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Differential Equation - p4

This document discusses methods for solving first order differential equations, including: 1) Integrating factor by inspection, which is used to find solutions for two example equations. 2) Determination of integrating factors, which provides a method to find the integrating factor μ(x) or μ(y) that makes a given differential equation exact. 3) This method is demonstrated by finding the integrating factor for the equation x2 + y2 + 1 dx + x(x - 2y) dy = 0.

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Rondio Lopez
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67 views

Differential Equation - p4

This document discusses methods for solving first order differential equations, including: 1) Integrating factor by inspection, which is used to find solutions for two example equations. 2) Determination of integrating factors, which provides a method to find the integrating factor μ(x) or μ(y) that makes a given differential equation exact. 3) This method is demonstrated by finding the integrating factor for the equation x2 + y2 + 1 dx + x(x - 2y) dy = 0.

Uploaded by

Rondio Lopez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equation p4

OTHER METHODS OF SOLUTIONS


FOR EQUATION OF ORDER ONE
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
INTEGRATING FACTOR BY INSPECTION
𝒚𝒅𝒙−𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝒙
𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒅 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝒚

𝒙𝒅𝒚 −𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝒚 𝒚𝒅𝒙 −𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝒙


=𝒅 =𝒅
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 𝒚

Common Exact Differentials


Find a set of solutions for 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Use Integrating Factor by Inspection:


𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Integrate mentally to the right combination.
𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦

2 1
2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; Trial integrating factor = 𝑦2
1 2
2
2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑦2
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑦2

𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + = 0; but =𝑑
𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦

𝑥
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑 =0
𝑦
𝑥
න 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑 = න0
𝑦

𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + =𝑪 or 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒚 or 𝒙 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝐂𝐲
𝒚
Find a set of solutions for 𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒔 + 𝒔 𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎
Use Integrating Factor by Inspection
𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔𝒅𝒕 + 𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝟐
𝟐𝒔𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝒕
𝟐
𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔𝒅𝒕 + 𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒔 + 𝒔𝒅𝒕 + 𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎; but 𝒕𝒅𝒔 + 𝒔𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅(𝒔𝒕)
𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒕 + 𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒕 + 𝒔
𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝟑
𝟐𝒅(𝒔𝒕) 𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕
+ 𝟑𝟑 =𝟎
𝒔𝟑 𝒕𝟑 𝒔 𝒕
2𝑑(𝑠𝑡) 𝑠 3 𝑡𝑑𝑡
3 3
+ 3 3 =0
𝑠 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡

2𝑑(𝑠𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
3
+ 2=0
(𝑠𝑡) 𝑡

−3 𝑑
2 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑡 = 0

න 2(𝑠𝑡)−3 𝑑 𝑠𝑡 + න 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑡 = න 0

2(𝑠𝑡)−2 𝑡 −1
+ =𝐶
−2 −1
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
−(𝒔𝒕)−𝟐 − 𝒕−𝟏 = 𝑪 or (𝒔𝒕)𝟐
−𝒕 =𝑪 or 𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝟐
+ 𝒕
= −𝑪 or 𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝟐
+ 𝒕
=𝒄
DETERMINATION OF INTEGRATING FACTORS
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝟏 𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵(𝒙,𝒚)
If − = 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆‫𝒇 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
;
𝑵(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

and

𝟏 𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵(𝒙,𝒚)
If − = 𝒈(𝒚), then 𝝁 𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫ 𝒚𝒅)𝒚(𝒈 ׬‬.
𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Solve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Use Determination of Integrating Factor
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 ; 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)
𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵(𝒙,𝒚)
= 𝟐𝒚 ; = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵 𝒙,𝒚
− = 𝟐𝒚 − (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵 𝒙,𝒚
− 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵 𝒙,𝒚
− = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Try determining the integrating factor dividing by 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)


𝝏𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝝏𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚
− = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
− −2𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
− −2(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
− −2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥
−2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
−2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
−2
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
Integrating factor: 𝜇 𝑥 =𝑒

𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑒 − 2ln 𝑥
ln 𝑥 −2
𝜇 𝑥 =𝑒
𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2
Multiply the original given differential equation by the determined integrating factor:

𝑥 −2 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
1 + 𝑥 −2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Verify 1 + 𝑥 −2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 if now an exact equation


𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙−𝟐 ; 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒚
𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵(𝒙,𝒚)
= 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 𝒚 ; = 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 𝒚
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝑴(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑵(𝒙,𝒚)
=
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

1 + 𝑥 −2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an Exact Equation
For Exact Equation, the general solution is 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐,
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
where = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
Consider = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) , where 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙−𝟐 :
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚)
= 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙−𝟐
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝝏𝒙

න 𝝏𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = න 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝝏𝒙

𝒙−𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + −𝟏 + −𝟏 + 𝑻(𝒚) or 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝑻(𝒚) ____ (1)
Solve for 𝑻(𝒚) by differentiating (1) with respect to 𝒚.
𝝏𝑭(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝑻(𝒚) 𝝏𝑭(𝒙,𝒚)
𝝏𝒚
= −𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝝏𝒚
; but 𝝏𝒚
= 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) where 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒚

Substitute
𝝏𝑻(𝒚)
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒚 −𝟏
=−𝟐𝒙 𝒚 + 𝝏𝒚
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝝏𝑻(𝒚)
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 𝒚+ 𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝑻(𝒚)
𝟏= 𝝏𝒚
or 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑇(𝑦) and ‫)𝑦(𝑇𝜕 ׬ = 𝑦𝜕 ׬‬ ∴ 𝑻 𝒚 =𝒚

Substitute 𝑻 𝒚 = 𝒚 and 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒄 in 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝑻(𝒚)

𝒄 = 𝒙 − 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝒚 or 𝒙 − 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝒚 = 𝒄


or 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒄
Solve 𝒚 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
https://www.google.com/search?q=quotes+in+mathematics&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=5DCaBznmsHj2qM%252CHk2KKjaE7D1P3M%252C_%253BJlBJULWD3fEGcM%252C3PPj-
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