gspf;fg;gLfpwJ. nkhopapd; MSikj;jd;ikahdJ r%fk; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epfo;Tfspy;
,lk;ngWfpwJ. r%fkhdJ nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis mspf;Fk; Kftuhf nray;gLfpwJ.
,k;KfhikahdJ Foe;ijfSf;F vz;zq;fis cz;lhf;Fjy;> nray;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
fw;Wf; jUfpwJ. r%fj;jplkpUe;J ew;gz;Gfs;> tho;f;if eilKiwfs;> elj;ijfs; Mfpatw;iw
ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; kw;Nwhu; %ykhfTk; mtu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; thu;j;ijia nfhz;Lk; fw;fpd;wdu;.
If;fpa khfhzq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s rpW Foe;ijfs; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfis fw;fpd;wdu;.
,f;Foe;ijfs; tPl;bypUe;J xU nkhopiaAk;> fw;Fk; ,lq;fspypUe;J gpw nkhopiaAk; fw;fpd;wdu;.
,j;jifa Foe;ijfs; 4 tajpypUe;Nj ,uz;L nkhopfisAk; ruskhf NgRfpd;wdu; tl;lhu
nkhopfspy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; epfOk; NghJ khztu;fspd; Gupjy; jd;ikAk; If;fpak; Nghf;Fk;
epfo;fpwJ.

nkhop tsu;r;rpailtjw;F r%ftFg;G Kf;fpa fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wnjd Ngu;z];ud P ; ( 1966 )

$wpAs;shu;. ,tuJ fUj;Jg;gb ntt;NtW r%f tFg;Gf;fisf; Nru;e;j gps;isfspd; cs;shu;e;j
Mw;wy; nkhopj;jpwd;fspNy NtWgl;l Kiwapy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd typAWj;jy;fs;
fhuzkhfTk;> nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Kiw fhuzkhfTk; gps;isfs; nghUl;fs;> Ml;fs;
vd;gtw;NwhL ntt;NtW tifahd njhlu;GfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. gps;isfspd;
mstPL nraw;gl;l Ez;zwpTld; njhlu;gpd;wp epfo;fpd;wd. tskw;w nkhopg;gad;ghL nkhopia Xu;
mwpTrhu; tsu;r;rpf;fhd tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f fUtpahf tUtijj; jil nra;fpd;wJ.

gps;isfspilNa ,U gpujhd Ngr;Rtiffs; ,Ug;gjhf Ngu;z];ud P ; $Wfpd;whu;. FwpaPL>

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpupTg;gLj;jg;gl;l FwpaPL. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l FwpaPL fPo;epiyapYs;s r%f
nghUshjhu tFg;GfSf;fpilNa gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ngUk;ghYk; fl;lisfisf;
nfhLf;fTk; ( ,q;Nf th> ,ijr; nra; ) mf;fl;lisf;fhd gjpy;fshfTk;> ehSf;Fupa jfty;
gupkhw;wkhfTk; ,tu;fSila Ngr;RKiw mikfpd;wJ. mjw;Fupa gjpy;fSk; kpfr; RUf;fkhf
mikfpd;wJ. kj;jpaju tFg;igr; Nru;e;j FLk;gq;fspilNa tpupTgLj;jg;gl;l FwpaPl;L Ngr;RKiw
eilngWfpd;wJ.

- 20 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

,f;FLk;gq;fspNy tPLfs; Nghjpastpw;F nkhopia cgNahfpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;> thrpg;gjw;fhd

Ehy;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;FtJ kl;Lkd;wp fw;wYf;fhd kdg;ghq;Fk; rhjfkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Ngu;z];uD P ila Ma;TfspypUe;J Kd;gs;spg; ghlrhiyfspYk;> Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspYKs;s

r%fuPjpahfg; gpd;jq;fpa gps;isfspd; mwpTrhu;> nkhopapay;rhu;> r%f mDgtq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;
ftdpf;f Mrpupau; ed;F jpl;lkply; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;jq;fpa FLk;gq;fspypUe;J tUk; gps;isfs; nkhop
tsu;r;rpapy; gpd;jq;fpatu;fs; vd;gjpdhy; mtu;fSf;F jpl;lkpl;l Kiwapy; mDgtq;fis

topfhl;lhtpbd; fy;tp miltpy; gpd;dpiyf;F js;sg;gLthu;fs;. nkhoptsu;r;rpf;Fupa fw;wy;

nfhs;if nkhop tsu;r;rpf;F Ntz;ba elj;ijthj fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfis ];fpd;du; ( 1957 ) jdJ
“nrhy;rhu;e;j elj;ij” vd;Dk; E}ypd; thapyhf gpNuupj;jhu;. ,tuJ Ma;tpd; gy mbg;gilapy;
nkhopf;FiwghLs;s mk;rq;fs; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fSld; rpy gps;isfisf; nfhz;L elhj;jg;gl;L>
cs; nkhopapy; ( Psycholinguistic approach ) mZF KiwapYs;s ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;F
fw;wy; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;FtJ rpwe;j gaDilanjd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. gioa
epge;jidg;gLj;jypD}lhf vt;thW nrhy;ypd; nghUis jsu; eil gUtj;jpdu; mwpfpd;whu;fs;
vd;gij fw;wy; nfhs;ifahsu;fs; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fpdu;. xU nrhy;iy xU nghUSld;
jpUk;gj;jpUk;g ,izf;Fk; NghJ me;jg; nghUs; epge;jidg;gLj;jg;gl;l J}z;bahf khWfpd;wJ.
mjd; gpd;G kdntOr;rpfSlDk;> Gyd; Jyq;fYlDk; fUj;Jr; Nru;fpd;wJ. nrhw; fsQ;rpaj;ijAk;
cr;rupg;gijAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tij tpsf;Ftjw;F njhopy; epge;jidg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;il mtu;fs;
cgNahfpf;fpd;wdu;. nkhop tsu;r;rpapd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; ngw;Nwhu; ,ilAwhky; NgRk;NghJ
mg;Ngr;Rk; ftdKk; kPstypAWj;jpfshf khWfpd;wd. Foe;ijfspd; $Tjy; koiy vd;gd
ngw;Nwhupd; rpupg;G gjpYf;F mtu;fSila $Tjy; Mfpatw;why; kPstypAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

nkhoptsu;r;rpAld; njhlu;Gila ,d;ndhU Nfhl;ghL Foe;ijfs; Kd;Njitfspy; Nghyr;

jpwDilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhy; elj;ijfisg; Nghyr; nra;J fhl;Ltu;. xU Gjpa nrhy;iy
cr;rupf;fj; jahuhFtJ Nghy Gjpa nrhy;nyhd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. rfy xypfspYk; Nju;r;rp ngWk;
tiu G+uzkhf mr; nrhy;iy Nghyr; nra;tJ mtu;fsplj;jpy; nghJthdnjhd;whFk;. tsUk;
gps;isnahd;W jdJ Ngr;Rf;fhd kPs typAWj;jiy ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; mjDia
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; msTk; njhlu;e;J mjpfupf;Fk;. vdpDk; gps;isfspd; $w;Wf;fspypUe;J
fUj;ij mwpAk; Mw;wiy tsu;g;gjpy; kl;Lk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; ftdKilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhy;
nghUj;jkw;w Jyq;fy;fs; kPstypAWj;jg;glyhk;.

elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghLfs; csuPjpahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gps;isfSf;F nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;f

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gps;isfspd; Ngr;rpNy ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;whu;fs; vd mtu;fspd;
elj;ijfs; Fwpf;Fk;NghJ mjw;F kPstypAWj;jy; nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. csuPjpahf
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gps;isfs; Gfo;r;rpf;Nfh my;yJ Vida r%f kPstypAWj;jYf;Nfh> ,yFtpy;
Jyq;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;F ,dpg;G czT tiffis ntFkjpahf nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
VjhapDk; ,ay;ghd xypfs; my;yJ nrhw;fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; kPstypAWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd;
nrhy;iy cr;rupf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;Rf; FiwghLila gps;isfSf;Fj; jpl;lkpl;l tifapy;
njhopy; epge;jidg;ghl;ilj; njhluKbAk;. nrhy;yl;ilfSf;Fk; Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy; glq;fSf;Fk;
,izg;ig nrhw;nghUisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. gpd; rpW rpW thf;fpaq;fshf mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.

nkhopAk; mwpTk; nkhopAk; mwpTk; xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpapUj;jYld; njhlu;ghd gy gpur;rpidfs;

Fwpj;j NtWgl;l Nehf;Ffs; my;yJ fUj;Jf;fs; ,g;nghOJ Kd;Ndw;wkilfpd;wd. nkhopf;Fk;
mwpTrhu; tsu;r;rpf;FkpilNaAs;s njhlu;Gfs; rk;ge;jkhf gps;isjhd; Vw;fdNt mwpe;j
nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis gpd;gw;wpr; nrhy;Ytu;. Gjpa nrhw;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ
,it vz;zf;fUTf;Fj; jilahf cs;sd. mtw;iw tsu;rr ; p epiyf;Nfw;gj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;
vz;zf;fU tpUj;jpaile;j gpd;dNu Foe;ij mt;ntz;zf;fUit tpsf;Ftjw;fhd nrhw;fis
mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. vz;zf;fU tpUj;jpaile;j gpd;dNu nrhy;kakhjy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Foe;ijfSf;F nrhw;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ nrhw;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; mit
cjhuzj;Jld; $bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

- 21 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

cjhuzkhf> “,Uj;jy;” vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfk; nra;a ,Ue;J fhl;Ljy;. “ghuk;” vd;w nrhy;iy
mwpKfk; nra;Ak;NghJ ghuj;ij Rke;J nry;tJ Nghy KJif tisj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;. NkYk;
Foe;ijfs; fUj;Jj; njupahj nrhw;fisAk; Ngryhk;. cjhuzkhf “mk;kh filf;F
Ngha;tpl;lhu;”vd Foe;ij nrhy; ifapy; fil vd;w nrhy;yhy; fUjg;gLtJ vd;d vd;gij mJ
mwpakhl;lhJ. mwpe;jpUf;Fk; nrhw;fs; midj;Jf;Fk; nghUis tpsq;fpapUf;Fk; vd ngupatu;fs;
epidg;gij gpahN[ Kw;whf epuhfupf;fpd;whu;.
nkhoptpUj;jp ghlrhiy Gfhepiyg;gUt ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; gps;isapd; nkhop taJ te;jtiug;
Nghd;W cr;rupg;Gilajhf fhzg;gLk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; gy rpf;fyhd thf;fpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg;
NgRk;. ,t;thwd nkhopj;jpwd;fis gps;isfs; vt;tpjk; ngWfpd;wdu; vd;gJ Ma;tpw;Fupa
tplakhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fz tpUj;jp gw;wpa tpguq;fs; nrhw;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa tpUj;jp>
mwptpw;Fk; nkhopf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;Gfs;; Mfpatw;wpy; rpy Kuz;ghLfs; epyTfpd;wd.

,g;gUtj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; mjhtJ %d;whtJ tajpd; Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;ghd khw;wq;fs;

gps;isaplj;J epfo;fpd;wNghJ mJ thf;fpa mikg;gpd; tpjpfisAk; ,dq;fhzf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. gps;isia R+oTs;s ngupatu;fs; NgRk; nkhopapypUe;J ,tw;iwf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wJ. gps;is vt;tpjkhd tpUg;gq;fNsh my;yJ mwpjNyh ,d;wp gbg;gbahf ,tw;iwf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. ,jd; Muk;gk; Nghyr; nra;jy; my;yJ gpd;gw;Wjyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. nrhw;fs;
my;yJ fUj;Jila xypfspd; mbg;gilf;$Wfs; ,UgpupTfSf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. ngau;> tpid>
ngaupil Mfpa nrhw;fsQ;rpa tFg;igr; Nru;e;jit xU gpupthfTk;> ,ilr;nrhw;fs;> ,izg;Gr;
nrhw;fs; vd;gd kw;iwa gpupthfTk; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fSk;
njhopw;ghLfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; mtw;wpDila cs;slf;fj;jpYk;
,yf;fzuPjpapyhd njhopw;ghLfs; kpfj; njspthditahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,yf;fzf;fw;wyhdJ
,t;tifahd nrhw;fspd; fUj;Js;s xOq;fikg;gpid Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ.

Kd; Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpy; Foe;ij ,uz;L nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l thf;fpaj;ij

cr;rupf;Fk;. ,e;j thf;fpaq;fspy; Foe;ij khwhf rpy nrhw;fisNa gad;gLj;Jk;. mj;Jld; mjid
mbf;fb gad;gLj;Jk;. mit ikar; nrhw;fs; ( Pivot words ) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vida
nrhw;fnsy;yhk; gue;j gpuptpw;Fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. gps;is me;jr; nrhw;fisNa nghUl;fisf;
Fwpf;fTk;> xU Njitia tpsf;fTk; my;yJ jdJ mtjhdq;fis tpgupf;fTk; gad;gLj;Jk;.
Mdhy; mj;jifa xU thf;fpak;> xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fUj;ij gps;isf;Ff; nfhLf;fyhk;.
cjhuzkhf > gps;is “mk;kh Nfhg;ig” vd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ mJ mk;khtpDila Nfhg;ig my;yJ
“mk;kh vdf;F Nfhg;igiaj; jh” vd nghUs;glyhk;. ,g;gpuNahfq;fs; re;ju;g;gj;Jld; njhlu;G
nfhs;Sk; NghNj rupahd fUj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. MfNt gps;is rupahd fUj;ijf; $Wtjw;F
ePz;l G+uzkhd thf;fpaq;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mk;rk; gw;wpa Ma;Tfis elj;jpatu;fs;
gps;is jdpj;J tpisahLk;NghJ jhkhf jkf;Fs; NgRthu;fs;. mg;nghOJ nrhw;fis khw;wpg;
NgRthu;fs; vd fhl;bAs;sdu;. cjhuzkhf “vd;d Fz;L> rptg;G epwk;> rptg;G epw Fz;L> rptg;G
epwf;Fz;L vq;Nf? ” Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thwhf gps;isfs; Gjpa Ngr;R mikg;gpid
Mf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

gps;is %d;W taij milAk; Neuj;jpy; fUj;Js;s thf;fpaq;fis Mf;Ftjpy; nghJthd

Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. vspa gps;is NgRk; vspa thf;fpaj;ij tpupTgLj;Jk; nraYf;F
ngw;NwhUk;> ngupatu;fSk;> cjTtJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. cjhuzkhf xU gps;is “Foe;ij
ghy;” vd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ jha; gps;isiag;Nghy; thf;fpaj;ij nrhy;ths;. Mdhy; mjidr; rpwpJ
tpupTgLj;jp “Foe;ij ghiy tpUk;Gfpd;wJ” my;yJ “Foe;ij ghy; Fbf;fpd;wJ” vdr; nrhy;ths;.
,JTk; re;ju;g;gj;ijg; nghWj;J mikfpd;wJ. gps;isfs; jhAld; my;yJ ngupatu;fSld; Nru;e;J
xd;wpy; jdpahf my;yJ $l;lkhf nrhw;fis tpsf;Ftjpy; vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;rpfs; xOq;fhd Ngr;R
tbtj;jpidj; jd;kakhf;fg; gps;isfSf;F cjTfpd;wd. vdNt nkhoptpUj;jp vd;gJ Vidatu;fs;
$Wtijr; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; my;yJ thf;fpak; thf;fpakhf nrhy;tJ md;W. vd xU
thf;fpaj;jpid cUthf;Fk; nghUl;Lr; nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jy; my;yJ mikj;jy; gw;wpa
tpjpfis my;yJ Nfhl;ghLfisg; gbg;gbahf fw;wy; nkhoptpUj;jp Ma;thsu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,J
fw;wypd; xU rpf;fyhd nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J fw;wy; nfhs;iffshy; kPstypAWj;jw;
Nfhl;ghLfspdhy; my;yJ Nghyr; nra;jy; Kiwfspdhy; kl;Lk;

- 22 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

G+uzkhf tpsf;fpf; $wKbahJ. gps;isahdJ mjDila cr;rupj;jYf;Fk; nrhw; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;

Vw;g jkJ ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Jk;> Vida ngupatu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ey;y ntFkjpiag; ngWtJ gw;wp
Kf;fpakhff; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fSk; (gps;isfspd; Ngr;R mikg;GfSf;F) G+uzkw;w
nrhw;fisg; G+uzg;gLj;jp cjtyhk; . G+uzkw;w thf;fpaq;fis epiwTnra;J fhl;lyhk;.
cr;rupg;igj; jpUj;jyhk;. ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhu;fs; ,tw;wpy; $ba mf;fiw fhl;Ltjpy;iy vd;gJ
ahtUk; mwpe;j tplakhFk;. mtu;fs; gps;isfs; gpd;gw;Wk; tpjpfspYk; ghu;f;f gps;is $Wk;
fUj;Jf;fspilNa ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. gps;isfs; mbf;fb ngw;Nwhu;fs; jpUj;Jk;NghJ
mtu;fSila nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpAk; nkJthf tsu;fpd;wJ.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l rfy nray;KiwfSk; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; kPstypAWj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisTfs;
Nghy ,Ug;gjpy;iy. kWGwj;jpy; rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhf nkhop tpUj;jpapNy
gpw;Nghf;Fialtu;fshff; fhzg;gLk; gps;isfSf;F nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;f cs;s nkhopg; gupfhu
epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspy; “cUthf;fk;” gad;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thwhd gps;isfSf;F rpwg;Gr;
nrhw;fisAk;> thf;fpaq;fisAk; fw;gpf;fyhk;. ey;y nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jp NgRtij Cf;fg;gLj;jp
mit kPs typAWj;jg;glyhk;. gps;isapDila nkhoptpUj;jp rhjhuz Nghf;Filajhf
,y;yhjtplj;J cUthf;fk;> kPstypAWj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Cf;fpahf gad;gLj;JtJ
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

- 23 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

02. I. ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapd; (Cognitive Development) %d;W Kf;fpa

gFjpfis tpsf;Ff.

,sik gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpahdJ vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf rpe;jpf;Fk;> gFj;jwpT kw;Wk;

KbTfis vLf;Fk; jpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Foe;ijfs; ,e;j jpwd;fis vy;yhk;
mtu;fs; gpwe;j jUzj;jpypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;sj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;; Mdhy; Vw;fdNt ,sikg;
gUtj;jpy;> Kd;du; Vw;gl;l mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j nray;Kiw kpfTk;
rpf;fyhdjhfpwJ.

tpku;rd rpe;jid my;yJ KbntLg;gJ Nghd;w jpwd;fis tsu;g;gjw;F ,sk; gUtj;jpdu;

cWjpahd jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;j fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 12 Kjy; 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l ,isQu;fs;
jq;fs; Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;ltw;iw vLj;J ep[ tho;f;if R+o;epiyfSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

kWGwk;> tho;f;ifapd; ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;> ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd topapy; gFj;jwptjw;Fk;>
fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisTf;F ,ilapyhd cwT Nghd;w epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;> jq;fs;
nrhe;j nray;fSf;Fk; KbTfSf;Fk; nghWg;Ngw;f fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

,e;j mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpfs; midj;Jk; ntt;NtW fhuzpfspd; $l;Lj;njhif fhuzkhf

epfo;fpd;wd. xUGwk;> ,sk; gUt %is NghJkhd msT tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ> ,jdhy; mtu;fs;
,e;j fUj;JfisAk; cz;ikfisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. kWGwk;> mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifapd;
R+o;epiyfs; khwj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd> NkYk; mit ,sikg; gUtj;ij xj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rpapd; fl;lq;fSf;Fs; ,sikg; gUtk; ghuk;gupakhf xU fhyfl;lkhff;

fUjg;gl;lhYk;> rpy rkPgj;jpa Muha;rr
; pahsu;fs; ,e;j fl;lj;ij gy gFjpfshfg; gpupg;gJ kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;Gfpwhu;fs;.

Muk;g gUt taJ

Kjy; ,sk; gUtj;jpy;> ,isQu;fspd; Kf;fpa Ntiy vd;dntd;why;> mtu;fspd; cz;ikahd

MSik vd;d> mtu;fSf;F cz;ikapy; tpUg;gk; vd;d vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbg;gjhFk;. ,e;j jUzk;
tiu> ngUk;ghyhd KbTfs; ngw;Nwhu;fshy; vLf;fg;gl;bUe;jd> ngUk;ghYk; Foe;ij mijg; gw;wp
cz;ikahd fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;f Kbahky;.

,sikg; gUtk; njhlq;Fk; NghJ> ,e;j khWk; khw;wq;fs;. ,isQu;fs;> jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy;
Kjy;Kiwahf> rpy rpwpa KbTfis vLf;fj; njhlq;fp> mtu;fs; tpUk;GtijAk; mtu;fs;
tpUk;ghjijAk; fz;Lgpbf;fyhk;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; KbTfs; ngUk;ghYk; kpfTk; vspikahdit>
mjhtJ cq;fs; nrhe;j N`ahu;fl; Nju;T my;yJ ve;j tFg;G Njhou;fSld; el;G nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j fl;lj;jpy;> ,isQu;fs; mjpfhuj;ij Nfs;tp Nfl;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;> mtu;fSila rpy

Ritfs; my;yJ Nahridfs; me;jf; fzk; tiu mtu;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;ltw;wpw;F vjpuhf
nry;fpd;wd vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,sk; gUtj;jpNyNa> Nkhjy;fs; nghJthf
kpfTk; jPtpukhf ,Uf;fhJ.

eLj;ju ,sik

eLj;ju ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; ,isQu;fSf;Fk; ngupatu;fSf;Fk; xU fbdkhd Neukhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;> Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fs; cz;ikapy; cUthfj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd> NkYk; ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd Kiwapy; rpe;jpf;fTk; vjpu;fhy kw;Wk;
RUf;f rpf;fy;fisg; gw;wp ftiyg;glTk; KbfpwJ.

- 24 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

eLj;ju ,sik gUtj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; Kf;fpa ftiy> ,isQd; cyfpy; vt;thW nghUe;Jfpwhd;
vd;gJjhd;. ,e;j jUzq;fspy;> jdpegupd; tho;f;ifapy; ngUk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Nfs;tpfs;
Njhd;wj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd> NkYk; mit ve;jj; njhopiyj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;> mtu;fsplk; cs;s
murpay; fUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ ve;j newpKiw newpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w
rpf;fy;fisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

,J NghjhJ vd;gJ Nghy> eLj;ju ,sk; gUtj;jpy; xUtupd; ghypay;> rfhf;fs; kw;Wk;
ngupatu;fSldhd cwTfs; kw;Wk; egupd; vjpu;fhyk; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;Jk; Nfl;fj;
njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;j jiyg;Gfspy; VNjDk; ,isQd; ,Jtiu fw;Wf;nfhz;l tplaq;fSld;
Kuz;gl;lhy;> vy;yh tifahd rpf;fy;fSk; voyhk;.

,sikg; gUtk;

gjpd;k tajpdupd; gpw;gFjpapy;> gjpd;k tajpdupd; NghJ> ,isQu;fs; ,e;j fhyj;jpd; kpf
Kf;fpakhd gy rpf;fy;fisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jq;fs; Raeyj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. vdNt>
mtu;fspd; ftdk; vd;d gbf;f Ntz;Lk;> ve;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F nry;y Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ
mtu;fs; ve;j tifahd tho;f;ifia elj;j tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs; Nghd;w cyfshtpa kw;Wk; eilKiw
Nfs;tpfSf;F khWfpwJ.

,J jtpu> ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; Ke;ijatu;fis tpl mtu;fspd; rpe;jidapy;
kpfTk; nefpo;thdtu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;> vdNt mtu;fs; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fspypUe;J NtWgl;l
fUj;Jfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; nfhz;ltu;fs;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> mjpfhuj;Jld; Nkhjy;fs;
Fiwfpd;wd> Vnddpy; ,isQd; jdJ nrhe;j NahridfSld; kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghf czu;fpwhd;.

xU ngw;Nwhuhf> cq;fs; Foe;ijapd; mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rpiag; gw;wp ePq;fs; epiwa

fw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> cq;fs; gps;is Vd; mtu;fs; epidf;fpwhd; my;yJ nray;gLfpwhd;
vd;gij ePq;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahj Neuq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

ngUk;ghYk;> ,J ntWkNd ,sik gUtj;jpy; khw;wk; tpiuthf epfof;$Lk; vd;gjhy; jhd;. xU

epGzuplk; $l vy;yh gjpy;fSk; ,y;iy> Mdhy; cq;fs; Foe;ijapd; ,sikg; gUtj;ij vt;thW
rPuhfr; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f mit epr;rakhf cq;fSf;F cjtf;$Lk;. cq;fSf;F
NjitahdJ rupahd fUtpfs; kw;Wk; rupahd MjuT. ,d;W Kjy; gb vLq;fs;

- 25 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

II. xU Mrpupauhf ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpay; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis

ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fSf;fhd ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpLk; NghJ
,sikg; gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;;fs; njhlu;gpy; cq;fs;
tpopg;Gzu;it vt;thW gad;gLj;Jfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf
tpsf;Ff.
,sik gUtj;jpy; epfOk; Kf;fpa mwpthw;wy; khw;wk; RUf;f my;yJ fw;gidahd rpe;jidapd;
Njhw;wkhFk;. Kiwahd eltbf;iffspd; fl;lj;jpw;Fs; Eiotjw;F Kd;G> Foe;ijfs; ,Jtiu
ghu;j;jpuhj my;yJ Kd;dhy; ,y;yhjijg; gw;wp epahag;gLj;j KbahJ.

vdNt> ,e;j epiyf;F Kd;G> xU Foe;ij ePjp> fhjy; my;yJ Nghu; Nghd;w RUf;f fUj;Jf;fis
gpujpgypf;f KbahJ. cq;fs; mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ePq;fs; mtw;iw XusT kl;LNk Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;. Kiwahd nray;ghl;L fl;lj;jpy;> Kjd;Kiwahf mDkhdkhf rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwd;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.

,jd; nghUs; vd;dntd;why;> gd;dpuz;L tajpypUe;Nj> ,isQu;fs; mwptpay; Nghd;w kpfTk;

rpf;fyhd ghlq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Muk;gpf;fyhk;. vdNt> ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; fzpjj;jpy;
,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd ghlq;fisg; gbf;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;.

,it vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf> fw;gidahd rhj;jpaf;$Wfisg; gw;wp ju;ff

; uPjpahf epahag;gLj;Jk;
jpwidAk; ,sikg; gUtk; ngWfpwJ. ,J fw;gidahd - tpyf;F rpe;jidf;F toptFf;fpwJ> ,J
cyifg; gw;wpa fzpg;Gfisr; nra;a mDkjpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT cwTfisg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s mDkjpf;fpwJ.

Kiwahd nray;ghLfspd; Njhw;wk;

mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rpapd; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy; [Pd; gpahn[l; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfspd;gb> Vwj;jho

12 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyfspy; kl;LNk rpe;jpf;f ty;ytu;fs;. mtw;wpd;
ju;ff
; k; ,q;NfAk; ,g;nghOJk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> RUf;ff; fUj;Jfisg;
gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjpy; mtu;fSf;F epiwa rpukq;fs; cs;sd.

,sik gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rpapd; NghJ Vw;gLk; Kf;fpa khw;wk; vd;dntd;why;> 12

tajpypUe;Nj> kf;fs; RUf;fkhf epahag;gLj;j Muk;gpf;fpwhu;fs;. cjhuzkhf> ,isQu;fs;
tpQ;Qhd tplaq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;> Md;kPf rpf;fy;fisg; gpujpgypf;fyhk; my;yJ vy;yh
tifahd Nfs;tpfisAk; Nfl;fyhk;. ,J jtpu> RUf;fkhf rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwd; gjpd;k tajpdUf;F
cyfj;ijg; gw;wp Kd;du; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l midj;ijAk; Nfs;tp Nfl;f cjTfpwJ.

,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhf> ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> ,J gy ,isQu;fis mtu;fspd; MSikf;F Vw;w
xU tho;f;if Kiwia fz;Lgpbf;f Kaw;rpf;f toptFf;fpwJ.

,sk; gUt rpe;jidapd; ,e;j Fzhjpraj;jhy; Vw;gLk; kw;nwhU khw;wk; vd;dntd;why;> xU

epfo;Tf;F ngUk;ghYk; xw;iw tpsf;fk; ,y;iy vd;gij ,isQu;fs; czu;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt> ,e;j
fl;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; jq;fs; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fisg; gw;wp Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;.

,Wjpahf> RUf;f rpe;jid vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fTk;> mtu;fspd; nray;fspd; tpisTfis

Kjd;Kiwahf Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> jpl;lkplTk;> ,yf;Ffis epu;zapf;fTk; mDkjpf;fpwJ.

vNfhnrd;l;up]k;

,sk; gUtj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rpahy; Vw;gLk; kpf Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fspy; xd;W>

,isQu;fspd; cyfpd; ghu;itia Kw;wpYkhf khw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l <Nfhnrd;l;uprpl;b kw;Wk;
ehrPrp]j;jpd; Njhw;wk;.

- 26 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

,e;j <Nfhnrd;l;uprpl;b ,uz;L topfspy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. xUGwk;> ,e;j tajpdupd; ,isQu;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; ahUk; mtu;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy vd;W czu;fpwhu;fs;> jq;fis
jdpj;Jtkhdtu;fshfTk; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ltu;fshfTk; ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;. ,J
ngUk;ghYk; midj;J tifahd xUtUf;nfhUtu; Nkhjy;fSf;F toptFf;fpwJ> Fwpg;ghf ngw;Nwhu;
kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs; Nghd;w mjpfhu egu;fSld;. kWGwk;> ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; jq;fs; Njhw;wj;ijg;
gw;wp ngupJk; ftiyg;glj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;> Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; ,J kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf
,y;iy. ve;jnthU rpwpa mG+uzKk; nfh^ukhd xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; ngUk;ghYk;
“ftdk; tpisT” vd;W miof;fg;gLtjhy; mtjpg;gLfpwhu;. kw;wtu;fs; ek;ik tpku;rpf;f njhlu;e;J
ek;ik Muha;thu;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;if.

fw;gid kw;Wk; jpl;lkply;

,sik gUtj;jpy;> me;j egu; jdJ tho;f;ifapy; Kjy;Kiwahf “,q;NfAk; ,g;nghOJk;”

fhzg;glhj tplaq;fisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ vd;gij ehk; Vw;fdNt ghu;j;Njhk;. ,e;j Gjpa
jpwikahy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l kpf Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fspy; xd;W vd;dntd;why;> 12 taJf;F
Nkw;gl;l ,isQu;fs; vjpu;fhyj;ijAk; mjd; rhj;jpaq;fisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

,jd; fhuzkhf> ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; Kjd;Kiwahf kf;fs; vij mila tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;> mtu;fspd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; mila tpUk;Gk; rhjidfs; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;.
$Ljyhf> ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; jq;fs; nrhe;j milahsj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Kaw;rp nra;fpwhu;fs;>
,J ,Jtiu mtu;fSf;F xUNghJk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy.

mjpfhuj;ij Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ

,Wjpahf> ,sik gUtj;jpy;> ,isQu;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp

Kjd;Kiwahf epWj;jp rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> mtu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw ngupatu;fs; jq;fSf;Fr; nrhd;dJ cz;ikah my;yJ mtrpakh> my;yJ mtu;fs;
cz;ikapNyNa mtu;fspd; kupahijf;F jFjpahdtu;fsh vd;W Nfs;tp vOg;gj; njhlq;FtJ
kpfTk; nghJthdJ.

,e;j mwpthw;wy; khw;wkhdJ ngUk;ghyhd ,sk; gUtj;jpdUf;Fk; mtu;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s

ngupatu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; gy Nkhjy;fSf;F mbg;gilahFk;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;>
,isQu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j kjpg;Gfisf; fz;lwpaj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;> cyfj;ijg; gw;wpa
fUj;jpay; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;> NkYk; mtu;fs; ngWk; midj;J jfty;fisAk;
,e;j mk;rq;fSld; xg;gpLfpwhu;fs;.

mjpfhuj;ij Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;JtJ ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; cyfpy; jdJ ,lj;ijj; NjLtNjhL

njhlu;GilaJ vd;W rpy epGzu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. Foe;ij gUtj;jpy;> vq;fs; xNu ghj;jpuk;
tsu;e;J> ek; ngw;Nwhu;fshy; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F khwhf> ,sik
gUtj;jpy;> jdpg;gl;l milahsk; cz;ikapNyNa cUthfj; njhlq;FfpwJ.

- 27 -
fy;tp cstpay; - STP 8301
 Reg. No - 621442530

03. I. ,sikg;gUtk; Gay; kw;Wk; kd mOj;jj;jpd; fhyk; vd Vd;?

mwpag;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.
,sikg; gUtkhdJ tho;f;ifapd; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd neUf;fbahd taJ fhyfl;lq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
,e;j Neuj;jpy;> ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$batu;fs;. Vnddpy; gy cly; kw;Wk; kd
khw;wq;fs; rpy cstpay; kw;Wk; kd gpur;rpidfs; ntt;NtW msTfspy; Njhd;WtJ ,ay;G.
kdepiy cWjpaw;w jd;ik> nghUj;jkw;w elj;ij> kdr;Nrhu;T> gak; my;yJ czT my;yJ
r%f cWg;G njhlu;ghd gpw tifahd kd mOj;jj;jpid Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,J njhlu;ghf
ngupatu;fsplkpUe;J neUf;fkhd md;Gk; ftdKk; ftdpg;Gk; Nkhjy;fisAk; rpf;fy;fisAk;
rkhspf;f cjTk;.

,sik gUtj;jpy; cstpay; gpur;rpidfs; nghJthdit> mtw;iw Kd;$l;bNa mwptJ taJf;F

kPWtijj; jLg;gjpy; ngUk; ed;ik. kdey NfhshWfs; my;yJ cstpay; gpur;rpidfs; kdepiy>
rpe;jid kw;Wk; elj;ij Mfpatw;wpd; khw;wq;fs; my;yJ mtw;wpy; rpy fyitahy;
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit xU egupd; mnrsfupaj;ij my;yJ mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy;
FiwitAk;> cly;> kd kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf xOq;fhf nray;gLk; jpwidAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.

,sk;gUt epiyapy; khw;wq;fs;

 Kjy; khw;wk; cly; kl;lj;jpy; elf;Fk;. ,jpy; cly; fzprkhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ> ,J gy;NtW
tifahd czu;TfisAk; czu;r;rpfisAk; cUthf;Fk;.
 ,uz;lhtJ khw;wk; ,sk; gUtj;jpdupd; MSikAld; njhlu;GilaJ. cyif rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk;
ghu;g;gjw;Fk; Foe;ij gUtj;NjhL ve;j njhlu;Gk; ,y;iy.
 filrp khw;wk; ngw;NwhUld; njhlu;GilaJ. Foe;ij gUt fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ> ngw;Nwhu;
,yl;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;ltu;fs;> ,sikg; gUtj;ij mile;jTld; mtu;fs; gyk; kw;Wk;
gytPdq;fSld; kdpju;fshff; fhzg;gLfpwhu;fs;.

xU Foe;ij ,sik gUtj;ij miltJ kpfTk; rhjhuzkhdJ. ,isQUf;F Vw;gLk; gy

khw;wq;fSlDk;> ngw;NwhUldhd Nkhjy;fSlDk;> ehSf;F ehs; Vw;gLk; kd mOj;jk;> ,sk;
gUtj;jpdUf;F kd mOj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J vy;yhtw;wpypUe;Jk; Cf;fkspf;fhj kw;Wk;
mf;fiwaw;w> r%f> gs;sp kw;Wk; FLk;g R+oypy; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. kpfTk;
jPtpukhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ,isQUf;F jw;nfhiy vz;zq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

gjpd;tajpdupilNa kpfTk; nghJthd cstpay; rpf;fy;fspy; xd;W ftiy. mr;rq;fs;

Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; Rakupahij mJ ,y;yhjjhy; ntspg;gilahdJ. mtu;fSf;F Kd;dhy;
cs;s tho;f;if mtu;fis Ke;jpf;nfhz;L> gjl;lj;jpd; fLikahd mj;jpahaq;fshy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,isQu;fs; ,sik gUtj;ij milAk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gy khw;wq;fs; kd mOj;jj;jpd; msit

tpl mjpfkhf cau fhuzkhfpd;wd. kd mOj;jj;jpd; gy mwpFwpfs; cs;sd. gjl;lk;>
elj;ijapy; jpBu; khw;wq;fs;> r%f tpyfy; my;yJ nrwpT ,y;yhik.

,sk; gUtj;jpdu; mDgtpf;ff;$ba gpw cstpay; gpur;rpidfs; MNtrq;fs;. ,e;j MNtrq;fs;

nghJthf MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ntspg;gLfpd;wd. fLikahd jiytypapypUe;J>
lhf;upf;fhu;bah my;yJ %r;Rj; Nghd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l czu;T %yk;. tho;f;ifapd; ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;
czT njhlu;ghd NfhshWfSk; kpfTk; nghJthdit. mNdhnuf;]pah xt;nthU fzKk;
nfhOg;ghfj; Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ> NkYk; mit fLikahd Kiwapy; rhg;gpLtij epWj;Jfpd;wd.
khwhf> Gypkpahitg; nghWj;jtiu> me;j ,isQd; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk; vy;yh gjl;lj;ijAk; czitg;
gpLq;Ftjd; %yk; mikjpg;gLj;Jfpwhd;> mJ gpd;du; the;jpnaLf;f KbfpwJ.

,isQu;fs; ,sik gUtj;ij milAk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gy khw;wq;fs; kd mOj;jj;jpd; msit

tpl mjpfkhf cau fhuzkhfpd;wd. kd mOj;jj;jpd; gy mwpFwpfs; cs;sd: gjl;lk;>
elj;ijapy; jpBu; khw;wq;fs;> r%f tpyfy; my;yJ nrwpT ,y;yhik.

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,sk; gUtj;jpdupd; J}z;Ljyhy; kw;Wk; mopTfukhd Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j FiwghLfs;

cs;s ,sk; gUtj;jpdu; kw;wtu;fspd; cupikfisAk; r%fj;jpd; tpjpfisAk; kPw vjpu;ghu;g;gu;
jq;fs; ,sikg; gUtj;ijf; fhl;l jPtpukhf Rje;jpuj;ijj; Njlj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;fs;. Kd;G
vg;NghJk; ,zq;fpa ngupatu;fspd; Njitfisg; Gwf;fzpf;f mtu;fs; Kaw;rp nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,sk;
gUtj;jpdu; jq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ngupatu;fspd; nry;thf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kw;gLfpwhu;fs;>
mtu;fs; jq;fs; cupikfis ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ ntspg;gilahfNth kPWtjhf
mQ;Rfpwhu;fs;. mNj Neuj;jpy;> ,isQd; ngupatu;fspilNa Mjuitj; NjLfpwhd;. mtUf;F
cz;ikahd ez;guhf khw mtUf;F xU ngupatu; Njit. $l;L nghOJ Nghf;F kw;Wk;
eltbf;iffs; BNd[Uf;F Md;kPf njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jTk;> jdJ mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij G+u;j;jp nra;aTk;> mtuJ tho;f;ifapd; epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp
nrhy;yTk; cjTk;.

cstpay; NfhshW cs;s ,sk; gUtj;jpdupd; vz;zpf;ifia kjpg;gpLtJ fbdk; ,sik kw;Wk;
Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba rpy kd> czu;r;rp kw;Wk; elj;ij NfhshWfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xU
egupd; xl;Lnkhj;j MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. vy;NyhUk; kdepiy khw;wq;fis
mDgtpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,sk;gUtj;jpy; ,e;j Nghf;F mjpfkhff; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; cw;rhfkhf ,Ug;gJ Kjy; ftiy my;yJ vupr;ry; tiu nry;yyhk;.
,e;j Kf;fpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; `hu;Nkhd; kw;Wk; %is khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf> me;j epiyahd
Vw;w jho;Tfs; cs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> cstpay; NfhshWfs; mjpfg;gbahd czu;r;rpfukhd
vjpu;tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk; my;yJ r%f kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;kiwahd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. ,e;j mwpFwpfs; vg;NghJNk ntspg;gilahdit my;y> rhjhuz
khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; kdNeha;fspd; mwpFwpfis NtWgLj;JtJ fbdk ,Ug;gpDk; ngw;Nwhu;fs;>
Mrpupau;fs;; ve;jnthU mwpFwpfisAk; Njl Ntz;Lk;;.

,e;j tifahd kd my;yJ cstpay; rpf;fy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; ftdj;Jld;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; mtu;fs; MNuhf;fpakhd topapy; kw;Wk; ve;j gpur;ridAk; ,y;yhky;
tsuf;$ba tifapy; mtu;fSf;F fy;tp fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
,isQu;fs; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jdpahf czuhky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ mtu;fs; rha;tjw;Fk;> jq;fis
Mjupg;gjw;Fk;> vij vLj;jhYk; mtu;fSf;F cjTtjw;Fk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; jq;fs; gf;fj;jpypUg;gij
mtu;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;. gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ,j;jifa elj;ijfs; Nkhrkilfpd;wd> Vnddpy;
,isQu;fs; Kw;wpYk; jdpahf czu;fpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; jq;fs; nrhe;j ngw;Nwhupd; ghrk; ,y;iy.
,JNghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fy;tp vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjJ kw;Wk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ kw;Wk; Nfl;lij
czu KbfpwJ vd;why; ,JNghd;w czu;r;rp rpf;fy;fs; ntWk; fijf;F mg;ghw;gl;lit my;y>
mit Fwpg;gpl;l kw;Wk; jw;fhypfkhditahFk;.

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II. xU Mrpupauhf ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; khztu;fs; re;jpf;Fk; gy;NtW

gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;f vt;thW trjp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij
,yq;ifr; #oyikTld; njhlu;GgLj;jp %d;W cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.
ghlrhiyfspy; khztUf;F Vw;gLk; gy;NtW gpur;rpizfspd; fhuzkhf mtu;fspd; fy;tp
ghjpf;fg;gLtJld; NtW gy ghjfkhd tpisTfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. khztu; kj;jpapy; Fog;gepiy>
ghlrhiy nghUl;fSf;F Nrjk; tpistpj;jy;> gfpbtij kw;Wk; td;Kiwfs; Nghd;wd
Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ghlrhiyapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> mikjp> mgptpUj;jp vd;gd rPu;fiyfpd;wJ.
MfNt mg;gpur;rpidfSf;F epue;jukhd jPu;Tfis fhz;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

khztu;fSila gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjw;F MrpupaUk;> mjpgUk;> ngw;Nwhu;fSk; gpur;rpid gw;wpa

tpog;Gzu;Tld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid Muk;g fl;lj;jpNy ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ngUk;ghyhd Mrpupau;fSk;> mjpgu;fSk; gpur;rpid cUthff; $ba re;ju;g;gq;fis fz;Lk;
fhzhjtu; Nghy; ,Ug;gjhy;> gpur;rpid Kw;wptpLfpd;wJ.

Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; mtjhdj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glf; $ba mwpFwpfis

Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf xU rpwe;j gz;Gila khztd; jpBnud xU
tplaj;ijg; ngupJgLj;jp Mrpupaiu vjpu;j;J epw;wy;> xOq;fhf ghlrhiyf;F tUif je;J
ghlq;fspy; rpwe;j Gs;spfis vLf;Fk; xU khztd;> Kd;dwptpg;G vJTkpd;wp mbf;fb ghlrhiyf;F
tuhky; tpLjy;> Vida khztu;fis tpl;L xJf;fp Nrhu;Tld; jdpj;jpUj;jy;> Njitaw;w
tpdhf;fis Mrpupauplk; Nfl;L tFg;giw fw;wy; eltbf;iffis Fog;Gjy; Mfpatw;iw
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

rpy khztu;fs; gpur;rpidfs; vw;gLk; NghJ rkhspj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. NtW rpyu; rpukg;gLtu;.
gpur;rpidfis ftdpf;fh tpl;lhy; Fwpg;gpl;l khztu; cl;gl rf khztu;fSk; ghjpg;giltu;.
khztupd; fy;tpiaAk;> MSikiaAk; rPu;Fiyf;Fk; elj;ijfs; Mrpupaupd; ftdj;Jf;F vLf;f
Ntz;ba gpur;rpidfshFk;. mbf;fb xNu tifahd gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ> cldbahf
topfhl;ly; MNyhrid toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfs; khztu;fSf;F Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzk; mtu;fspd; cly;> cs Njitfis

Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; jpUg;jpfukhf epiwNtw;wg;glhik MFk;. khztu;fs; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis
vjpu;Nehf;F fpd;wdu;.

Mrpupau;fs; fy;tpapy; jho; kl;lj;jpYs;s khztu;fis ,dq;fz;L mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;>

mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Muhahky; nghJg;gilahf mtu;fs; fy;tpapy;
gpd;jq;fpNahnud KbntLg;gu;. mJ jtwhFk;.

fy;tpapy; gpd; jq;Ftjw;F gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. rpy khztu;fs; tpNrl jpwd;fis ngw;wpUe;j
NghjpYk; fy;tpapy; Cf;fk; FiwT> Fiwthd Kaw;rp fhuzkhf fPo;kl;l ghl miltpy; fPo;
epiyapypUg;gu;. NtW rpy khztu;fs; Kaw;rpnaLj;j NghjpYk; Kd;Ndw;wkpd;wpj; jho; kl;lj;jpNyNa
fhzg;gLtu;. rpyu; fzpjk;> nkhop Mfpa Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspy; kl;Lk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gu;.

khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;F xOq;fhf tUif juhik> guPl;ir ehl;fspy; tuhJ tply;> guPl;irapy;
ghu;j;J vOJjy;> tFg;giwf;F jhkjpj;J tUjy;> xg;gilfis fhy vy;iyf;Fs; rku;g;gpf;fhik
khztu; miltpy; eypTfs;> ghjfkhd tPl;Lr; R+oypy; ,Ue;J tUjy;> ngw;Nwhupd;> xj;jhir
,y;yhik> tWik Mfpa gpur;rpidfs; nghJthf fhzg;glyhk;. fPo;kl;l milTf;F NtW gy
fhuzq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwe;j Ez;kjp> clw; FiwghLfs;> Neha;> Nghrhf;fpd;ik> FLk;gr;
R+oy; Nghd;witfis Fwpg;gplyhk;. khztu;fspd; tFg;giwr; R+oy; nghUj;jkw;wjhf fhzg;gbd;
mtu;fSf;F gjfspg;G> jifg;G> fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fy;> Mfpad Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. Mrpupaupd;
elj;ij> ghl Vw;ghL> fw;gpj;jy; Kiw Mfpad nghUj;jkw;W fhzg;gbd; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glyhk;.
ngw;Nwhupd; mwptpd;ik> Ntiyg;gS> ghlrhiy njhlu;ghf ftdaPdk;> ngw;Nwhu; gps;isfis
Nkyjpf tFg;GfSf;F mDg;ghik Nghd;wdTk; gps;isfspd; fy;tprhu; eltbf;iffis ghjpf;Fk;.
,it midj;JNk khztu; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfshFk;.

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gfpbtij ghlrhiyfspy; tpijf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J r%f td;nray;fSf;F fhuzkhf

mikfpd;wJ. jw;nfhiy nra;Akstpw;Fk;> %isia ghjpf;Fk; mstpw;Fk; gfpbtij fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wJ. 40 tPjkhd td;nraYf;F ,JNt fhuzkhFk;.

fl;bsik gUtj;jpy; khztu;fs; mjpfk; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; kw;wtu;fspd;

gupjhgj;ij ngWtjw;fhf jk; epiyia cz;ikf;F Gwk;ghf jho;j;jpf; $wp> kw;wtu;fspd;
gupjhgj;ij ngw;W mjpy; re;Njh~kilfpd;wdu;. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rhu;ngz;zk; Xu; vjpu;kiw
kdg;ghq;F MFk;. ntt;NtW ,dk;> rkak;> nkhop> r%fg; gz;ghL Mfpatw;iw Nru;e;jtu;fSf;F
vjpuhf ,k;kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. xU FOtpdu; jk;ikj; jhf;Ftu;> Mf;fpukpg;gu;
vd;w gaj;jpdhYk; Vw;glyhk;.

fl;bsikg; gUt khztu;fspy; “ehd; ahu;” vd;W milahsq;fhZk; neUf;fb fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

“vdJ jd;ikfs; ahit” vd;W jLkhWk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jdJ tpOkpaq;fSf;F Vw;g
tho tpUk;gpdhYk; r%f R+oy; mjw;F jilahf mikfpd;wJ.

r%fj;Jld; ,irthf;fk; ngWtJ r%fkakhf;fy; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; khztu; r%f

tho;f;iff;F nghUj;jkhd gz;Gfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. r%f Njitfs; epiwNtwhjgl;rj;jpy;
r%f nghUj;jg;ghLfs; mw;wtu;fshf fhzg;gLtu;. khztu;fis FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> rfghbfs;
MfpNahu; gpioahd newpapy; ,l;Lr; nry;tjhy;> mtu;fs; nghUj;jg;ghlw;w elj;ijfspYk;>
r%ftpNuhjr; nray;fspYk; <LgLtu;. r%fk; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLtjw;F ,JNt Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khztu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; mtu;fspd; tPl;Lr; R+oy;
njhlu;Gilajhf mikfpd;wJ. ghlrhiy cWg;gpdu;fs; khztu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu;fSld; mjpfk;
njhlu;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,g;gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;l gpd; mtw;iwj; jPu;f;f Kw;gLtJld; epd;Wtplhky; mit Vw;glhky;

,Ug;gjw;Fk; Kw;ghJfhg;ghf khztu;fSf;Fr; r%fk; rhu;ghd elj;ijfs; gw;wpa topfhl;ly;
MNyhridia toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;W ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fs; ,d;Dk; gy fy;tprhu;
gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;.

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crhj;Jizfs;

 https://tamil.lifie.lk/2021/01/12/impacts-of-digital-screen-to-children/
 https://ta.drafare.com/
 https://www.uyirpu.com/?p=15254
 https://ta.warbletoncouncil.org/desarrollo-cognitivo-adolescencia
 http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2014/12/22/?fn=f1412222
 https://www.vidhai2virutcham.com/
 http://www.battinews.com/2020/06/blog-post_153.html?m=1
 https://ta.everyday-psychology.com/osnovnie-problemi-podrostkovogo-vozrasta-page
 https://ta.warbletoncouncil.org/trastornos-en-la-adolescencia-15647
 https://madreshoy.com/ta
 ghu;it rQ;rpif - ,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;
 fy;tp cstpay; - ,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;
 Mrpupak;
 Mftpop
 Foe;ij cstpaYk; fy;tpAk; - Nguhrpupau; fyhepjp rgh. n[auhrh.
 gps;is tsu;r;rpAk; fw;wYk; - nr. mUs;nkhop
 https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/development-tasks/

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