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CONTENT of Technical Philosophy

This document discusses different branches of philosophy including logic. [1] It defines logic as the study of correct reasoning and sound arguments. Logic is important because it establishes how to properly construct arguments and identify fallacies. [2] There are two main types of reasoning - deductive reasoning which involves reasoning from general premises to specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which involves inferring general conclusions from specific observations over time. [3] Logic is expressed through analytic logic used by analytic philosophers who analyze language logically to clarify meanings, and is important for students across disciplines to learn correct reasoning.

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148 views

CONTENT of Technical Philosophy

This document discusses different branches of philosophy including logic. [1] It defines logic as the study of correct reasoning and sound arguments. Logic is important because it establishes how to properly construct arguments and identify fallacies. [2] There are two main types of reasoning - deductive reasoning which involves reasoning from general premises to specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which involves inferring general conclusions from specific observations over time. [3] Logic is expressed through analytic logic used by analytic philosophers who analyze language logically to clarify meanings, and is important for students across disciplines to learn correct reasoning.

Uploaded by

Ian owiso
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONTENT 

OF TECHNICAL PHILOSOPHY

Philosophical questions can be grouped into various branches. These groupings allow
philosophers to focus on a set of similar topics and interact with other thinkers who are interested
in the same questions.

These divisions are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive. (A philosopher might specialize
in epistemology, or aesthetics, or modern political philosophy)

Furthermore, these philosophical inquiries sometimes overlap with each other and with other
inquiries such as science, religion or mathematics.

Aesthetics

This philosophy is concerned with four main areas namely; logic, epistemology, axiology and
metaphysics. These are called the branches of philosophy.
1                    Logic
It refers to the study of correct reasoning. It deals with the structure and principles of sound
arguments. On our daily basis, individuals are engaged in various forms of arguments, where
premises/statements are made and conclusions drawn. In most cases, wrong conclusions are
arrived at involving wrong premises and undue generalizations. Logic is essential because it
stipulates how arguments should be constructed and how fallacies (erroneous beliefs or myths)
can be detected and avoided. Within logic, two forms of reasoning can be distinguished: 
deductive and inductive.
(a)     Deductive reasoning
This involves reasoning from general to particular instances. In this case, a conclusion is inferred
or deduced from general premises/statements/propositions. For example:
(i)        All PGDE students are untrained teachers
John is a PGDE student
John is an untrained teacher
(ii)       All human beings are liable to make mistakes
Mike is a human being
Mike makes mistakes
(iii)       All human beings have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God
Mary is a human being
Mary has sinned and fallen short of the glory of God
Further examples:
         Private schools perform well in national exams
         All people from rift valley are good in marathons
         All university students are immoral
The above reasoning has been expressed in syllogism form: the first two statements need to be
stated before the third can follow logically. This type of reasoning is prevalent in philosophy,
religion and mathematics.
(ii)  Inductive reasoning
It involves general laws/conclusions being inferred from particular instances. It is the reverse
of deductive reasoning. In this type of reasoning, various instances of a given specimen are
observed over a period of time. The observation leads to general conclusions/laws being
established. This type of reasoning is applicable with empirical sciences. In modern philosophy,
logic is expressed in two main dimensions:
         Analytic logic – prevalently used by analytic philosophers who emphasise the logical
analysis of language to arrive at clear  meanings of terms/concepts.
Students studying science, arts or education should be familiar with the basic rules of logic so as
to enable one reason correctly and use language meaningfully.

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