Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET) Rajshahi-6204

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

ME 2255

Manufacturing
Process

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 Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET) Rajshahi-6204
Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Lecture on
Lathe Machine
Md. Robiul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi-6204

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Definition of Lathe Machine
A lathe is a machine tool which is used to rotate a work piece to perform
various operations such as turning, facing, knurling, grooving etc., with the
help of tools that are applied to the work piece.
The machine tool that is used to remove unwanted metals from the
rotating work piece to give the desired shape and size so called Lathe
machine.

Lathe machine is also known as “ Center Lathe ” because of two centers

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The main function of Lathe is to remove excess material in the form of
chips by rotating the work piece against a stationary cutting tool.
This is accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the
machine and then turning it against cutting tool which will remove metal
from the work.

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Main Parts of lathe Machine
1. Bed 8. Carriage
2. Head Stock i. Saddle
3. Main Spindle ii. Apron
4. Tail Stock iii. Tool Post
5. Lead Screw iv. Cross slide
6. Live Center v. Compound Rest
7. Dead Center vi. Compound Slide
9. Feed Mechanism
i. Belt Feed Mechanism
ii. Gear Feed Mechanism

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Fig: Lathe Machine

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 Fig: Lathe Machine
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Main Parts of lathe Machine

Line Diagram: Main Parts of Lathe Machine

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1. Bed:
The Bed forms the base of a machine. It is mounted on the legs of the lathe
machine, which are bolted to the floor. It is made up of cast iron and
its top surface is machined accurately and precisely.
2. Head Stock:
Head stock is an important part of a lathe machine, which is mounted
permanently on the inner guide ways at the left hand side of the bed. It
consists of a main spindle, a chuck fitted at spindle nose, back gear drive
and all gear drive.
3. Main Spindle:
This part of the lathe machine is used to hold cylindrical work piece within
it. It is a hollow shaft on which the chuck is mounted.
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4. Tail stock:
Tail stock situated on bed. It is placed at right hand side of the bed. The
main function of tail stock to support the job when required. It is also used
to perform drilling operation.
5. Lead Screw:
It is used to transmit power to carriage through gear and clutch
arrangement in the carriage apron. Lead screw is situated at the bottom
side of bed which is used to move the carriage automatically during thread
cutting.
6. Live Center:
A Live Center is mounting on bearings and rotates with the work. Live
centers are using to hold or support a work-piece.
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7. Dead Center:
A dead center may be use to support the work piece at either the fixed or
rotating end of the machine. Dead centers are typically fully harden to
prevent damage to the important mating surfaces of the taper and to
preserve the 60° angle of the nose.
8. Feed Mechanism
There are several mechanisms to make the carriage and cross slide move
automatically to change the direction of their movement.
Some important feed mechanisms are as follows:
i. Belt Feed Mechanism
ii. Gear Feed Mechanism

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9. Carriage:
The carriage is present in between the headstock and tailstock. It carries apron,
saddle, compound rest, cross slide and tool post.
(i) Tool Post: It is used to hold the tool. It has T-slot for holding the tool. The tool
post is bolted on the carriage.
(ii) Compound Rest: It is used to set the tool at a desired angle for taper turning
and other operations.
(iii) Cross Slide: The cross slide is used to move the tool perpendicular to the axis
of the lathe.
(iv) Saddle: The top portion of the carriage is called the saddle. Cross slide is
mounted on the saddle.
(v) Apron: The front portion of the carriage is called apron. It contains all the
moving and control mechanism of the carriage.
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Specification of Centre lathe:
• Swing, i.e., the largest work diameter that can be swing over the
lathe bed.
• Maximum length of the jobs that can be accommodated.
• Distance between head stock and tail stock Centre.
• Power of the main drive (motor) i.e Motor horsepower.
• Range of spindle speeds and range of feeds.
• Spindle Nose (Type), Spindle bore, Taper in nose.
• Space occupied by the machine.

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Working Principle of lathe machine
• It holds the work between two supports so call as centers.
• Face plate or Chuck are using for holding the work.
• Face plate or Chuck are mounted on the machine spindle.
• The cutting tool is holding with the help of Tool post.
• The movement of the job is rotating about the spindle axis.
• Against the revolving work, the tool is feed.
• The tool moves either parallel or inclination to the work axis.

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Operations of Lathe Machine:

1. Facing
2. Turning
3. Drilling
4. Boring
5. Counter Boring 6. Reaming
7. Knurling
8. Chamfering
9. Parting
10. Threading

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Operations of Lathe Machine

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Chamfering
Operations of Lathe Machine

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 Operations of Lathe Machine
1. Facing:
Facing is an operation of reducing the length of a work piece to produce
a flat surface square with the axis.
2. Turning:
Turning is the operation of reducing the diameter of a work piece to
produce a cone -shaped or a cylindrical surface.
3. Drilling:
Drilling is an operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a work piece by
the rotating cutting edge of a cutter known as the drill.
4. Boring:
Boring is the operation of enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity to produce
circular internal grooves. Holes may be bore straight and tapered.
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5. Counter-Boring
It is an operation of enlarging the mouth of a drilled hole to set bolt heads and
nuts below the surface so that they may not project out from the surface level.
6. Reaming
It is the operation of finishing and sizing a hole which has been previously
drilled or bored. The tool use so call as the reamer, which has multiple
cutting edges.
7. Knurling
It is the process of embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a
work piece. The purpose of knurling is to provide an effective
gripping surface on a work piece to prevent it from slipping when operated by
hand.
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8. Chamfering
It is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a work piece. This is done
to remove the burrs, to protect the end of the work piece from being
damaged and to have a better look.
9. Parting:
Parting is the operation of cutting a work piece after it has been machining to
the desired size and shape.
10. Threading
It is a operations to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or conical
surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job is revolved between
centres or by a chuck. Threads can be produced either on internal or external
surface of a cylindrical bar.
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 Problem: A job is to be prepared with a dimension of larger
diameter of taper is 100 mm , smaller diameter of the taper is
60 mm and length of the taper part is 250mm. Find the half of
the taper angle and conicity of taper.

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Precautions on Lathe Operation:
i. Sliding parts of the lathe should be cleaned and lubricated periodically.
ii. Speed selector control should not be changed when the spindle is rotating.
iii. Before moving the carriage, the carriage clamping screw should be
unlocked.
iv. If chuck is moving forward, reverse switch should not be operated.
v. Chuck should be secured properly.
vi. Chips should be cleared using a brush.
vii. The thread grooves of the lead screw should be cleaned occasionally
using a piece of cotton cord.

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viii. Excess tightening of tailstock centre or heavy roughing cuts may cause
excess heat and burn the tip. To avoid this, the centre should be lubricated
frequently.
ix. The jigs of the cross slide and the top slide should be checked and
adjusted periodically.
x. Correct size of lathe centres should be used.
xi. On hearing unusual noise, machine should be stopped.

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 𝑉 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁/1000 = 𝑚/𝑠

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Determine the cutting speed in machining a work piece of 200 mm
diameter rotating at a speed of 100 rpm. Also calculate machining
time if work piece length is 0.5 m and feed is 0.45 mm/rev.

Solution:
Given that
Diameter of the job, D=200 mm
Speed, N= 100 rpm
Feed, f=0.45 mm/rev
Length of the job, L=0.5 m=500 mm

We know that,
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋×200×100
Cutting Speed,𝑉 = 1000 = 1000 = 62.83 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (Ans)

𝐿 500
Machining Time, 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑓𝑁 = 0.45×100 = 11.11 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ 12 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (Ans)

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A cylindrical work part 125 mm in diameter and 900 mm long is to be turned in an
engine lathe. Cutting conditions are: Cutting Speed, V= 2.5 m/s, Feed, f=0.3
mm/rev, and Depth of Cut, d=2.0 mm. Determine a) Cutting time, and b) Metal
removal rate.
Solution:
Given that, D= 125 mm, L= 900 mm , V= 2.5 m/s= 2500 mm/s, f=0.3 mm/rev , d=2.0
mm
𝑣 2500
We know that, Speed, 𝑁 = = = 6.366 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
𝜋×𝐷 𝜋×125

𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑁 × 𝑓 = 6.366 × 0.3 = 1.9098 = 1.9098 × 60 = 114.588 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠
𝐿 900
a) 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑓 = 114.588 = 7.85 𝑚𝑖𝑚
𝑟

b) 𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 𝑣𝑓𝑑 = 2500 × 0.3 × 2 = 1500 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠

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