PERSONAL

DEVELOPMENT
SELF-
KNOWLEDGE
MARTINEZ, CRISTINE NAOMI
 In having romantic relationships,

how would you describe yourself

FORDA as a partner? Why? (EXAMPLE :
LOVE LIFE!
An understanding partner., An

overthinker etc.)
SOCRATES "Father of Western Philosophy"

(Socrates and Self-Knowledge by

Christopher Moore on Alan
Pichanick's Journal 2015
Cambridge University) " Socratic
self-knowledge means working on
oneself, with others, to become the
sort of person who could know
himself, and thus be responsible to
the world, to others, and to oneself,
intellectually, morally, and
practically. "
 What really is
SELF KNOWLEDGE
Self Knowledge is a term used in
personal development. As well as in
Psychology and Philosophy. Self
Knowledge lets us deepen the
understanding of who we are as a
person. It is mostly achieved through
introspection.
Sources of Self
knowledge
Of course, Self-Knowledge isn't
only achieved or derived from just
introspection. According to Brown
(1998) There are 5 Sources of Self
Knowledge.
 5 SOURCES OF SELF
KNOWLEDGE

Physical World Social Comparisons Reflected Appraisal

Refers to comparing Pertains to what we

Refers to your
ourselves with others. This perceive from other
physical
includes downward and people's opinions
information.
upward comparisons. about us.
 5 SOURCES OF SELF
KNOWLEDGE
Introspection Self Perception

Examining of (Daryl Bem) Developing of

ourselves mentally opinions and attitudes from
and emotionally. observing ourselves. May it
Thoughts, daily be behavior or drawing
moods are included. conclusions.
 COGNITIVE
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Intellectual activities that
recognizes negative or
unhelpful thoughts and

2 additional
behavior patterns.

sources MINDFULNESS TECHNIQUES

schaffner (2020)
Enhancement of our
emotional intelligent skills.
Being with our thoughts and
attending to our curiosity and
eagerness in our minds.
Dellava, Sebastian Ross

Self-Awareness
By definition...

Self Awareness
"Self-awareness is the ability to
focus on yourself and how your
actions, thoughts, or emotions do or
don't align with your internal
standards."
 Self Awareness
is one of the components for Self-concept
to emerge

2 Types of Self-Awareness
Public Awareness and Private Awareness
Public Awareness
This is a question of how aware oneself is to
appear to others. This type of self-awareness
emphasizes more on "what is accepted as a
social norm" for one to do.
-This can also be the reason why people are
anxious in a public setting, because they are
afraid of what they appear or look like to
other people.
Private Awareness
An aspect of self awareness that happens
when one is in a private situation or place. An
example that is given would be looking at
yourself in the mirror.
3 ways of developing
self awareness

Meditation
Through time, meditation has been
one of the most observed exercises
that help improve one's own mind
and body.
Journaling
A case where recording your
past and present experiences
can help you improve your
future decisions. This method
allows one to not only write
what they feel at the given or
past moment but also look back
on past experiences and see how
different they are to your
current self.
Therapy Talk
A more professional method of
receiving help on being self-aware.
While some people can be self-
aware on their own, others not so
much. This method gives you the
professional help to make you
understand what you do and do
not have.. .
 SELF-
CONCEPT
Salangsang, Aaron
P.02/10

WHAT IS SELF-CONCEPT
Self-Concept is the belief of oneself or how one
believes how they are and who they are.
 P.04/10

THE ASPECTS OF SELF

CONCEPT
People will have their own image of themselves of how they look outside
and inside, it is essential to the growth of a person since having a
better image of oneself can boost confidence and possibly make them
bloom to be a better person.
P.03/10

Self-concept is detrimental to a person’s personality and

attitude, some people have a really good image of
themselves in their minds to the point that they’ll take
it further and think they’re better than everyone,
they’ll most likely have a rather rude attitude wherein
they’ll brag about things they have or possess. While
people who have a bad image of themselves will always
bring their selves down and always compare themselves
among others in a bad way.

P.06/10

Self-Concept plays a part when

people think they have a different
sexuality, certain age or
youngness, position in the
hierarchy of life, or superiority
over others. It gives a person the
ability to differentiate themselves
from others.
Self Efficacy
Osorio, Louize Margarette
 Define Self-Efficacy
List the most important

Goal/Objectives factors influencing self-

efficacy.

Page 03 of 10
 According to Albert Bandura, A person's self-efficacy
is their belief in their own ability to succeed in a given
Defining situation. Self-efficacy is significant because it
influences how you feel about yourself and whether
Self Efficacy or not you achieve your life goals. It is a component
of the self-system, which includes a person's
attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills. This system is
crucial to how we perceive and respond to various
situations. This self-system requires self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy is
influenced by several
factors
According to Bandura, there are four
major sources of self-efficacy. Mastery
experiences, Vicarious experiences, Verbal
persuasion, and Physiological and Affective
states.
Page 08 of 10
 The most powerful source is the interpreted outcome

Mastery of a previous performance or mastery experience.

When discussing Mastery experiences, this refers to
Experiences
the experiences gained when one takes on a new
challenge and succeeds.

Page 04 of 10
 Vicarious Performances- If someone who is
Vicarious similar to you succeeds, then you may come to
Performances believe that you will succeed as well.
.

Page 04 of 10
 This involves people telling you what they believe
Verbal
you are and are not capable of doing. Not all
Persuasion people will be equally persuasive.
.

Page 04 of 10
 The physiological or emotional states of an
Physiological individual influence self-efficacy judgments
State regarding specific tasks. Emotional responses to
such tasks (for example, anxiety) can lead to
negative assessments of one's ability to complete
the tasks.
.

Page 04 of 10
SELF WORTH
Domingo, Honey Faith
" an essential attribute
to yourself as a person
who deserves to be
treated with respect. "
INTRODUCTI0N

Self-worth is the internal

sense of being good
enough and worthy of love
and belonging from
others.
4 MAIN ELEMENTS OF SELF WORTH MODEL

1
Ability

2 Effort

3 Performance

4 Self Worth
The first three interact
with each other to EXAMPLE
determine one’s level
of self-worth. One’s Example of self
ability and effort worth is your belief
predictably have a big that you are a good
impact on person who deserves
good things or
performance, and all your belief that you
three contribute are a bad person
to one’s feeling of who deserves bad
worth and value. things.
IMPORTANCE OF SELF WORTH

Self-worth is defined as an
internal state of being that
comes from self-
understanding, self-love and
self-acceptance.
 Bacer, Hyacynth

Self-Esteem
 What is Self-
Esteem
How you view yourself is a measure of your
self-esteem. It influences both your
connections with other people and the
decisions you make. Self-esteem can either be
low or high.
 Forming
Self-Esteem
The interactions and experiences you
have had at home, at school, with
friends, and in the community all play a
role in how you feel about yourself.
Based on these encounters and
connections, you create a self-image.
Healthy self-esteem is influenced by
positive events and relationships, while
low self-esteem is influenced by bad
experiences and relationships
Low Self-Esteem can lead to

Anxiety, stress, Poor academic

Problems in
loneliness, and and job
depression relationships.
performance
 Improvement
for Self-Esteem

Congratulate Accept and be proud Take the time to

self for of who you are get to know and
successes despite your respect yourself
weaknesses
Can a Guidance
Councelor help
me?
Talking to a counselor helps
many people with poor self-
esteem. A counselor can help
you make positive changes in
your life and help you feel better
about yourself
 STEM

GROUP 3

Biological and
Psychomotor
Development
...
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT STEM 11 - AQUINO
 ACTIVITY

Biological VS
Psychomotor
 ACTIVITY

She
screamed
when she
saw acne
on her face
ACTIVITY

He ran fast
as he could
to win the
1st place
ACTIVITY

Tarzan
swang
through
the vines
ACTIVITY

He and his
friends are
comparing
their height
 ACTIVITY

She is
embarrased
because she got
her first period
 BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Biological
Development
refers to the gradual
change of size,
shape, and function
of a living organism
from a zygote into an
adult (Britannica,
2022)
 PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Psychomotor
Development
Development of organized
muscle activity patterns that
are influenced by
environmental signals

During the first few years of

life is essential for them to
make the right progress in
cognitive, linguistic, and
social development
CONCEPTION TO
POST-NATAL
STAGE
Germinal Period
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period
GERMINAL

PERIOD
Bacolod, Aliyah Shainna N.
 At the moment of conception, when a
sperm and an egg meet to produce a
zygote, the germinal stage of pregnancy
begins.
The first and shortest stage of the human
lifespan is this period.
retrieved from: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germinal_Stage
Processes in the Germinal
Stage has 4 types

1.) FERTILIZATION
Any other sperm that arrives later can enter
the fertilized ovum (zygote). The zygote
spends the first 72 hours in the fallopian tube
after fertilization, during which time it
quickly develops. retrieved from:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology
_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germ
inal_Stage
 Processes in the Germinal
Stage has 4 types

2.) CLEAVAGE
By the second day after fertilization,
the single-celled zygote undergoes
mitosis to form two daughter cells.
retrieved from:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A
_Germinal_Stage
 Processes in the Germinal
Stage has 4 types

3.) BLASTULATION

retrieved from:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology
_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germ
inal_Stage
3.) BLASTULATION
The innermost part of the blastocyst, known as the
EMBRYOBLAST, is composed of a group of cells
that will eventually form the embryo.

The blastocyst's outer layers of cells is called the

TROPHOBLAST. The placenta and other embryonic
tissues will eventually develop from trophoblast
cells that implant in the uterus.

The embryoblast cells that move to one pole of the

blastocyst create the BLASTOCOELE a cavity. Fluid
released by trophoblast cells fills the blastocoele.
retrieved from:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germinal_Stage
Processes in the Germinal
Stage has 4 types

4.) IMPLANTATION
Implantation is triggered by contact between
the blastocyst and the endometrium. In
response to this contact, trophoblast cells
start to proliferate and secrete enzymes that
digest the mucosa covering the endometrium.

retrieved from:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Huma
n_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germinal_Stage
EMBRYONIC

PERIOD
Oco, Karen Nicole F.
❑ a critical period, it is
where the formation or
development of
embryo occurs (Staff,

2020)

❑has 4 stages: morula,

blastula, gastrula and
organogenesis
retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073
MORULA
- According to the Encyclopædia
Britannica, it is a mass of blastomeres (a
type of cell which was produced by cell
division) that are formed from the splitting
of the zygote

BLASTULA
- AN EARLY PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENTAL
STAGE OF AN EMBRYO
GASTRULA
- a rearrangement of the cells in
order to give way to create
embryonic tissue layers

ORGANOGENESIS
- TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS INTO AN ORGAN
FROM THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO (YOKOYAMA,
2020)
 FETAL

PERIOD
Jampas, Joseph Jr. M.
FETAL PERIOD
BEGINS DURING THE
9TH WEEK UNTIL
BIRTH

FETUS DEVELOPMENT
STAGE

ORGANS AND BODY

PARTS FORMATION
PERIOD

retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073

FETAL PERIOD
TRIMESTER
-pregnancy is divided into 3
stages.
First Trimester
Second Trimester
Final Trimester
retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073
FETAL PERIOD
TRIMESTER
First Trimester
-The first trimester will span from
fertilization to 12 weeks (3 months)

retrieved from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7247-fetal-development-stages-of-

growth
FETAL PERIOD
TRIMESTER
Second Trimester
-The second trimester is around 20 weeks from
conception of pregnancy This middle section of
pregnancy is often thought of as the best part of
the experience.

-Period where many people find out the

designated gender at birth.
retrieved from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7247-fetal-development-stages-of-
growth
FETAL PERIOD
TRIMESTER
Third Trimester
-The final stage of pregnancy

-It lasts from weeks 29 to 40, or months 7, 8, and

9. Your baby grows, develops, and begins to
adjust itself in preparation for birth during this
trimester.

retrieved from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7247-fetal-development-stages-of-

growth
 INFANCY TO
TODDLERHOOD
Reflexes during
infancy
Motor development
REFLEXES
DURING

INFANCY
Delos Santos
DIFFERENCE:

Newborn or Neonate - term used to describe a child

from birth to 28 days old
Infant - refers to a child between

the ages of 28 days
and 1 year

Reflex - A reflex is a muscle reaction that takes place

automatically in response to stimuli, which means you
do not have to think or plan how you will respond
because it happens by itself (Flagg, 2017)
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF INFANT REFLEXES:

THE BLINK REFLEX THE SUCKING REFLEX

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 THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF INFANT REFLEXES:

THE SWALLOWING REFLEX THE EXTRUSION REFLEX

retrieved from:https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.babyscience.info%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2Fshutterstock_33571039-
1024x682.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.babyscience.info%2Fa-sensible-start-on-solid-foods-dont-

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obesity%2F&tbnid=YN5VeeUsapC7GM&vet=1&docid=JL__QH4NkK00XM&w=1024&h=682&hl=en-
US&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim

.gl/HuB4jGVAnztPpexH6
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF INFANT REFLEXES:

THE ROOTING REFLEX THE PALMAR GRASP REFLEX

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from:https://images.app.goo.gl/62CULzf8ndbfSXdC7 retrieved from:https://images.app.goo.gl/Vh1ouT2NvuLkXBxX7
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF INFANT REFLEXES:

THE PLANTAR GRASP REFLEX THE STEP (WALK)-IN-PLACE REFLEX

retrieved from:https://images.app.goo.gl/xwmxZ8GhCGQZQhuu5
retrieved from:https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.thenursepage.com%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2Fplantar-grasp.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.thenursepage.com%2Fnewborn-
reflexes-or-neonatal-reflexes%2F&tbnid=eHdNqF8gSOIjHM&vet=1&docid=coGyef9uDHcy4M&w=180&h=280&hl=en-
US&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF INFANT REFLEXES:

THE TONIC NECK REFLEX THE MORO REFLEX

retrieved
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from:https://images.app.goo.gl/KcSwdXrfZmYqvfGg6
from:https://images.app.goo.gl/dnEqwhcbre8
m2qSN8
 THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF INFANT REFLEXES:

THE BABINSKI REFLEX

retrieved from:https://images.app.goo.gl/WSCXALXubwftkTyd8
 MOTOR

DEVELOPMENT
Natividad
Motor development is the physical change
and the strengthening of a child's bones
and muscles as they age. It is the ability of
a child to move and touch his/her
surroundings Help me
grow mn. Help Me
Grow MN. (n.d.)

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MOTOR

DEVELOPMENT:

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND GROSS

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT.
FINE MOTOR SKILL IS THE
COORDINATION OF SMALL MUSCLES IN
ANY MOVEMENT WITH THE EYES,
HANDS AND FINGERS
(LOGSDON, 2021)

LARGE MOTOR SKILL IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF

LARGER MUSCLE MOVEMENTS. THIS
DEVELOPS IN THE EARLY CHILDHOOD YEARS.
THIS IS WHERE THEY CAN RUN, JUMP AND
CLIMB.
CHILDHOOD TO
ADOLESCENCE

Changes during
puberty
CHANGES
DURING

PUBERTY
Villorente, Ralf R.
What is Puberty?
Puberty is the time in our
lives wherein a boy or a girl
becomes sexually mature

Puberty between boys and

girls are different.

Puberty starts at 10-11

years for girls and 11-12
years for boys.
Physical changes
- change in sexual organ
- hair, teeth, skin

- increasement of height
Physical changes
Boys
Around 11-12 years
The external genitals (penis, testes and
scrotum) will start to
grow. It’s normal for
one testis to grow faster than the other. You
can reassure your child that men’s testes
usually aren’t the same size.
Pubic hair will start to grow. It will get darker
and thicker over time.
https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-
puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%20hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20swea
tiness
Physical changes
Boys

Around 12-14 years

Boys grow 10-30 cm. They usually

stop growing at around 18-20
years.
Minor breast development
https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-
puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%20hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20swea
tiness
Physical changes
Boys
Around 13-15 years
Hair will start growing on other parts of
your their body

The hormone testosterone is produced,

which stimulates the testes to produce
sperm.
Your child might start having erections and
ejaculating (releasing sperm).
https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-
puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%20hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20swea
tiness
Physical changes
Boys
Around 14-15 years
The larynx

(‘Adam’s apple’
or voice box)
will become
more obvious. ADAM'S APPLE. (2022, SEPTEMBER 15). IN WIKIPEDIA.
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ADAM%27S_APPLE

https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-
puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%20hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20swea
tiness
Physical changes
Girls
Around 10-11 years
Breasts will start developing.
On average, girls grow 5-20 cm. They usually

stop growing at around 16-17 years.

The body shape will change. For example, a girl’s
hips will widen.
The external genitals (vulva) and pubic hair will
start to grow. Pubic hair will get darker and
thicker over time.
https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-
puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%20hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20swea
tiness
Physical changes
Girls
Around 12-14 years
Hair will start growing under the arms.
A clear or white discharge

from the vagina
starts several months before periods
start.
Periods will usually start within 2 years of
breast growth starting, but can take up to
4 years.
https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-
puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%20hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20swea
tiness
Physical changes
Other Physical Changes
Brain
Bones, organs, and body systems
Clumsiness

Physical strength
Weight
Sleep patterns
Sweat
Skin and hair https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-
sexual-development/physical-changes-in-

Teeth puberty#:~:text=Puberty%20typically%20starts%20at%2010,%2C%2
0hair%2C%20teeth%20and%20sweatiness
ROBERT J.
HAVIGHURST
a professor, physicist,

educator, and expert

on aging.
he is one of the authors
of his books on
"Developmental tasks
and education"
Havighurst identifies six key
periods in human development
from infancy to old age:

INFANCY & EARLY CHILDHOOD (BIRTH TILL 6

YEARS OLD)
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6–12 YEARS OLD)
ADOLESCENCE (13–18 YEARS OLD)
EARLY ADULTHOOD (19–30 YEARS OLD)
MIDDLE AGE (30–60 YEARS OLD)
LATER MATURITY (60 YEARS OLD AND OVER)
 REFERENCES:

• LIBRETEXTS, SUZANNE WAKIM, & MANDEEP GREWAL. (2021). 23.2: GERMINAL STAGE.
BIOLOGYLIBRETEXTS.HTTPS://BIO.LIBRETEXTS.ORG/BOOKSHELVES/HUMAN_BIOLOGY/BOOK%3A_HUMAN_BIOLOGY_(WAKIM_AND_GREWAL)/23%3A_HUMAN_GR
OWTH_AND_DEVELOPMENT/23.2%3A_GERMINAL_STAGE

• STAFF, F. E. (2020) YOUR BABY'S DEVELOPMENT: THE FIRST TRIMESTER. FAMILYDOCTOR.ORG.HTTPS://FAMILYDOCTOR.ORG/YOUR-BABYS-DEVELOPMENT-

THE-FIRST-TRIMESTER/#:~:TEXT=AFTER%20CONCEPTION%2C%20YOUR%20BABY%20BEGINS,OCCUR%20DURING%20THE%20EMBRYONIC%20STAGE

• ADMIN. (2021). WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT? GET THE ANSWER AT BYJU'S NEET. BYJUS. HTTPS://BYJUS.COM/NEET-
QUESTIONS/WHAT-ARE-THE-4-STAGES-OF-EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT/
• ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC. (N.D.). MORULA. ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/SCIENCE/MORULA
• YOKOYAMA, D. M. (2020). WHAT IS ORGANOGENESIS? NEWS. HTTPS://WWW.NEWS-MEDICAL.NET/LIFE-SCIENCES/WHAT-IS-ORGANOGENESIS.ASPX

• SUZANNA WAKIM AND MANDEEP GREWAL (2021) “FETAL STAGE”23.4: FETAL STAGE - BIOLOGY LIBRETEXTS

• KENDRA CHERRY (2020) “STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT: FETAL STAGE”

HTTPS://WWW.VERYWELLMIND.COM/STAGES-OF-PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT-2795073

• CLEVELAND CLINIC MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL (APRIL 16,2020) ‘’FETAL DEVELOPMENT: STAGES OF GROWTH’’
HTTPS://MY.CLEVELANDCLINIC.ORG/HEALTH/ARTICLES/7247-FETAL-DEVELOPMENT-STAGES-OF-GROWTH

• FLAGG. (2017). MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NURSING (8TH ED.). LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS AND WILKINS. INFANT REFLEXES. (N.D.).
HTTPS://MEDLINEPLUS.GOV/ENCY/ARTICLE/003292.HTM#:%7E:TEXT=THE%20BABY%20WILL%20EXTEND%20HIS,WHEN%20THE%20AIRWAY%20IS%20STIMUL
ATEDNS.
• HELP ME GROW MN. HELP ME GROW MN. (N.D.) HTTPS://HELPMEGROWMN.ORG/HMG/HELPFULRES/ARTICLES/WHATMOTORPHYSICALDEV/INDEX.HTML

• LOGSDON, A. (2021, APRIL 4). FINE MOTOR SKILLS FOR TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS. VERYWELL FAMILY. HTTPS://WWW.VERYWELLFAMILY.COM/WHAT-
ARE-FINE-MOTOR-SKILLS-2162037

• CLYDE EVERETT NOBLE (2022) “PSYCHOMOTOR LEARNING” HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/SCIENCE/PSYCHOMOTOR-LEARNING

• REINADITH PANGILINAN (APRIL 12, 2022) ”STAGES OF PSYCHOMOTOR GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT” HTTPS://STUDY.COM/ACADEMY/LESSON/STAGES-OF-
PSYCHOMOTOR-GROWTH-DEVELOPMENT.HTML

• UNKNOWN AUTHOR (N.D.). “PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT” HTTPS://AGORAPATUFET.COM/HAPPY-LEARNING/CHILDRENS-PSYCHOMOTOR-DEVELOPMENT/

• UNKNOWN AUTHOR (JULY 07, 2021). “PHYSICAL CHANGES IN PUBERTY” HTTPS://RAISINGCHILDREN.NET.AU/PRE-TEENS/DEVELOPMENT/PUBERTY-SEXUAL-

DEVELOPMENT/PHYSICAL-CHANGES-IN-
PUBERTY#:~:TEXT=PUBERTY%20TYPICALLY%20STARTS%20AT%2010,%2C%20HAIR%2C%20TEETH%20AND%20SWEATINESS.

• LOGEN BREEHL, OMAR CABAN (APRIL 5, 2022) “PHYSIOLOGY, PUBERTY” HTTPS://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/BOOKS/NBK534827/

• ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST (1900–1991). STATEUNIVERSITY.COM. (N.D.). HTTPS://EDUCATION.STATEUNIVERSITY.COM/PAGES/2032/HAVIGHURST-ROBERT-J-

1900-1991.HTML
• TAKE ONLINE COURSES. EARN COLLEGE CREDIT. RESEARCH SCHOOLS, DEGREES & CAREERS. STUDY.COM | TAKE ONLINE COURSES. EARN COLLEGE CREDIT.
RESEARCH SCHOOLS, DEGREES & CAREERS. (N.D.). HTTPS://STUDY.COM/ACADEMY/LESSON/HAVIGHURSTS-DEVELOPMENTAL-TASK-
MODEL.HTML#:~:TEXT=HAVIGHURST'S%20DEVELOPMENTAL%20TASK%20MODEL%20INCLUDES,WHICH%20IS%20AFTER%20AGE%2060.
4 Pics 1 Word

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M I N D
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C H I L D H O O D
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G R O W T H
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S E N S E S
 Have you ever thought or
remember a childhood
memory where in you learned
something?
 Aspects of Development

Cognitive Psychosocial/ Psychosexual Moral

Development Affective Development Development
Development
 Cognitive
Development
 Cognitive
Development

Cognitive development is the construction of

thought processes, including remembering,
problem solving, and decision-making, from
childhood through adolescence to adulthood.
 Cognitive
Development
Cognitive development refers to how a person
perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of his or
her world through the interaction of genetic and
learned factors. Among the areas of cognitive
development are information processing, intelligence ,
reasoning, language development , and memory.
 Cognitive
Development
It was once believed that infants lacked the ability to
think or form complex ideas and remained without
cognition until they learned language. It is now known
that babies are aware of their surroundings and
interested in exploration from the time they are born.
From birth, babies begin to actively learn. They gather,
sort, and process information from around them, using
the data to develop perception and thinking skills.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
(Brain and Nerve Anatomy)
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is the major controlling,

regulatory, and communicating system in the
body.
Coordinates all activities of the body
Enables the body to respond and adapt to
changes both inside and out.
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL

SYSTEM (CNS) NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS)
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS)
processes, interprets and
stores incoming sensory
information
THE BRAIN
The brain is
composed of
the cerebrum,
cerebellum
and brain stem
LEFT BRAIN-
RIGHT BRAIN
Right Hemisphere -
creativity, spatial ability,
artistic, and musical skills.

Left Hemisphere - speech,

comprehension,
arithmetic, and writing.
4 LOBES OF CEREBRUM
The cerebral
hemispheres have
distinct fissures,
which divide the
brain into lobes.
Each hemisphere
has 4 lobes: frontal,
temporal, parietal,
and occipital
 Primarily
Primarily responsible
responsible for integrating
for reasoning sensory
and thought. information.

Primarily
responsible
Primarily responsible for
for processing auditory processing
information from the visual
ears information
from the
eyes.
CEREBELLUM
Responsible for:

Muscle Coordination
Balance
Posture
Muscle Tone
 DIENCEPHALON
Contains two structures
Thalamus - directs
sensory impulses to the
Cerebrum

Hypothalamus - controls
and regulates
temperature, appetite,
water balance, sleep, and
blood vessel constriction
and dilation.
BRAIN STEM
MIDBRAIN
Responsible for eye and
auditory reflexes

PONS
Responsible for certain reflex
actions

MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
Connects to the spinal cord.
Also known as "The Center for Respiration"
THE SPINAL CORD
The Spinal Cord is the link
between the brain and the
nerves in the rest of the body.
4 Regions
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Afferent and Efferent
Spinal Nerves
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS)
responsible for relaying
information between the
body and the brain
 SOMATIC
The Somatic Nervous System is responsible for
carrying motor and sensory information.
It is made up of nerves that connect to skin,
sensory organs, and skeletal muscles
Is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle
movements
Processes sensory information from external
stimuli (hearing, touch and sight)
Afferent Sensory Efferent Motor
Neurons Neurons
Conducting Inward Conducting Outward
Take information from Take information from
the nerves to the the Central Nervous
Central Nervous System to the
System muscle fibers
throughout the body
 AUTONOMIC

Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic

System Nervous System
"Fight or Flight" revs up Brings all systems of the
the body to either defend body back to normal
yourself or escape the
threat.
THE BRAIN GROWTH SPURT
 BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT

Brain development shows a

child's increasing ability to
understand his or her
environment.
 SYNAPSE

The site of transmission of

electric nerve impulses
between two nerve cells
(neurons) .
 FIRST YEAR

It is when there is a lot happening

in the cerebellum which helps the
baby to balance and coordinate
movements.
 SECOND YEAR

Around this age, the brain has

already developed about 75% of
adult's brain and more
connections are forming in the
limbic system.
 THIRD YEAR
At this age, children can
learn to get along with
others more as limbic
system connects with the
cerebral cortex, or
thinking brain.
 Jean Piaget Cognitive
Development
Piaget's theory of cognitive

development provides a comprehensive

explanation of the origins and growth of

human intelligence. The theory

addresses the nature of knowledge as

well as how people acquire, create, and

use it over time.

 Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist and genetic

epistemologist. His theory of cognitive development, which

looked at how children's minds develop throughout

childhood, is what made him most famous. He is also

recognized as a pioneer of the constructivist theory, which

holds that people actively construct their knowledge of the

world based on the interaction between their ideas and

experiences.
 3 KEY CONCEPTS
Schema Assimilation Accomodation
It's the way information is
Assimilation is the process
Accommodation is the

processed or it's the

of using or transforming
process of altering cognitive
fundamental building blocks
one's environment in order
structures in order to accept

of intelligence behavior. We
to fit it into preexisting
something new from the

make use of schemas

environment. It is also

cognitive structures. We

because they let us quickly

essential to change or

interpret the large amount

assimilate new information

or experiences by
modify the existing schema

of information that is

incorporating them into

in order to generate new and

available to us in our

accurate ideas.
surroundings. our existing ideas.
 Sensory Motor
Stage

In the first two years of a child's existence,

the sensorimotor stage usually occurs. The

child's realization of the differences

between themselves and their surroundings

is what characterizes it. They will then

utilize their senses to gather information

about themselves and their surroundings.

Object Permanence
 Preoperational
Stage

Language Development, Playing and Pretending

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive

development, the preoperational stage

is the second stage. This stage starts

about two years old and lasts until

around seven. Children think

symbolically throughout this time but

are not yet using cognitive processes.

 Concrete
Operational Stage

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive

development, the third stage is the concrete

operational stage. The development of

systematic and logical thinking occurs during

this seven to eleven-year-old age range.

Being aware of external events
Secrets
Less Focused on themselves
 Formal Operational
Stage

Around age twelve is when the formal operational

stage starts, and it lasts until adulthood. Teenagers

who have reached this stage are able to think

abstractly by manipulating concepts in their heads

without the need for tangible manipulation (Inhelder

& Piaget, 1958).

Ability to think abstractly and

reflectively
 DEVELOPMENT OF MEMORY
VILLANUEVA, MA. AMANDA J.
 DEVELOPMENT OF MEMORY
VILLANUEVA, MA. AMANDA J.

Memory is a fundamental skill that is

essential for social, emotional, and
cognitive functioning.
 3 TYPES OF MEMORY

SENSORY MEMORY SHORT TERM MEMORY LONG TERM MEMORY

Sensory memory is one of Short-term memory is the Long-term memory is the
several types of memory ability to keep a small storage of information over
that combine to form your amount of information an extended period of time.
ability to process and recall active and readily available This type of memory is
what you see. for a short period of time. usually stable and can last
for a long time, it
usually takes years.
 TYPES OF LONG-TERM
MEMORY
EXPLICIT MEMORIES IMPLICIT MEMORIES
All of the memories that are Also known as non-declarative. Are
available in consciousness, those who are mostly unconscious.
also known as declarative Procedural memory, which involves
memories. memories of body movement and
how to use objects in the
environment.
 EXPLICIT VS. IMPLICIT

DECLARATIVE PROCEDURAL
MEMORY MEMORY
Devoted to the processing of Memories that form naturally are
names, dates, locations, facts, those that do not require any effort.
and events.
 DECLARATIVE MEMORY

EPISODIC MEMORY SEMANTIC MEMORY

A conscious recollection of a Conscious long-term memory for
personal experience that world meaning, understanding, and
includes information about conceptual facts.
what happened as well as
where and when it happened.
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHY
YOU CAN'T REMEMBER BEING A
BABY?
 INFANTILE AMNESIA

According to PubMed Central (PMC), Infantile

Amnesia is the inability of adults to recollect early
episodic memories, is associated with the rapid
forgetting that occurs in childhood.
HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE YOUR
LONG-TERM MEMORY?
Game? game!
1. Controls and regulates temperature,
appetite, water balance, sleep, and
blood vessel constriction and dilation.

2. The second stage in the cognitive

development theory.

3. The man behind the theory of

cognitive development.

4. "Fight or Flight"

5. The fundamental building blocks of

intelligence behavior.
Game? game!
H 1. Controls and regulates temperature,
Y appetite, water balance, sleep, and
P blood vessel constriction and dilation.
O
2. The second stage in the cognitive
T development theory.
H
A 3. The man behind the theory of
L cognitive development.

A
4. "Fight or Flight"
M
U 5. The fundamental building blocks of
S intelligence behavior.
Game? game!
H 1. Controls and regulates temperature,
Y appetite, water balance, sleep, and
P R E O P E R A T I O N A L blood vessel constriction and dilation.
O
2. The second stage in the cognitive
T development theory.
H
A 3. The man behind the theory of
L cognitive development.

A
4. "Fight or Flight"
M
U 5. The fundamental building blocks of
S intelligence behavior.
Game? game!
H 1. Controls and regulates temperature,
Y appetite, water balance, sleep, and
P R E O P E R A T I O N A L blood vessel constriction and dilation.
O
2. The second stage in the cognitive
T P development theory.
H I
A A 3. The man behind the theory of
L cognitive development.
G
A E 4. "Fight or Flight"
M T
U 5. The fundamental building blocks of
S intelligence behavior.
Game? game!
H 1. Controls and regulates temperature,
Y appetite, water balance, sleep, and
P R E O P E R A T I O N A L blood vessel constriction and dilation.
O
2. The second stage in the cognitive
T P development theory.
S Y M P A T H E T I C
A A 3. The man behind the theory of
L cognitive development.
G
A E 4. "Fight or Flight"
M T
U 5. The fundamental building blocks of
S intelligence behavior.
Game? game!
H 1. Controls and regulates temperature,
Y appetite, water balance, sleep, and
P R E O P E R A T I O N A L blood vessel constriction and dilation.
O
2. The second stage in the cognitive
T P development theory.
S Y M P A T H E T I C
A A 3. The man behind the theory of
L cognitive development.
G
A E 4. "Fight or Flight"
S C H E M A T
U 5. The fundamental building blocks of
S intelligence behavior.
Sigmund Freud
 Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis. Freud was born to
Galician Jewish parents in the
Moravian town of Freiberg, in the
Austrian Empire. He is known for his
Personality Theory (id, ego and
Sigmund Freud superego) and Psychosexual theory.
Born: May 6, 1856, Příbor, Czechia
Died: September 23, 1939,
Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
-relating to the mental, emotional, and
behavioral aspects of sexual development.-

Children go through a number of psychosexual

stages that shape the formation of the adult
personality, according to famous psychoanalyst
Sigmund Freud. His idea outlined how personality
changed throughout childhood. These
psychosexual stages concentrate on various
aspects of wants, needs, and desires and represent
the major developmental stages of a person from
birth to adulthood.
 Anal stage Latency stage
18 months- 3 years 6 years - 13 years

Oral stage Phallic stage Genital stage

0-18 months 3 years - 6 years 13 years - death
 ORAL STAGE
PRESENTED BY: COURTNEY MALANA
ORAL STAGE
AGE: BIRTH - 1 YEAR OLD
EROGENOUS ZONE: MOUTH

"THE INFANT
INTERRACTION ARE
MOUTH ONLY"
1.BREASTFEEDING 2.PACIFIER 3.PINKY FINGER
Presented by; De guzman,
Aldea Ann V.
 SINETCH
DITEYYY???
-According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development,
the anal stage is the second stage, which typically occurs between the
ages of 18 months and three years. The primary erogenous zone is the
anus, and pleasure comes from having CONTROL over bowel and
bladder function.
Fixations
Presented by; De guzman, Aldea Ann V.
-According to Freudian psychoanalysis, the infant's
libido (desire) centers on their genitalia as the
erogenous zone throughout the third stage of
psychosexual development. Children who are
conscious of their bodies, as well as the bodies of
their parents and other children, satisfy their
physical curiosity by taking off their clothes and
exploring their genitalia. Through this process, they
learn the physical differences between "male" and
"female," as well as the differences between "boy"
and "girl," which has an impact on the psychologic
dynamics of the parent-child relationship.
-The symptoms and signs of the Oedipus complex arent overtly sexual, as one
might imagine based on this controversial theory. The signs of Oedipus can be very
subtle and include behavior that wouldn't make a parent think twice.
The following are some examples that could be a sign of the complex.
https://youtube.com/shorts/zeumhLatU3w?feature=share

a boy who acts possesive of his mother and tells the father not to touch her
a child who inisists on sleeping between parents
a girl who declares she wants to marry her father when she grown up.
a child who hopes the parent of the opposite sex goes out of town so that they can take their place.
Oedipus complex
-A child becomes unconsciously
sexually attached to his mother.

In Greek mythology, the king of Thebes (Oedipus) who unwittingly killed

his father and married his mother. Homer related that Oedipus's wife and
mother hanged herself when the truth of their relationship became
known, though Oedipus apparently continued to rule at Thebes until his
death.
Electra complex
-The psychoanalytic term "Electra complex" refers to a
girl's perception of rivalry with her mother for her
father's affection. It is similar to the masculine Oedipus
complex.

Electra was the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When

Clytemnestra and he lover, Aegisthus, killed Agamemnon, Electra
persuaded her brother Orestes to help her kill both her mother and her
mohers lover.
Possible fixations:

Aggressiveness Questioning Competitiveness

towards women sexuality towards other men
 LATENCY STAGE

PRESENTED. BY: COURTNEY MALANA

LATENCY STAGE
AGE: 6 - PUBERTY
EROGENOUS ZONE: SEXUAL
FEELINGS ARE INACTIVE

ACCORDING TO VERY WELL MIND, "DURING

THIS STAGE, THE SUPER EGO CONTINUES TO
DEVELOPE WHILE THE ID'S ENERGIES ARE
SUPPRESED."
HOBBIES?
 CONFIDENT

SHY
 GENITAL STAGE

PRESENTED BY: COURTNEY MALANA

GENITAL STAGE
AGE: PUBERT - DEATH
EROGENOUS ZONE: MATURING
SEXUAL INTERESTS

ACCORDING TO VERYWELL MIND

"THE ONSET OF PUBERTY CAUSES THE LIBIDO
TO BECOME ACTIVE ONCE AGAIN."
 B
B B
A
A A
L L L
A A A
N N N
C C
C
I I
N I N
G N G
G
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Today's Discussion

#1 ID

#2 EGO

#3 SUPEREGO
 ID

PRESENTED BY: Reyes, Zachary Yves A.

 “I WANT”
What is id?
_____________
The id is the primitive and instinctive component of
______ _____________
personality.The id is a part of the unconscious that
contains all the urges and impulses, including what is
_____
called the libido, a kind of generalized sexual energy that
____________
is used for everything from survival instincts to
appreciation of art.The id engages in primary process
_____ _______________
_______________
thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and
fantasy oriented. This form of process thinking has no
____
comprehension of objective reality, and is selfish and
wishful in nature.

(IF IT FEELS GOOD DO IT)

 LEARN MORE
ABOUT ID Just do it!

⮕The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920)

which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be
satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.
⮕The id is also kind of stubborn.
⮕ Id responds directly and immediately to basic urges,
needs, and desires.
FUN FACT!
A newborn child only has id personality
The personality of the newborn child is all id and only
later does it develop an ego and super-ego.
 EGO

PRESENTED BY: Ramos, Raine Ellise P.

 “ I WILL”
What is EGO ?
The ego begins to develop during the first three
years of a child's life. Ego is a decision-making of
personality. It is a component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality. It's start
increasing their awareness of norms, learning to
have a sense self-control.

https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/individualfamilydevelopment/

chapter/freuds-psychodynamic-theory/
 EGO
The ego operates based on the reality principle,

which works to satisfy the id's desires in a manner

that is realistic and socially appropriate.

Ego is rational
Mediator between ID and Super Ego
It strives to satisfy the ID's desires in realistic and

socially appropriate ways.

https://www.homeobook.com/theories-of-personality-

development/
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-ego-2795167
SUPEREGO

PRESENTED BY: ELISHA YIABELLE CELIZ

 WHAT IS
SUPEREGO?
Super-ego begins to emerge at around age five.
Partly a conscious and unconscious.
The super-ego is the portion of the brain that strives for

goodness, as we were taught by our parents and

society.
Provides guidelines for making judgment.
Our sense of right and wrong.
Inner parent/ angel on the shoulder.

INTRODUCTION
3 Levels of consciousness
1.Conscious Mind

CONSCIOUSNESS
The thoughts, feelings, and emotions, that are part of our

3 LEVELS OF
awareness.

2.Pre-conscious Mind
The thoughts, feelings, and emotions that are not
part of our awareness, but could come into awareness
at any time.

3.Unconscious Mind
Iceberg The thoughts, feelings, and emotions that are not part
metaphor of our awareness, but influence behavior and may
appear in dreams.
 1. I_ 2. E__ 3. _U__R__O
2.
3 . "The Id is totally non-moral;
1.
the ego tries hard to be moral;
and the super-ego can become hyper-
moral and show a degree of cruelty
that only Id can match."
freud, "The Ego and the ID", 1923
 EGO IDEAL,
CONSCIENCE
TWO COMPONENTS

Ego Ideal Conscience

Aspires to ideal of goodness taught by Acts a judge of our actions and
our parents and society ( honesty,loyalty). what's right and wrong.
This is the inner vision of your best self, and The conscience can punish
how to behave as a member of society. the ego through causing
The exact words and beliefs an ideal of feelings of guilt.
your parents are what your super-ego is
built out of.
 WHAT HAPPENS IF
THERE IS AN
IMBALANCE?
An individual with overly
dominant Id might become
impulsive, uncontrollable.
An overly dominant super-ego
might lead to a personality that is
extremely moralistic and
judgmental.
 SHARE
YOUR
THOUGHTS
 SOGIE
SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND GENDER
EXPRESSION
 Sam Killermann, an artist, author, and
activist, introduced the Genderbread
person as a way to teach SOGIE. The
Genderbread person is a visual guide to
explain the 4 components of gender: Sex,
Identity, Expression, and Attraction.
"Gender Bread
man"
SEX
Refers to a person's physical
characteristics at birth.

Gender Identity
Who you believe you are.

Gender Expression Add a

It's how you express your gender through
subheading
actions, clothing, and attitudes.

Attraction
the action or power of evoking interest,
pleasure, or liking for someone or something:
 REFERENCES;
( Cherry, 2022, Id, Ego, and Superego: Freud's Elements of
Personality, https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-
and-superego-2795951)
 REFERENCE

(Sayson, Nisperos, 2015, Gender and Sexuality 101: Learn

before you discriminate, https://r3.rappler.com/move-
ph/issues/gender-issues/100125-gender-sexuality-terms-
education )
PSYCHOSOCIAL
AND
AFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

LIFE OF LEV VYGOTSKY:

-Lev Vygotsky is a Russian psyolocgy who
made the sociocultural theory.

-He was bord in Russia on Novermber 17,

1896 and died on June 11, 1934. At the
age of 37 from tuberculosis.
 Lev Vygotskys rationale theory
human development and learning is a socially
mediated process.

social interactions cultural influence

 Lev Vygotskys rationale theory
He believed that social interaction is a
major factors that can leads to cognitive
development in children.
 ELEMENTARY MENTAL FUNCTION
1. ATTENTION 2. SENSATION 3. PERCEPTION 4. MEMORY


SCRAMBLED

WORDS
WEKDOGLNE


SCRAMBLED
WORDS
VEOPLENDTEM
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF
VYGOTSKY'S WORK
More knowledgeable others
Zone of proximal development
Language
MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHERS
Someone with a higher
ability level than the learner

Doesn't need to be a adult

Can provide behavioral or

verbal instructions. this can
lead into cognitive
development.
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is

defined as the space between what the learner
is able to do without assistance and what the
learner can do with assistance from an adult or
more skilled peer
 ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
*The learner can do
*Can't do even with *The learner can do
alone
guidance from others. with assistance
(independently)
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
 with assistance

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

 LANGUAGE
*Vygotsky's viewed language to be one of the mans greatest
tools of development and not just communication.

*Lanuage until the age of 2 is just means of external

communication.

*Later becomes silent inner speech and internal thought

process.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
SCRAMBLED WORDS
CSEPROS
SCRAMBLED WORDS
EVRUTI
Erik Erikson
is a German-American
developmental
psychologist and
psychoanalyst who is well
known for his psychosocial
development theory
TRUST VS stage starts when you are born

MISTRUST until you become at least 18

months old
develops the virtue of hope when
the stage succeeds
develops fear and mistrust when
stage fails
AUTONOMY VS stage starts at the age of 18

SHAME/DOUBT months old to 3 years

develops the virtue of will when
the stage succeeds
if the child is overly criticized and
controlled, they will become very
dependent and will lack self-
esteem
INITIATIVE VS stage starts at the age of 3 to 5

GUILT years old

develops the virtue of purpose
when the stage succeeds
the child will develop a sense of
guilt if stage fails
INDUSTRY VS stage starts at the age of 5 to 13

INFERIORITY years old

develops the virtue of
competency when the stage
succeeds
child will develop the sense
inferiority to others when stage
fails
IDENTITY VS stage starts at the age of 13 to 21

CONFUSION years old

develops the virtue of fidelity
when the stage succeeds
develops the inability to create a
sense of identity and leads to
insecurity and unsureness of
ourselves
INTIMACY VS stage starts at the age of 21 to 39

ISOLATION years old

develops the virtue of love when
the stage succeeds
failure on this stage is beyond or
within our control
depends what happens at the 5th
stage
GENERATIVITY VS stage starts at the age of 40

STAGNATION to 65 years old

develops the virtue of care
when the stage succeeds
you will feel like you did not
have a little impact in this
world when failed
INTEGRITY stage starts at the age of 65 years

VS DESPAIR old and older

develops the virtue of wisdom
when the stage succeeds
failure will result to regret and
despair over the thing you have or
haven't done
Albert Bandura's Social Learning
Theory
SCRAMBLED WORDS
DIMELGNO
SCRAMBLED WORDS
HVBROEAI
SCRAMBLED WORDS
OBBO LDOSL
Albert Bandura
is a Canadian-American
psychologist and
psychoanalyst who is
known for his social
learning theory.
 SLT Processing

OBSERVATION IMITATION MODELING

observe other's assimilate and imitate behavior
behavior imitate behavior that were
obserced modeled by
other people
Attention
"pay
attention to
the model"
Retention
"remember
observed
behavior"
Reproduction
"replicate
the behavior
observed"
Motivation "be motivated
to demostrate
replicated
behaviour"
Elliot Turiel's Social Domain
Theory
Elliot Turiel
is a American psychologist
who teaches courses
human development and
how it related to education
 The Three Domains
of Knowledge
THE
THE MORAL THE SOCIETAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
how people treat promotes the smooth
understanding
each others functioning of groups
self, others, &
and institiutionss
mindsets about
individuality
Harry Harlow's Social
Isolation Experiment
Harry Harlow
Harlow was a scientist who studied the
importance of forming attachments.
He conducted experiments on monkeys
who were kept in isolation.
He measured the attachments the
monkeys would make with two model
"mothers" and assessed the difference in
the attachments formed.
 Harlow removed monkeys
from their mothers and kept
them in isolation.
He kept them in cages with
two different models made of
material which resembled a
mother-like figure.
 One was made of
wired mesh with a
feeding tube.
The other was made
of cloth without a
feeding tube.

He measured how much time they would spend with each mother and
what they would use them for.
 The monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother
(hugging it) than the mother with the feeding tube.
When frightened, the monkeys always ran to the cloth
mother in search of comfort.
Monkeys had long term emotional consequences. They
acted more cruelly towards their offspring. Harlow
called this maternal deprivation.
Mary Ainsworth's Attachment
Theory
SCRAMBLED WORDS

STEDISSR
Mary Ainsworth
was an American-Canadian
developmental
psychologist known for the
development of her
Attachment Theory.
 Mary Ainsworth
In her research in 1970's psychologist Mary Ainsworth.
The strange situation is a standardizeddevice to
observe attachment security in children within
caregiver relationships. It applies infants between age
of 12 to 18 months as they responded to a situation in
which they were briefly left alone and then reunited
with their mothers. Mary Ainsworth studied attachment
theory which suggest that young children form bonds
with their caregivers. These bonds are essential for the
child’s development and we’ll being. Ainsworth very
famous study is “ The Strange Situation” experiment.
Ainsworth's "Strange Situation"
1.) Caregiver and child are introduced and 5.) Caregivers enters back thr playroom the
enters the playroom greets the child while the stranger leaves
2.) They are left alone and let's the child 6.) The caregiver also leaves, leaving the child
explore on it's own alone
3.) A stranger enters and tries to converse 7.) Stranger returns inside the playroom and
with the caregiver before the child again adjusts his behavior to the child
4.) Caregiver leaves inconspicuously and 8.) The caregiver returns and greets the child
stranger adjusts to child's behavior again as the stranger leaves
Attachment sense of safety
someone feels to
a particular
someone through
relationships
 3 Attachment Styles
ANXIOUS-AMBIVALENT
SECURE ANXIOUS- AVOIDMENT
INSECURE ATTACHMENT
INSECURE ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
securely child will avoid child are wary to
attached; seeks their caretaker strangers and
comfort when and shows no exhibits great
distressed or distress when distress when
frightened caregiver leaves caregiver leaves
Urie Bronfenfrenner Ecological
Theory
SCRAMBLED WORDS
DCILH
SCRAMBLED WORDS
YTMESS
SCRAMBLED WORDS
NMRNEETIORV
Urie
Bronfenbrenner
is a German-born American
psychology who is very
well known for his
bioecological theory.
The Microsystem
the things that directly contacts
the child
parents, siblings, peers, teachers,
etc.
a bi-directional relationship is
present
The Mesosystem
are the interactions of a child to
their microsystems
basically IS a system of
microsystems
The Exosystem formal or informal structures that
indirectly influences the child as
they affect it's microsystems
their neighborhood, their parent's
workplace, any form of media,
etc.
they are not involved to the child
yet affects them anyways
The Macrosystem the cultural and social
elements/values that affects a
child's development
socioeconomic status, wealth,
poverty, ethnicity
does NOT refer to a specific
environment unlike the
microsystem, mesosystem, and
exosystem
The Chronosystem
things that change over time goes
by
major life transitions like moving
to a new house, transferring to a
new school
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
Understanding of Morality
Group 7 | Presentation
HOW PEOPLE DEVELOP
THEIR MORALITY?
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
An American psychologist who extended
upon the foundation that Jean Piaget build
regarding cognitive development.
Moral Development also proceeds in Stages
He developed his theory by posing moral
dilemmas to people of all ages, then
analyzed their answers to find evidence of
their stage in the moral development.
MORAL DILEMMA STORY
HEINZ DILEMMA
 Moral
Development
JERISS JAMES BALUYUT


MORAL DEVELOPMENT
It is where the child learn what is
right and what is wrong influence
by the society.
 3 LEVELS OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Pre-conventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Post-conventional Morality
Pre-conventional
It focuses in self interest and
scared or avoiding punishment.
 Conventional
This is the second level, the level
that started to applying the adult
codes.
Post-conventional
It is the third and the highest level.
It is when you started to make
decisions.
 LEVEL 1

Preconventional

Morality
JAIRUS JOSEPH LUMAIN
 Preconventional Morality
Preconventional morality is the earliest period of moral development.

It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children's decisions are

primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences

for breaking the rules. There are two stages within this level:
 Stage 1 & 2 (Preconventional)

STAGE 1
Obedience and Punishment: The earliest stages of moral

development, obedience and punishment are especially common in

young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of

reasoning. People at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute.

Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid

punishment.
 Stage 1 & 2 (Preconventional)

STAGE 2
Individualism and Exchange: At the individualism and exchange

stage of moral development, children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual

needs. Reciprocity is possible at this point in moral development,

but only if it serves one's own interests.

 Examples of Preconventional Morality
Stage 1:Obedience and Punishment

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

 LEVEL 2

Conventional
Morality
JOHN LHAYVIN ROMERO
 Conventional Morality
Conventional morality involves adhering to social norms
and conventions. Moreover, the person at this level of
moral development obeys conventions because they
care what other people think of them. A person at this
stage follows the rules set forth by their peers and the
government for the sake of approval or social order.
Conventional morality is divided into two stages.
 Stage 3&4 (Conventional)

t a g e 3
S

Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is

good in order to be seen as being a good person by
others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of
others.
 Stage 3&4 (Conventional)

tage 4
S

Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual

becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so
judgments concern obeying the rules in order to
uphold the law and to avoid guilt.
Examples of Conventional Morality

Stage 3 Stage 4
ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT....
 LEVEL 3

Post-conventional
Morality
ANDRIX AMIR PELAEZ
Post-conventional Morality
The individual moves beyond the perspective of his or
her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract
principles and values that apply to all situations and
societies. The individual attempts to take the
perspective of all individuals.


STAGE 5
Social Contract and Individual Rights. The
child/individual becomes aware that while
rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest
number, there are times when they will work against
the interest of particular individuals.
 STAGE 6
Universal Principles. People at this stage
have developed their own set of moral
guidelines which may or may not fit the
law. The principles apply to everyone.
 V a l u e s
l a r i f i c a t i o n
C pproach
A
LOUIS RATH
Values Clarification
Approach
An Educational Intervention that
includes reflexive personal,
sociocultural, and intercultural
processes whereby one seeks to
identify the undergirding or
influential value priorities that
guide one's interests, choices,
actions, and reactions in a variety
of interpersonal and social
contexts
 Self-actualization is an ongoing
process of using one's innate
capacities and potentials in full
Abraham Maslow creative and joyful ways
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
 The Purposes of
V a l u e s C l a r i f i c ation
1. become aware and identify their own values
2. communicate openly and honestly
3. use both rational thinking and emotional awareness
to examine their personal feelings, values and
behavior patterns
 Valuing Process
acting
7. ACTING WITH A PATTERN

6. ACTING

5. PUBLICLY AFFIRMING, WHEN

APPROPRIATE

4. PRIZING AND CHERISHING

prizing
3. CHOOSING AFTER CONSIDERATION
OF CONSIQUENCES

2. CHOOSING FROM ALTERNATIVES

1.CHOOSEN FREELY choosing

 Steps in Valuing process

1. Choosing Freely
The values that a person chooses freely are the ones
that he/she will internalize, cherish and allow to guide
his/her life.

2. Choosing from alternatives

That a value must be chosen from alternatives follows
from the first criterion that a value must be chosen
freely.
If there is no alternatives, there is no freedom of choice
 Steps in Valuing process
3. Choosing after consideration of consiquences
A value must be freely chosen after careful study of
the consequences of each alternative.

4. Prizing and cherishing

As the individual grows toward full development of
his/her values, he/she derives increasingly greater
contentment, satisfaction, fulfillment, and joy from the
act of choosing his/her own destiny.
 Steps in Valuing process
5. Publicly affirming
When we discover a value that is freely chosen, the
consequences of which we know and that makes us
happy, we want to tell others about it.

6. Acting itself
A value is acted upon, performed, carried out: it
influences a person's behavior in some way.
Thus, what a person does reflects his/her values.
 Steps in Valuing process

7. Acting with a pattern

Values are acted on repeatedly and become a
pattern of life.
DEALING WITH STRESS
AND ANXIETY
4 PICS

1 WORD
SESRTS
GYRATESR
EMHCASINM
 STRESS ANXIETY
• A feeling of • A feeling of
emotional or fear, dread,
physical tension. and
uneasiness.
• A short term
feeling. • A long term
feeling.
 Coping Strategies for Stress and Anxiety
Get enough sleep Having Good nutrition

Have Fun
Practice Meditation Talk to someone
STRESSORS
Any event, force, or
condition that results
in physical or
emotional stress.
Stressors may be
internal or external
forces that require
adjustment or coping
strategies on the part
of the affected
individual.
 2 Types of Stressors
Eustress

• A positive form of stress having a

beneficial effect on health, motivation,
performance, and emotional well-being

Distress

• A negative stress response, often

involving negative affect and physiological
reactivity
EUSTRESS DISTRESS
Lazarus and Folkman
Transactional Stress Model

Lazarus & Folkman suggested that

stress involves an interaction
between the individual and the
environment. This involves
appraisals of both the stressor and
the individual’s ability to cope with
it.
Freud’s Defense
Mechanisms

Sigmund Freud (1894, 1896) noted

a number of ego defenses which he
refers to throughout his written
works. His daughter Anna Freud
(1936) developed these ideas and
elaborated on them, adding ten of
her own.
Freud’s Defense
Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
- Psychological strategies that are
unconsciously used to protect a
person from anxiety arising from
unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
According to Freudian theory,
defense mechanisms involve a
distortion of reality in some way so
that we are better able to cope
with a situation.
 Denial
A Defense Mechanism

1 which involves a refusal

to accept reality, thus
blocking external events
from awareness.
 Denial

1
 REPRESSION
An unconscious Defense

2 Mechanism employed by
the ego to keep
disturbing or threatening
thoughts from becoming
conscious.
 REPRESSION

2
 Projection
A Defense Mechanism

3 which an individual
attributes unwanted
thoughts, feelings and
motives onto another
person.
 Projection

3
 DISPLACEMENT
A Defense Mechanism which is

4 redirecting an impulse usually

aggression onto a powerless
substitute target. The target can
be a person or an object that can
serve as a symbolic substitute.
 DISPLACEMENT

4
 REGRESSION
A Defense Mechanism

5 which whereby the the

ego reverts to an earlier
stage of development
usually in response to
stressful situations.
 REGRESSION

5
 SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is similar to

6
displacement, but takes place
when we manage to displace our
unacceptable emotions into
behaviors which are constructive
and socially acceptable, rather
than destructive activities.
 SUBLIMATION

6
 RATIONALIZATION
A Defense Mechanism

7 involving a cognitive
distortion of "the facts"
to make an event or an
impulse less threatening.
 RATIONALIZATION

7
 REACTION
FORMATION
A Defense Mechanism which

8 a person goes beyond denial

and behaves in the opposite
way to which he or she
thinks or feels.
 REACTION
FORMATION

8
 INTROJECTION
A Defense Mechanism which

9 involves taking into your own

personality characteristics of
someone else, because doing so
solves some emotional
difficulty.
 INTROJECTION

9
IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR
A Defense Mechanism which

10 involves the victim adopting

the behavior of a person
who is more powerful and
hostile towards them.
IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR

10
Sources
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html
• ttps://youtu.be/0IHkbx_4C7E
• https://www.healthline.com/health/eustress
• https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/de
f/distress
•