CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

TORSION
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Torsion

Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at

one end and twisted at the other end
by a torque or twisting moment T
equivalent to F × d, which is applied
perpendicular to the axis of the bar, as
shown in the figure. Such a bar is said
to be in torsion.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS, τ

For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment

T, the torsional shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the center
of the shaft is
𝑇𝜌 𝑇𝑟
𝜏= 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽 𝐽

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the

outer radius.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

For solid cylindrical shaft:

𝐷4
𝐽=
32

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐷3
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

For hollow cylindrical shaft:


𝐽= (𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
32
16𝑇𝐷
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(𝐷4 −𝑑4 )
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

ANGLE OF TWIST

The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is

𝑇𝐿
= ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
𝐽𝐺

where T is the torque in N·mm, L is the length of shaft in mm, G is

shear modulus in MPa, J is the polar moment of inertia in mm4 ,
D and d are diameter in mm, and r is the radius in mm.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT

A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω (in radians

per second) is being acted by a twisting moment T. The power
transmitted by the shaft is

𝑃 = 𝑇 = 2𝑇𝑓

where T is the torque in N·m, f is the number of revolutions per

second, and P is the power in watts.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in. is subjected to a

torque of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the
angle of twist. Use G = 12 × 106 psi.
𝑇𝐿
16𝑇 =
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐽𝐺
𝐷 3

(15000)(3𝑥122 )
16(15000)(12) =
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 14324𝑝𝑠𝑖 (4)4 6)
(4) 3 (12 × 10
32
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14.32𝑘𝑠𝑖  = 0.0215𝑟𝑎𝑑
 = 1.23𝑜
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not
twist through more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a
torque of 12 kN·m? What maximum shearing stress is developed?
Use G = 83 GPa.
𝑇𝐿 16𝑇
= 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽𝐺 𝐷3
 (12)(6)(10003 ) 16(12 𝑥106 )
3° =
180𝑜 𝑑4 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(83000) (113.983 )
32
𝑑 = 113.98𝑚𝑚 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 41.27𝑀𝑃𝑎
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft long is

used to transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12 × 106 psi,
determine the maximum shearing stress.

𝑃 = 2𝑇𝑓 16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃 (5000)(396000) 𝐷3
𝑇= =
2𝑓 2(189) 16(1667337.5)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑇 = 1667337.5𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛 (14)3

33000𝑓𝑡𝑙𝑏 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3094.96𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1ℎ𝑝 = = 396000𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑖𝑛
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted

through 4°. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What
power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?
𝑇𝐿
= 16𝑇
𝐽𝐺 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑑
 𝑇(5000)
4° = 16(0.1138𝑑 4 )
180𝑜 (𝑑)4
(83000) 80 =
32 𝑑 3
𝑇 = 0.1138𝑑4
𝑑 = 138𝑚𝑚
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑃 = 2𝑇𝑓
𝑃
0.1138𝑑4 =
2(20)
𝑃 = 14.3𝑑4
𝑃 = 14.3(138)4
𝑃 = 5186237285𝑁𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃 = 5186237.285𝑊
𝑃 = 5.19𝑀𝑊
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A 2-in-diameter steel shaft rotates at 240 rpm. If the shearing stress

is limited to 12 ksi, determine the maximum horsepower that can be
transmitted
𝑃
16𝑇 𝑇=
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑓
𝐷3
16𝑇 𝑃(396000)
(12)(1000) = 18849.56 =
(2)3 2(240)

𝑇 = 18849.56𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛 𝑃 = 71.78ℎ𝑝
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without

exceeding a shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more
than 1° in a length of 26 diameters. Compute the proper diameter if
G = 83 GPa.

𝑃 16𝑇
𝑇= 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
2𝑓 𝑑
(4.5)(1000000)
𝑇= (16)238732.41(1000)
2(3) 50 =
𝑑3
𝑇 = 238732.41𝑁𝑚
𝑑 = 289.71𝑚𝑚
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑇𝐿
=
𝐽𝐺
 238732.41 26𝑑 (1000)
1° =
180𝑜 (𝑑)4
(83000)
32

𝑑 = 352.04𝑚𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; 𝑑 = 352.04𝑚𝑚

CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by

torques applied to gears attached to it as shown. Using G = 28 GPa,
determine the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑇𝐿
=
𝐽𝐺

Rotation of D relative to A:
1
𝐷/𝐴 = 𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺
1
𝐷/𝐴 = [800 2 − 300 3 + 600(2)](1000)2
 50 4
(28000)
32
𝐷/𝐴 = 0.1106𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐷/𝐴 = 6.34𝑜
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow

circular steel shaft of 100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside
diameter without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa or a twist of
0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83 GPa.
16𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝐿
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
(𝐷4 −𝑑4 ) 𝐽𝐺
 𝑇(1000)
16𝑇(100) 0.5° 𝑜
= 
60 = 180 (1004 − 804 )(83000)
(1004 −804 ) 32
𝑇 = 6955486.14𝑁𝑚𝑚 𝑇 = 4198282.97𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 6955.5𝑁𝑚
𝑇 = 4198.3𝑁𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒: 𝑇 = 4198.28𝑁𝑚
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

The steel shaft shown rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20

kW removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find
the maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear A
relative to gear C.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑃
𝑇=
2𝑓

−35(1000)
𝑇𝐴 = = −1392.6𝑁𝑚
2(4)

−20(1000)
𝑇𝐵 = = −795.8𝑁𝑚
2(4)

55(1000)
𝑇𝐶 = = 2188.4𝑁𝑚
2(4)
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐶:

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑑
16(1392.6)(1000)
𝜏𝐴𝐵 = = 42.63𝑀𝑃𝑎
(55) 3

16(2188.4)(1000)
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = = 40.58𝑀𝑃𝑎
(65)3

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜏𝐴𝐵 = 42.63𝑀𝑃𝑎

CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑇𝐿
=
𝐽𝐺
1
𝐴/𝐶 = 𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺

1 1392.6 4 2188.4 2
𝐴/𝐶 = + (1000)2
83000  55 4  65 4
32 32

𝐴/𝐶 = 0.104796585𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝐴/𝐶 = 6.004𝑜
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear that is

2 m from the left end where 20 kW are removed. At the right end, 30
kW are removed and another 20 kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the
right end.
(a) Find the uniform shaft diameter so that the shearing stress will
not exceed 60 MPa.
(b) If a uniform shaft diameter of 100 mm is specified, determine the
angle by which one end of the shaft lags behind the other end. Use
G = 83 GPa.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑃
𝑇=
2𝑓

−20(1000)
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐶 = = −1591.55𝑁𝑚
2(2)

70(1000)
𝑇𝐵 = = 5570.42𝑁𝑚
2(2)

−30(1000)
𝑇𝐷 = = −2387.32𝑁𝑚
2(2)
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎
16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐷
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐶
16(3978.87)(1000) 16(2387.32)(1000)
16(1591.55)(1000) 60 = 60 =
60 = 𝑑3 𝑑3
𝑑3
𝑑 = 51.3𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 69.6𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 58.7𝑚𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑; 𝑑 = 69.6𝑚𝑚

CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏
𝑇𝐿
=
𝐽𝐺
1
𝐴/𝐷 = 𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺
1
𝐴/𝐷 = [ −1591.55 2 + (3978.87) 1.5 + 2387.32 1.5 ](1000)2
 100 4
(83000)
32
𝐴/𝐷 = 0.007813

𝐴/𝐷 = 0.448𝑜
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an aluminum

segment is acted upon by two torques as shown. Determine the
maximum permissible value of T subject to the following conditions:
𝑠𝑡 = 83 MPa, 𝑎𝑙 = 55 MPa, and the angle of rotation of the free end is
limited to 6°. For steel, G = 83 GPa and for aluminum, G = 28 GPa.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑑

16(3𝑇)
𝑠𝑡 = = 83
(50) 3

𝑇 = 679042.16𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 679.04𝑁𝑚 16(𝑇)
𝑎𝑙 = = 55
(40) 3

𝑇 = 691150.38𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 691.15𝑁𝑚
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
= +
𝐽𝐺 𝑠𝑡 𝐽𝐺 𝑎𝑙

 3𝑇(900) 𝑇(600)
6° = +
180𝑜  50 4  40 4
(83000) (28000)
32 32
𝑇 = 757316.32𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 757.32𝑁𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇; 𝑇 = 679.04𝑁𝑚

CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A solid aluminum shaft 2 in. in diameter is subjected to two torques

as shown. Determine the maximum shearing stress in each segment
and the angle of rotation of the free end. Use G = 4 × 10 6 psi.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
16(600)(12)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥2 = = 4583.66𝑝𝑠𝑖
(2) 3

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

16(800)(12)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥3 = = 6111.55𝑝𝑠𝑖
(2) 3
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑇𝐿
=
𝐽𝐺
1
 = 𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺
1
= [ 600 2 + (800) 3 ](12)2
 2 4
(4 × 10 6 )
32
 = 0.0825𝑟𝑎𝑑

 = 4.73𝑜
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown. Using G = 83 GPa,

determine the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing
stress is limited to 60 MPa and the angle of rotation at the free
end is not to exceed 4 deg.
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

16(450)(1000)
60 =
𝑑3
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑 = 33.68𝑚𝑚
16(1200)(1000)
60 =
𝑑3

𝑑 = 46.70𝑚𝑚
CE 234 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝑇𝐿
=
𝐽𝐺
1
 = 𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺
 1 2
4° = [ 450 2.5 + (1200) 2.5 ](1000)
180𝑜  𝑑 4
(83000)
32
𝑑 = 51.89𝑚𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 ; 𝑑 = 51.89𝑚𝑚