MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN MIDDLE AND LATE ADOLESCENCE

Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being

“Mens sana in corpore sano”, a healthy mind in a healthy body. It is natural for every
person to take good care of one’s personal health. But a lot of times, we want to focus
more on taking good care of our physical body and think less on how to maintain our
mental well-being. We have to remember that taking good care of our mental health is
as important as taking good care of our bodies. As for an adolescent, it is very much
necessary to pay attention to one’s mental health as you go through the process of
transition.

But what is mental health? Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional
well-being. It is all about how people think, feel, and behave. People sometimes use the
term “mental health” to mean the absence of a mental disorder. To be mentally
healthy as an adolescent, one thing to look for is if they are enjoying quality of life, free
of mental illness and are able to function well at school, home and in their communities.
Ensuring mental health and hygiene leads to overall well-being for individuals. What do
we mean when we say well-being? According to Pollard and Lee (2003) there has
been no single definition of well-being across literature but it could be safely described
to be a multi-dimensional construct. For Pollard and Lee, well-being among young
people consist of positive indicators in their physical, psychological, social and
economic domains. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), poor mental
health in adolescence is associated with several health and social concerns such as
higher alcohol, tobacco and illegal substance abuse (Llaneza-Ramos, 2017).

Mental Wellness

Mental health should be everyone’s concern. Teenagers have to realize that taking
good care of themselves is their responsibility as parents may not be always there to
guide them. As a teenager journey towards adulthood, he/she is very much prone to
experience mental distress. The table below is just common examples of different signs
that a teenager is experiencing mental distress:

DOMAIN SIGNS OF MENTAL DISTRESS

Non-Attendance, consistent failure to complete tasks, loss of

ACADEMIC motivation, neglect of personal responsibilities

Being tearful, appearing confused, experiencing high levels of

anxiety, panic attacks, irritability, unpredictable outbursts of anger,
EMOTIONAL & displaying speech patterns that seem pressured, racing or confused,
PSYCHOLOGICAL sustained low mood, frequent expression of negativity
 Looking pale, perspiring excessively, fainting, muscular spasms,
PHYSICAL obvious intense pain, extreme fatigue, complaints of sleep problem,
continual episodes of illness, colds, flu, etc.

Avoidance of tasks, withdrawing socially or verbally, poor self-care

BEHAVIORAL and neglected personal hygiene. Being excessively demanding of
others, talk of suicide, violent acts towards self or others

COPING WITH STRESS

Before proceeding to the discussion about mental health struggles of most

adolescents, we will first talk one of one unavoidable event that every person
experiences, i.e., Stress. It is very important to understand one’s stress tolerance,
especially teenagers, for it would greatly affect one’s individual mental health.

What is stress? Stress refers to the total response of an individual to what may be
perceived as harmful or dangerous stimulus in his/her external environment. It is
experienced when an individual encounters a threat that he/she could not deal with
due to lack of proper resources (McLeod 2010). Things that ignite threat, danger or
tension are called Stressors. Adolescence period is characterized as a stage of
meaningful changes and these young people experience more stress during this period
and could cause distress. It is necessary to take this into consideration for these threats
attack three major developments that are occurring in that time of life, namely: the
development of self and identity, involvement in groups and development of close
relationship outside the family, and emotional and behavioral autonomy development
(Zimmer-Gembeck & Collins, 2003)

But how can a person know if he/she is under stress? Stress is characterized by
feelings of tension, frustration, worry, sadness and withdrawal. These feelings commonly
last from a couple of hours to a few days, but for some, it may last longer. For most
adolescents, they are able to face the stress of negative life events by finding ways to
cope; but for others, these events tend to pile up and the stressors become far too
great to handle. When this happens, inadequately managed stress may lead to
anxiety, withdrawal, aggression, poor physical health or unhealthy coping skills like
substance abuse (Llaneza-Ramos, 2017). Below are said to be the common sources of
stress for adolescents:

 Breakup with a boyfriend or girlfriend

 Increased arguments with parents, and between parents

  The pressure of expectation from self and others

 Change in parent’s financial status

 Serious illness or injury of a family member

 Pressure at school from teachers, coaches, grades and homework

 Relationships with family and friends

It would be really helpful for every teenager to learn how to manage stress.
Common ways of managing stress would be: maintaining a balanced diet, adopting a
healthy lifestyle, seeking social support and enjoying the good things in life. Always
remember that Self-Care is very important. As you journey towards adulthood, learn
ways on how to develop positive coping mechanisms in handling stressful events in your
life. Stressors will always be there. Your ability to respond positively from these stressors
would really help you a lot. And if you find yourself struggling greatly, seeking social
support and help from those people whom you know can help and lift you up.

MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS IN ADOLESCENCE

Mental health problems that teenagers encounter usually range from little stress
that they encounter daily to severe and prolonged situations. If not taken seriously,
these problems could ruin a teenager’s life. We will now discussed the common types of
mental health problems:

1. Depression - Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of

sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical
depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety
of emotional and physical problems. One may have trouble doing normal day-
to-day activities, and sometimes may feel as if life isn't worth living. Below are the
common symptoms of depression:

 Fatigue, disinterest, and poor energy level

 Sudden shifts in eating patterns or changes in weight

 Unclear body ailments such as headaches and stomach pains

 Changes in sleeping patterns such as insomnia or oversleeping

 Extreme worrying, lack of sympathy and self-confidence

 Difficulty in relating with family members

2. Anxiety – Anxiety is a sense of vague unease with no known actual cause that
makes one feel mostly tensed and restless. Teenagers who are experiencing
anxiety could experience being impatient and may have difficulty in sleeping.
Adolescents experiencing high-anxiety levels may also suffer from sudden
feelings of acute and disabling anxiety, phobia or Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder.

3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – OCD refers to anxiety and intrusive

thoughts that drive the patient to unusual repetitive actions called
“Compulsions”. Common compulsion includes counting their steps, repetitively
washing hands, preoccupation with certain numbers and rituals (opening and
closing doors).

4. Phobias – Phobia refers to extreme or irrational fear of specific things. Phobias

share similar symptoms with anxiety. Here are some examples of phobia:

 Fear of spiders (arachnophobia)

 Fear of heights (acrophobia)

 Fear of thunder and lightning (astraphobia)

 Fear of being trapped in small enclosed place (claustrophobia)

 Fear of flying (aerophobia)

5. Eating Disorders – Eating disorders may be characterized by having the need to

eat excessively or modestly. Excessive intake restriction of food intake is
called Anorexia Nervosa while binge eating and self-induced vomiting or taking
laxatives to avoid weight gain is called Bulimia Nervosa.

6. Psychotic Disorders – Psychotic disorders are interruptions (abnormal) in thinking,

perception, and behavior. These mental diseases are relatively
severe. Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder fall under this category. People
with Schizophrenia have changes in behavior and other symptoms such as
delusions and hallucinations that last longer than 6 months. Persons
with Delusional Disorder, the key symptom is having a delusional (a false, fixed
belief) involving real-life-situations that could be true but are not such as being
followed, being plotted against, or having a disease.

7. Anti-social behavior – Anti-social behavior covers a wide range of actions, from

theft to burglary to physical abuse to substance abuse. The cause may be to
inflict harm to people or to the community, or it may simply be behaviors running
out of control and affecting other people negatively in effect.

8. Self-harm/Self-injury – Self-harm is a mode of manifesting severe agony where

people do things to cause physical suffering themselves. People with this disorder
are not aware why they harm themselves. People with this disorder are not
aware why they harm themselves.
 9. Personality Disorders – Personality disorders are described as having severe and
unnatural modes of reasoning or performing individuals suffering from personality
disorders have problems pertinent to perception of their environment and have
trouble dealing with people. People with this disorder may not know that they
have problems as their manner of perceiving and actuating seem normal to
them.

These common mental health problems of teenagers can affect their lives if they
will be taken for granted. Parents or guardians should be watchful and should seek help
if the need arises once they show signs that their children are showing signs of struggles
with their mental health. Every teenager should also realize that it is also their
responsibility to stay mentally healthy at all times. Self-care, a good support system
(family and friends) are the major keys in motivating adolescents to stay mentally
healthy and live life to the fullest.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
The term emotion comes from the Latin verb “movare” which means to stir up,
agitate, upset or move. When a person experiences an emotion, he/she feels an
agitation or a stirred up state of your entire being. We have to realize that we are not in
our normal selves when we are angry, happy or sad that is why we often express the
words: ‘losing one’s cool”, “out of his mind/head” when a person is under emotional
strain.

What then is Emotional Intelligence? according to Salovey and Mayer (1990),

Emotional intelligence is the “subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to
monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them,
and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions”. It is essential that
people are able to express and control their emotions and it is equally important that
they are able to recognize, decipher, and react to the feelings of other people.

The Wheel of Emotions

A psychologist by the name of Robert Plutchik introduced the wheel of emotions

theory that could help us understand better the various aspects of emotions.
 Plutchik stated that the strength of emotions varies from mild to intense. This
intensity of emotions also corresponds to the degree by which an emotion affects one’s
behaviors. Plutchik also believed that there are just eight primary emotions. Below are
the primary types of emotion:

1. Joy – feeling of happiness (gladness, delight euphoria)

2. Sadness – feeling of being unhappy or gloomy (grief, sorrow, melancholy)

3. Fear – feeling of being scared, frightened or anxious ( distress, horror, fright)

4. Anger – feeling of being mad, irritated or annoyed

5. Disgust – this is what we feel when something is wrong, erroneous or dirty.

6. Trust – positive emotion which also means confidence or belief.

7. Anticipation – looking forward to something good or positive to happen

8. Surprise – this what we feel when something unexpected happens

 Each of these emotions has a corresponding opposite as shown in the figure of the
wheel of emotions. Emotions which are nearer to the core are the more intense ones
and the intensity of emotions decreases as one moves outward of the core.

POSITIVE vs. NEGATIVE EMOTIONS

Most psychologists classified emotions into two: Positive and Negative. Positive
emotions can be a source of motivation and enjoyment. These are usually expressed
through words like shouting for joy, through facial expression such as smiling and
through actions like jumping or hugging a person. On the other hand, negative
emotions may cause sleep disturbances, restlessness, loss of appetite, inefficiency and
moodiness. Some people express their negative emotions by attacking the source of
frustration, kicking chairs, weeping and cursing (De Guzman & Nicolas, 2016).

As we grow old, we can learn how to modify, hide or replace our emotions. This is
very true especially for negative feelings. We have to accept that negative feelings are
very unpleasant and could lead us to experience distress. For adolescents, they could
learn how to hide feelings even in the early stages of their development. Regulating,
hiding or masking one’s emotions have advantages and disadvantages. Surely it could
offer immediate relief as you a person tries to relax and forget or hide his/her true
emotion. But this is not healthy if one will prolong hiding his/her emotion. There will be a
possibility that hiding emotions could lead one to uncontrollable actions. Repressing
emotions could also lead to depression, anxiety and many other mental health
problems.

It is very important for every teenager to be aware of one’s emotion and learn how
to manage it properly. Hiding emotions does not offer a permanent solution and could
make one’s life worse if not treated properly. Here are some ways to manage one’s
emotions properly (De Guzman & Nicolas, 2016):

1. Understand and identify one’s emotions. Know the source, stop and
contemplate and figure out the best way to address the problem.

2. Evaluate the situation.

3. Think before you act.

4. Learn the art of effective communication.

5. Put things in proper perspective and order.

6. Practice controlling emotions and expressing emotional reactions in constructive

ways.
Mental
Health
Warning Signs and
Management Approach

Dr. Shara May T. Espinol, RPsy,

RPm, CMHFR
Program Head - Psychology and Human
Services
University of Batangas-Batangas Campus
Let’s get the feels...

Before we begin, I want to know where you are right

now.

Answer the poll which we have prepared in the next

slides. Please be completely honest about your answers.

Thank you!
How have you been feeling
in the last week?
What was your last thought
like before going to bed last
night?
What was the first thing you
did after you opened your
eyes this morning?
 Thank you for
participating!

WHOA!
What motivated
you to join this
webinar?
Topics

01 02
What is Integrative
mental approach to
health? understanding
Mental Health

03 04
Warning Taking care
signs of poor of yourself
mental
health
01

What is Mental
Health?
Mental health is more
than the absence of
mental disorders, but a
state of well-being to
realize one’s own
potential (self-image),
cope with the normal
stresses of life
(resiliency), work
productively and fruitfully
(productivity and
creativity), and be able to
make a contribution to the
community (sense of
purpose). - DOH & WHO
Mental health refers to well-being in...

Emotions Behaviors
...feeling happy or
...being productive
content

Thoughts

...thinking positively
Mental illness is the
3rd most common
disability in the
Philippines.
- Martinez, A.B., Co, M., Lau, J. et al. (2020)
02

Integrative approach
to understanding
Mental Health

Biopsychosocial Model
The biopsychosocial model states that health and illness are
determined by a dynamic interaction between biological,
psychological, and social factors.

Social Biological Psychological

Genes, hormones, Beliefs, EQ, coping
Family, culture,
mechanisms, IQ,
tradition, community, injury, drugs, resilience, cognitive
discrimination, poverty disease biases
03

Warning signs of
poor mental
health
Poor mental health...

75% 50%

Mental illness Mental illness

begins by age 24 begins by age 14
The warning signs...

● Sleep or appetite changes — Dramatic sleep and appetite changes or

decline in personal care
● Mood changes — Rapid or dramatic shifts in emotions or depressed
feelings
● Withdrawal — Recent social withdrawal and loss of interest in activities
previously enjoyed
● Drop in functioning — An unusual drop in functioning, at school, work or
social activities, such as quitting sports, failing in school or difficulty
performing familiar tasks
● Problems thinking — Problems with concentration, memory or logical
thought and speech that are hard to explain
The warning signs...

● Increased sensitivity — Heightened sensitivity to sights, sounds, smells or

touch; avoidance of over-stimulating situations
● Apathy — Loss of initiative or desire to participate in any activity
● Feeling disconnected — A vague feeling of being disconnected from
oneself or one’s surroundings; a sense of unreality
● Illogical thinking — Unusual or exaggerated beliefs about personal powers
to understand meanings or influence events; illogical or “magical” thinking
typical of childhood in an adult
● Nervousness — Fear or suspiciousness of others or a strong nervous
feeling
● Unusual behavior – Odd, uncharacteristic, peculiar behavior
3.6 million Filipinos have mental health issues
1.14 million are diagnosed with depression
847,000 have alcohol-use disorders
520,000 are suffering from bipolar disorder
- Frances Prescilla Cuevas, (Chief health program officer,
Disease Prevention and Control Bureau, 2021)
04

Taking care of
yourself
 Take care of
your body
● Eat healthy
● Drink plenty (water)
● Exercise
● Get enough sleep
● Avoid vices
Love yourself

● Value yourself
● Give time for the things
that you love to do
● Think of what makes you
happy
● Do not feel guilty about:
○ Saying NO
○ Making your own
choices
○ Pampering yourself
○ Being unaware of
something
○ Letting go
Surround yourself with good people

● Find your people or

person
● Value quality rather
than quantity
● Do not hesitate to
reach out to others
● Show up
 Find purpose in
life
● Volunteer your time
● Volunteer your energy
● Give back to the
community
Cope with stress

● Avoid by
rearranging your
environment
● Alter or change
your situation
● Accept things as
they are
● Adapt by
changing
 Improve your
state of mind
● Cultivate awareness
○ Thoughts and
emotions
● Cultivate acceptance
○ Acknowledge
unpleasant thoughts
and feelings
 Set realistic goals

● Be specific
● Use a timeframe
● Aim high but not too
high
● Plan
● Be accountable and
responsible
Be creative

● Try new things

● Do things differently
● Test your skills and
abilities
● Challenge yourself
Know when - and get help

● RA 11036 - Mental
Health Act
○ Comprehensive
and integrated
mental health
services
● Guidance counselors
● Psychologists
● Psychiatrists
● Mental health
professionals
Resources

● https://uhs.umich.edu/tenthings
● Psychology Today
● SlidesGo
● Mayo Clinic
● American Psychiatric Association
● American Psychological Association
Thanks
Do you have any questions?

[email protected]
+91 620 421 838
yourcompany.com

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Emotional Intelligence

Chapter 8
A world without emotions is a world devoid of
warmth, vitality and color.
 The word
Emotion came
from the
French word
Ěmouvoir/Latin
“Emovare”
meaning “To
stir up”
 Emotion is defined as the
complex reactions that one
has including thought
processes, behavioral
expressions and
psychological changes.
 Most of the times, adolescents
will often exaggerate their
emotions up to the extent that a
mere liking is perceived already
as liking or loving, being
annoyed is already going to be
perceived as already a form of
anger or hate
 Limbic System: Emotions
Hippocampus: emotions &
memory

Amygdala: emotional
control & fear control

Hypothalamus: regulates
fear & aggression
 The Amygdala

• Reptilian brain

• Fight or flight responses.

• Gate keeper of the brain, judging each

new sensation to be a threat or safe.

• When senses danger, sends out an

alarm putting the entire body on alert.
 Emotional Hijacking
• We feel before we think; everything that we sense has already
been filtered through our emotional brain.

• When danger is sensed, we react emotionally first before the

information has reached any part of the cerebral cortex that
allows us to process and think rationally

• When what we sense reminds us of a past threat, we react with

the same intense emotions; we may not even be aware of the
memory that has been triggered.
 Withstanding the Hijack

• In order to think rationally and respond rather than react

emotionally, we can need to allow the information to reach the rest
of the brain.

• We can do this by becoming aware of our emotional triggers and

learning to take a moment before reacting.

• These skills are key components of Emotional Intelligence.

 Emotional Intelligence
It was coined by Salovey and Mayer
in the year 1990
“the capacity for recognizing our
own feelings and those of others, for
motivating ourselves, and for
managing emotions as well in
ourselves and in our relationships. -
Daniel Goleman (1998)
 Two View Points about EQ
• High Performers
Traditionalist
• Distract us • Motivate us
• Increase our vulnerability • Increase our confidence
• Cloud or judgment • Speed our analysis
• Inhibit free flow of data • Build Trust
• Must be controlled • Provide Vital Feedback
• Must be managed
EI/EQ refers to emotional management skills
which provide competence to balance
Thinking/Reasoning Feelings

emotions and reason, so as to maximize

long term effectiveness and happiness

EQ
4 components SELF
AWARENESS
of EI
SELF
RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT
EI MANAGEMENT

SOCIAL
AWARENESS
Self Awareness
• Your goals and intentions
• Your reactions
• Your responsiveness
• Your body language
• Your tone of voice
• Your attitude
• Your listening
Self Management
• Your ability to stop
reactive behavior
in real time
• Your ability to
break old habits
• Your ability to
avoid any acts of
relationship
sabotage.
Social Awareness
• Empathy
• Tuning in to other
people
• Knowing what they
need
• Taking the leadership
role in maintaining the
“connection”
• The ability to connect
Relationship Management
• Building Teamwork, Trust
and mutual respect
• Focusing more on the
relationship
• Continually building
affective collaboration
skills
Why is EI important?
 Physical Health
The ability to take care of our bodies and
especially to manage our stress, which has an
incredible impact on our overall wellness, is
heavily tied to our emotional intelligence. Only by
being aware of our emotional state and our
reactions to stress in our lives can we hope to
manage stress and maintain good health.
 Mental Well-Being
• Emotional Intelligence affects our attitude and
outlook in life. It can also help to alleviate
anxiety and avoid depression and mood swings.
A high level of emotional intelligence directly
correlates to a positive attitude and happier
outlook in life.
 Relationships
By better understanding and managing our emotions,
we are better able to communicate our feelings in a
more constructive way. We are also better able to
understand and relate to those with whom we are in
relationships. Understanding the needs, feelings, and
responses of those we care about leads to stronger
and more fulfilling relationships.
 Conflict Resolution
It is much easer to resolve conflicts or possibly
avoid them before they start. We are also better
at negotiation due to the very nature of our
ability to understand the needs and desires of
others.
 Success
• Help us to be stronger internal motivators, which
can reduce procrastination, increase self
confidence, and improve our ability to focus on a
goal.
• Create a better networks of support, overcome
setbacks, and persevere with a more resilient
outlook.
 Leadership
• A step to become great leaders
• Can recognize what the needs of his people are, so
that those needs can be met in a way that encourages
higher performance and workplace satisfaction.
• Able to build stronger teams by strategically utilizing
the emotional diversity of their team members to
benefit the team as a whole.
Intensity of Emotions
 Most
psychologists
usually classify
and split
emotions into
two basic
categories: the
POSITIVE and the
NEGATIVE.
Positive emotions can
be sources of
motivations. These
emotions are usually
expressed in
words(shouting for
joy), facial
expressions(laughing),
through
actions(jumping and
hugging)
 Negative
emotions, on the
other hand, may
cause sleep
disturbances,
restlessness, loss
of appetite,
inefficiency and
moodiness.
 Both negative and positive
emotions, especially when
intense, may also entail
physiological changes such
as increased heartbeat, rapid
breathing, sweating and
release of adrenaline.
 Adrenaline(Epinephrine)
readies the body to
respond to threat by
increasing heart rate,
breathing rate, and blood
flow to the arms and legs.
 The strength of emotions
varies from very mild to
intense. The intensity of
emotions may also
correspond to the degree by
which an emotion affects
one’s behaviors
Negative emotions are usually
hidden or replaced with other
emotions. We can modify our
emotional reaction, the coping
process that increase or
decrease the intensity of the
moment.
 Robert Plutchik was
professor emeritus at
the Albert Einstein
College of Medicine and
adjunct professor at the
University of South
Florida. He received his
Ph.D. from Columbia
University and he was
also a psychologist.
 Robert
Plutchik
created the
Wheel of
Emotions
Robert Plutchik believes that
there are just EIGHT basic or
primary emotions such as joy,
sadness, fear, anger,
anticipation, surprise,
disgust, and trust. For him,
each emotion has a
corresponding opposite.
 8 Primary Emotions

1. JOY – is the
feeling of
happiness.
Synonymous to
gladness and
delight.
 8 Primary Emotions

Intense forms are

ecstasy, elation
and euphoria.
 8 Primary Emotions

2. Sadness – the
feeling of
unhappy, gloomy,
or lonely
 8 Primary Emotions

2. Sadness –
synonymous to
grief, sorrow,
melancholy
 8 Primary Emotions

3. Fear – feeling of
being scared,
frightened or
anxious.
 8 Primary Emotions

3. Fear – related
words are dread,
distress, fright,
terror
 8 Primary Emotions

4. Anger – feeling
of being irritated,
mad or annoyed
 8 Primary Emotions

4. Anger – stronger
version is rage or
fury
 8 Primary Emotions

5. Disgust – this is
what we feel when
something is
wrong, erroneous
or dirty
 8 Primary Emotions

5. Disgust –
stronger forms are
abhorrence or
hatred
 8 Primary Emotions

6. Trust – positive
emotion which
means confidence
and belief
 8 Primary Emotions

6. Trust –
acceptance is a
weaker form,
admiration is a
stronger kind
 8 Primary Emotions

7. Anticipation –
constitute looking
forward to
something good or
positive that one
believes will
happen
 8 Primary Emotions

7. Anticipation –
related words are
hope and
expectation
 8 Primary Emotions

8. Surprise – this
is what we feel
when something
we do not expect
happens
 8 Primary Emotions

8. Surprise – it
may mean
amazement,
disbelief or shock
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

1. Avoid negative
emotion-
provoking
situations
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

2. Change the
emotion-provoking
situations
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

3. Increase skills in
coping with
situations
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

4. Re-interpret
situations
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

5. Keep moving
towards goals
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

6. Find substitute
outlets
Here are some ways to manage one’s emotions properly
(Trajeco, 2013):

7. Develop a sense
of humor