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RATIONAL NUMBERS EXAMPLE:
AND THE NUMBER LINE
All rational numbers can be Similarly, because -3 is smaller than -2 and also smaller
placed on a NUMBER LINE. than -1, it is placed to the left of those numbers.
A number line is a line that orders
and compares numbers. Smaller
numbers appear on the left and
larger numbers on the right. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 EXAMPLE:

Not only can we place integers on a number line, we can

put fractions, decimals, and all other rational numbers on a
EXAMPLE: number line, too:

Because 2 is larger than 1 and also larger than 0, it is placed

to the right of those numbers.
3 1
-2.38 --
4
-
2 5 π

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

6 7
Absolute value bars are also grouping symbols, so you EXAMPLE: - | -1 6 | = - 1 6
must complete the operation inside them first, then (The absolute value of −16 is 16.
take the absolute value. Then we apply the negative symbol
on the outside of the absolute value
EXAMPLE: | 5 -3 | = | 2 | = 2 bars to get the answer −16.)

Sometimes there are positive or negative symbols outside A number in front of the absolute value bars means
an absolute value bar. Think: inside, then outside-first multiplication (like when we use parentheses).
take the absolute value, then apply the outside symbol.
EXAMPLE: 2|-4| (The absolute value of −4 is 4.)
| |
EXAMPLE: - 6 = - 6
(The absolute value of 6 is 6. Then 2• 4 = 8 (Once you have the value inside
we apply the negative symbol on the the absolute value bars, you
outside of the absolute value bars to can solve normally.)
get the answer −6.)
Multiplication can be shown in a few different ways—not
just with x. All of these symbols mean multiply:
2 x 4 = 8
2 • 4 = 8
(2)(4) = 8
2(4) = 8
If you use VARIABLES, you can put variables next to
each other or put a number next to a variable to indicate
multiplication, like so:
ab = 8
VARIABLE: a letter or symbol 3x = 15
NOW THIS CHANGES is used in place of a quantity
EVER YTHING. we don’t know yet

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 EXAMPLE: A recipe requires 6 cups of water for 2
EXAMPLE: 150 miles in 3 hours. At this rate,
You drive pitchers of fruit punch. The same recipe requires 15 cups
how far would you travel in 7 hours? of water for 5 pitchers of fruit punch. How many cups
of water are required to make 1 pitcher of fruit punch?
150 miles X miles
-= -
3 hours 7 hours
We set up a proportion:
150 •7 = 3 •x
6 cups X cups 15 cups X cups
1050 = 3x (Divide both sides by 3 so you can get x alone.) -
2 pitcher
= - or -
1 pitcher 5 pitcher
= -
1 pitcher
350 = x
By solving for x in both cases, we find out that the
You’ll travel 350 miles in 7 hours. answer is always: 3 cups.

We can also see unit rate by using a table. With the data
Sometimes a proportion stays the same, even in different from the table, we can set up a proportion:
1
scenarios-for example, Tim runs - a mile, and then
2
he drinks 1 cup of water. If Tim runs 1 mile, he needs 2 EXAMPLE: Daphne often jogs laps at the track. The
cups of water. If Tim runs 1.5 miles, he needs 3 cups of table below describes how much time she jogs, based on
water (and so on). The proportion stays the same, and we how many laps she finishes. How many minutes does
multiply by the same number in Daphne jog per lap?
each scenario (in this case, times Whenever you see
“at this rate,”
2). This is known as the CONSTANT set up a proportion!
Total minutes jogging 28 42
OF PROPORTIONALITY or the Total number of laps 4 6
CONSTANT OF VARIATION and is
closely related to UNIT RATE (or UNIT PRICE).
28 minutes X minutes 42 minutes X minutes
-
4 laps
= -
1 laps
or -
6 laps
= -
1 laps

Solving for x, we find out that the answer is: 7 minutes .

100 101
 u h-o h
... exaMple of coMMiSSion: my sister got a summer
job working at her favorite clothing store at the mall.
Again, the more your bill her boss agrees to pay 12% commission on her total sales.
is, the more the gratuity
or commission will be— at the end of her first week, her sales total is $3,500.
they have a proportional
relationship. how much will she earn in commission?

12% = 0.12

$3,500 x 0.12 = $420.00

exaMple of gratuity: at the end of a meal,
your server brings the final bill, which is $25. you want she earned $420.
to leave a 15% gratuity. how much is the tip in dollars
and how should you leave in total?

15% = 0.15 Don’t forget: you can also solve these

problems by set ting up proportions, like this:
$25 x 0.15 = $3.7 5
12 x
$3.7 5. - = -
the tip is 100 3500
$25 + 3.7 5 = $28.7 5 100x = 42,000

the total is $28.7 5. x = $420

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EXAMPLE: In order to purchase your first used car, EXAMPLE: Joey has $3,000. He deposits it in a bank
you need to borrow $11,000. Your bank agrees to loan that offers an annual interest rate of 4%. How long
you the money for 5 years if you pay 3.25% interest does he need to leave it in the bank in order to
each year. How much interest will you have paid after earn $600 in interest?
the 5 years?
I = $600 (In this case, we know what
P = $11,000 P = $3,000 the interest will be, but we
R = 3.25% = 0.0325 R = 4% (use .04) don’t know the length of time.
T = 5 years T=x We use x to represent
time and fill in all the other
I=PxRxT I=PxRxT information we know.)

I = ($11,000) (0.0325) (5) $600 = $3,000(.04)T

I = $1,7 87.50 $600 = $120T (Divide both sides by 120

to get T by itself.)
You’ll have to pay $1,7 87.50 in interest alone! 5=T

With this in mind, what will be the total price of the car? So, Joey will earn $600 after 5 years.

$11,000 + $1,7 87.50 = $12,7 87.50 HAS IT BEEN

5 YEARS YET?
IT’S BEEN
2 HOURS.

BANK
The car will cost $12,7 87.50 in total.

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 caution! If each runner’s rates are proportional, how would
We can only use tables if rates are their coach find out who runs faster? Their coach must
PROPORTIONAL! Otherwise, there is no
ratio or proportion to extrapolate from. complete the table and find out how much time it would
take Tim to run 1 lap and how much time it would take
Linda to run 1 lap, and then compare them. The coach
can find out the missing times with proportions:
exaMple: linda and tim are racing around a track.
their coach records their times below: Linda:
1 2
Linda -=-
x 8
nuMber of lapS total MinuteS run
x=4
1 ?
2 8 minutes So, it takes Linda 4 minutes to run one lap.
6 24 minutes
Tim:
1 3
- = -
x 15
Tim
x=5
nuMber of lapS total MinuteS run
w o o-
1 ? So, it takes Tim 5 minutes to run one lap. h o o!

3 15 minutes Linda runs faster than Tim!

4 20 minutes

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 exaMple: 7 (x + 8) = Think about catapulting FaCtoring is the reverse of the distributive property.
the number outside the instead of get ting rid of parentheses, factoring allows
parentheses inside to simplify.
us to include parentheses (because sometimes it’s simpler
to work with an expression that has parentheses).

(x + 8) = 7 (x) + 7 (8) = 7x + 56 exaMple: 15y + 12 = 3(5y + 4)

Step 1: ask yourself, “What is the greatest common factor

the DistributiVe ProPerty oF multiPliCation of both terms?” in the above case, the greatest common
oVer subtraCtion looks like this a(b - c) = ab - ac. factor of 15y and 12 is 3. (15y = 3 • 5 • y) (12 = 3 • 4)
it says that subtracting two numbers inside parentheses,
then multiplying that difference times a number outside Step 2: Divide all terms by the greatest common factor
the parentheses is equal to first multiplying the number and put the greatest
You can always check your answer by
outside the parentheses by each of the numbers inside the common factor on using the Distributive propertY.
parentheses and then subtracting the two products. the outside of the Your answer should match the
parentheses. expression you started with!
exaMple: 9(5 - 3) = 9 (5) - 9(3)
(both expressions equal 18.) exaMple: 12a + 8 = 6(2a + 3)

exaMple: 6 (x - 8) = the greatest common factor of 12a and 18 is 6.

so, we divide all terms by 6 and put it outside of
the parentheses.

(x - 8) = 6 (x) - 6 (8) = 6x - 48

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