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Grade 9 Y 10 Thermal Energy Notes

This document contains notes on thermal energy and heat transfer. It defines heat as the total kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. When matter is heated, the molecules vibrate faster. There are three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. As heat is added, an ice cube will first melt into a liquid and then vaporize into a gas as the molecular motion increases. Heat transfers between substances in three ways: conduction (direct contact between solids), convection (currents in fluids), and radiation (heat transfer through electromagnetic waves without a medium). Conductors readily transfer heat while insulators do not. Temperature measures average molecular kinetic energy, while heat is total molecular kinetic energy.

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480 views3 pages

Grade 9 Y 10 Thermal Energy Notes

This document contains notes on thermal energy and heat transfer. It defines heat as the total kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. When matter is heated, the molecules vibrate faster. There are three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. As heat is added, an ice cube will first melt into a liquid and then vaporize into a gas as the molecular motion increases. Heat transfers between substances in three ways: conduction (direct contact between solids), convection (currents in fluids), and radiation (heat transfer through electromagnetic waves without a medium). Conductors readily transfer heat while insulators do not. Temperature measures average molecular kinetic energy, while heat is total molecular kinetic energy.

Uploaded by

R4iD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________________________ Period: ________

Thermal Energy Notes


What is Heat?

 Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.


 Heat is the TOTAL motion of the molecules in a substance. The transfer of thermal
energy from hotter objects to cooler ones.

What Happens When Matter is Heated?

 The molecules in solids are held in one position and cannot flow through the substance.
They do move back and forth in their positions. They vibrate .The more heat they have,
the faster they vibrate
 Liquids and gases are called fluids. The molecules in fluids move more freely than in
solids. The more heat fluids have, the faster their molecules move.
 What happens when you heat an ice cube? In the space below, summarize in text or use
diagrams and captions to answer the question.
Solid:

Liquid:

Gas:
Heat Transfer
 What does the statement “Heat seeks balance” mean”? Heat flows from hotter
substances to colder substances to reach equilibrium. The molecules of hot substance
have more energy. They are fast moving. They give the cold substance some of their
energy. The molecules of hot substance slow down. The molecules of cold move more
quickly. Soon both substances are the same temperature.
 3 types of Heat Transfer: Give the definitions and examples of each
o Conduction: The way heat transfers in solids. Through direct touch.
 Examples: Heating a pan on a stove. A spoon hot in a cup of
coffee.
o Convection: Heat energy in liquids and gases (fluids) moves in currents
 Examples: Boiling water on a stove. Heating a room with a
heater.
o Radiation: Heat energy in rays or waves. Does not require matter to
travel on.
 Examples: Sun heating the earth. Heat lamps over food.

In the diagrams below label on the line under them which form of heat transfer they are an example of
and then indicate which direction(s) the heat is traveling in each by drawing an arrows over the picture

Radiation Convection Conduction

Conductors and Insulators

 Conductors: Materials the move heat energy well.


o Examples: Metal pan, a glass pot.
 Insulators: Materials that do not move heat well.
o Examples: Wood, Clothing (wool), Rubber.
 Label the parts of the image on page 6 of the article “Conductors and
Insulators” to indicate which are conductors and which are insulators.

 Compare and contrast using examples from the text


o 1 way they are the same: They are both used in cooking. They both
relate to heat transfer.
o 1 way they are different: Conductors transfer heat well and insulators
do not.

Heat vs. Temperature

 Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy in a substance.


 Explain how heat and temperature are different using an example from the text. Heat is
the total amount of kinetic energy in a substance. Temperature is the average kinetic
energy. Temperature describes how hot or cold something is heat does not.
 On the Fahrenheit scale the boiling point of water is 212°F. The freezing point of water
is 32°F.
 On the Celsius scale the boiling point of water is 100°C. The freezing point of water is
0°C.
 How does the thermometer on the left in the picture on page 9 work? The
thermometer wants to reach equilibrium with the substance it is measuring. Thermal
expansion/contraction occurs. As the liquid inside gets hotter it expands and rises up
the tube to tell the temperature.
o Rank each state of matter below 1-3, one being the
least and three being the most in terms of the effect
of heat on expansion.2 Liquid3 Gas 1 Solid
o Using your understanding on thermal expansion,
explain why telephone/electrical wires are hung with
slack in between them. So in the winter when they
get cold and contract they do not snap.

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