GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

To the Learners

FIRST QUARTER
Module 3
12
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes vs
Nonelectrolytes, and Introduction to
Thermodynamics
written by
Mr. Edd Villamor
Tala High School

Most Essential Learning Competency:

 Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions

and electrolyte solutions
 Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from
the concentration of a solute in a solution
 Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
 Describe laboratory procedures in determining the concentration of solutions
 Explain the first law of thermodynamics
 Explain enthalpy of a reaction
 Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law
 Almost everything around you involves chemistry. From the things you eat to the clothes you wear,
the air you breathe, and the ground you walk on, even the emotions from a heartbreak: all of these things
involve chemistry. But to better appreciate chemistry lessons, you need to follow some simple rules:
1. Read the directions very carefully and follow the directions indicated in every activity.
2. Create a mental image of the concepts that are being discussed. This will help you better
understand abstract concepts in chemistry.
3. Perform all of the activities in this module in the correct sequence. Doing this will help you
scaffold your way up to more challenging tasks.
4. Imagine your answer and compare it with the mental image of the concept you just learned.
This will help you check your work. If your imagination fails, you may use the answer key card
in assessing your work, with the help of your facilitator or guardian.
5. Look for real-world examples of the concepts you have learned. This will make chemistry
concepts more real to you and will also help you appreciate it more.
6. Have fun learning chemistry!

This module will cover several topics. The first part will be a continuation of the discussion about
Expectations
the colligative properties of solutions. The second part will be an introduction to thermodynamics: the first
law of thermodynamics, enthalpy of reaction, and Hess Law.

Pre-test
DIRECTIONS: Read the questions very carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before each number.

_____1. Which of the following cannot be found in a salt solution?

A. H2O C. Na+
B. NaCl D. Cl-

_____2. A boiling 1 molal salt solution is hotter compared to a boiling 1 molal glucose solution. Why is
that so?

A. Salt absorbs heat better than glucose.

B. This is not possible because the two solutions have the same concentration
C. Salt dissociates in water to form more solute compared to glucose
D. None of the above

_____3. Which of the following processes absorb heat from the surroundings?

A. Boiling of water C. Condensation of water vapor

B. Freezing of water D. Formation of snowflakes

_____4. In the thermochemical equation, 2NaN 3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g), the enthalpy of reaction (ΔH rxn) is
+42.7 kJ/mol. What will be the enthalpy of reaction if the equation is reversed?

A. +42.7 kJ/mol C. -21.35 kJ/mol

B. +21.35 kJ/mol D. -42.7 kJ/mol

_____5. What is the relationship between enthalpies p, q, r and s?  

S(s) + H2(g)     H2S(g)                                   ∆H=p 
H2(g) + ½O2(g)    H2O(l)                             ∆H=q 
S(s) + O2(g)    SO2(g)                                     ∆H=r 
H2S(g) + 1½O2(g)    H2O(l) + SO2(g)     ∆H=s?
 A. p = q + r – s B. p = q – r – s C. p = s – q – r D. p = s + r – q

Looking Back
In the previous module, you learned about colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solution: vapor
pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. To see if you
understood the previous lesson, let us try to explain why the following situations happen:

1. Given that the boiling setups are the same, which of the two will boil faster: one liter of pure
water or one liter of seawater? Why?
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2. Why does ice or snow melt when sprinkled with salt?
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3. Why do you feel thirsty when you drink seawater?
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Brief Introduction
This chapter will discuss the continuation of the lesson on the colligative properties of solutions
and an introduction to thermodynamics.

Previously, you were able to define colligative properties as properties that depend only on the
number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of solute particles. As more solute is dissolved
in the solvent, the more evident the colligative properties are. In the case of boiling point elevation, the
sugar you dissolve in water, the higher the boiling point of the solution becomes (higher than 100 oC).

The amount of dissolved solute is king when we talk about the colligative properties of a solution,
but the types of solute should also be considered because it affects the amount of solute present in the
solution. Solutes can be electrolytes or nonelectrolytes. Electrolytes are formed when salts (ionic
compounds), acids, or bases are dissolved in water. These substances are immediately split to form
cations and anions when dissolved in water. Because of these ions, electrolytes can conduct electricity.
An example of this is table salt (NaCl) in water. When NaCl is dissolved in water, it dissociates to form
Na+ and Cl-. Thus, in a salt solution, the substances present are the H 2O, Na+, and Cl- On the other hand,
nonelectrolytes do not split into cations and anions when dissolved in water, and because of this, it
cannot conduct electricity. An example of this is glucose dissolved in water.

Activity 1
What is your solution made of?
Objectives:

 Identify the type of solution, whether it is electrolyte or nonelectrolyte

 Determine the substances dissolved in the solution

Procedure:

 Write the chemical species dissolved in the solution

water Sugar (C6H12O6)

water Nitric acid (HNO3)

water Silver nitrate (AgNO3)

water Calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]

water Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)

water Acetic acid (CH3COOH)

Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of
a solute in a solution

For nonelectrolyte solutions, Boiling-point Elevation (ΔTb) is the boiling point of the
O
solution (Tb) minus the boiling point of the pure solvent (T b )
 O
ΔTb = Tb - T b

Since the boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the
solute in the solution:

ΔTb ∝ m, then ΔTb = Kb m

Where: ΔTb = boiling point elevation

Kb = boiling point elevation constant

m = molal concentration
O
On the other hand, freezing-point depression (ΔTf) is the freezing point of pure solvent (T f )
minus the freezing point of the solution (Tf)
O
ΔTf = T f −¿ Tf

Just like boiling-point elevation, the freezing-point depression is directly proportional to the
molal concentration of the solute in the solution:

ΔTf ∝ m , then ΔTf = Kf m

Where: ΔTf = freezing-point depression

Kf = freezing-point depression constant

m = molal concentration

In the case of electrolyte solutions, we have to consider the number of ions that will dissociate in
the solvent. If we compare 0.1 m glucose (C6H12O6) and 0.1 m sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium chloride
will elevate the boiling point and depress the freezing point twice as much as 0.1 m glucose. This is
because sodium chloride will dissociate to produce 0.1 m Na+ and 0.1 m Cl- when dissolved in water. So,
for electrolyte solutions, we account for the number of ions that dissociated in water. We define this
quantity as the van’t Hoff factor (i):

actual number of particles∈ solutionafter dissolution

i=
number of formula units initially dissolved ∈solution

In reality, the boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression values are smaller than the
computed value because the ions interact with each other to form ion pairs, especially when the
concentration is high, thus, the slight decrease in the colligative properties. To sum it up, the van’t Hoff
Equation for the boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte
solutions are as follows:

Nonelectrolyte Solution Electrolyte Solution

Boiling-point Elevation ΔTb = Kb m ΔTb = i Kb m

Freezing-point Depression ΔTf = Kf m ΔTf = i Kf m

Activity 2
Solve for the boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression in the following problems.
Objectives:

 Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute
in a solution

Materials:

 Calculator
 Extra paper for your solutions

Problem Solving:

Solvent Normal Freezing Kf Normal Boiling Kb

Point (oC) (oC/m) Point (oC) (oC/m)
Water 0 1.86 100 0.52
Acetic Acid 16.6 3.90 117.9 2.93

An experiment was conducted to see the effects of potassium iodide and sucrose on the boiling-
point elevation and freezing-point depression of water and acetic acid. Combinations of the two solutes
and two solvents with a similar molal concentration of 0.8 m were prepared. What will be the calculated
boiling point elevation and freezing point depression of the prepared solutions?

Boiling-point elevation Freezing-point depression

Water

Acetic Acid

Calculating for the molar mass from colligative property data

The osmotic pressure of a solution can be solved using the formula

π=MRT

When asked for the molar mass of an unknown solute, you need to derive the formula of osmotic
pressure to get what you are looking for. Since
where: π = osmotic pressure
n n = moles
M= ,
V V = volume
R = ideal gas constant
n
we will get π= RT L ∙ atm
V (0.0821 )
mol ∙ K
T = absolute temperature

After solving for the value of n, solve for the molar mass of the solute by dividing its mass
to its computed moles.

Example:

An unknown protein with a mass of 10 g was dissolved in 0.50 L of water. The resulting
osmotic pressure of the solution was 0.02 atm at 25 oC. What is the approximate molecular mass
of the solution?

Solution:

Using the van’t Hoff Equation for osmotic pressure,

 n
π= RT
V

n L∙ atm
0.02 atm= (0.0821 )(298.15 K )
0.50 L mol ∙ K

n = 4.1 x 10-4 mol

10 g
MM = −4
4.1 x 10 mol
MM = 2.4 x 104 g/mol

Activity 3
How heavy am I?

Using the van’t Hoff equation for osmotic pressure, solve for the molar mass of an unknown
solute.

Objectives:

 Calculate molar mass from colligative property data

Materials:

 Calculator
 Extra paper for your solution

Problem Solving:

A solution that contains 9.30 g hemoglobin per 0.200 L solution has an osmotic pressure of
0.0171 atm at 27oC. What is the molecular mass of hemoglobin?

Answer:

Laboratory procedures in determining the concentration of solutions

It is easy to determine the concentration of a solution when you know the amount of solute
dissolved in the solvent. But when you are asked to determine the concentration of an unknown solution,
it may be very tricky. There are two ways to analyze in the laboratory solutions with unknown
concentrations: one is through evaporation of the solvent in the case of salt solutes, and the other one is
through titration that involves a chemical reaction.

Salts like sodium chloride or NaCl have a very high boiling point. To determine the concentration
of a salt solution, just measure the volume of the solution, then completely evaporate the water in the
solution to leave the salt behind. On the other hand, titration is the slow addition of one solution of a
known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration
until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change. An acid-base titration
is used to determine the concentration of acid by reacting it with a base, and vice versa. Complexometric
titration can be used to determine the amount of metal present in a solution by reacting it with a ligand,
forming a metal-ligand complex. Another is the precipitation titration where the solute or analyte in the
solution reacts with the titrant, which then forms an insoluble precipitate at the bottom of the mixture. And
lastly, redox titration is done to determine the amount of oxidizing or reducing agents in a solution.
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the scientific study of the energy changes that accompany physical and
chemical changes. Studying thermodynamics is vital in understanding the relationship between energy
and matter, on whether a reaction will proceed or not based on a given set of conditions.

Matter has energy, and this energy can be used to perform work. For this to happen, the energy
in matters needs to transform into a different type of energy. For a vehicle to move, chemical energy
needs to be converted into thermal energy. A rock on top of a cliff has a lot of potential energy than can
be transformed into kinetic energy when it is pushed down. Chemical energy in wood can be transformed
into radiant energy, which gives us light on our bonfires. In principle, all forms of energy can be converted
from one form to another. This is what the first law of thermodynamics is all about – that energy can be
converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created, nor destroyed.

When you burn a balloon containing hydrogen gas, the

chemical energy of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas in the air is converted
into heat. The explosion causes things around it to be pushed aside,
thus, producing work. In all of these, the energy was neither created nor
destroyed, it just transformed from chemical energy into heat and work.
From this, we can derive the formula

∆ U =q+ w

where: ∆ U = internal energy of the system

q = heat exchange between the system and the surroundings
w = work done on (or by) the system https://tinyurl.com/y3zrhvlj

Take note of the following conventions:

-q = heat is released to the surroundings from the system (exothermic)
+q = heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings (endothermic)
-w = work done by the system on the surroundings
+w = work done on the system by the surroundings

Endothermic Process

In an endothermic process, the reactants start at a

low energy state. The resulting product will have a higher
energy state compared to the reactant. For this to happen,
the system will have to absorb energy from the
surroundings to account for the increase in energy of the
product. Just remember that in an endothermic process,
the product has higher potential energy compared to the
reactant.

Exothermic Process

For exothermic processes, the reactants start at a

high energy state. The resulting product will have a lower
energy state compared to the reactant. The energy lost
when the reactants turned into product will be released to
the environment, maybe in the form of heat or light. Just
remember that in an exothermic process, the product has
lower potential energy compared to the reactant.
 Activity 4
Imagine the particles of water as it changes its phase. Does it absorb energy from the
surroundings or does it release energy to the surroundings? In this activity, you are going to
analyze the phase change of water and identify whether it is an exothermic or an endothermic
process

Objectives:

 Identify whether the following processes are exothermic or endothermic

Instructions: Identify the following processes whether it is exothermic or endothermic. Write your answer
on the space provided.

________________1. Ice turns to water

________________2. Steam condenses to form water
________________3. Ice sublimes to form water vapor at Mt. Everest
________________4. Water evaporates when exposed under the sun
________________5. Water vapor undergoes deposition to form snowflakes

Enthalpy of Reaction

When a chemical reaction occurs, chemical bonds get broken and then formed to make new
compounds. This breaking of bond requires absorption of energy while formation of bonds requires
releasing of energy.

The amount of energy absorbed or released during the breaking and forming of bonds are, most
of the time, not the same. When the energy absorbed is greater than the energy released, the reaction is
said to be endothermic while if the energy released is greater than the energy absorbed, the reaction is
said to be exothermic. This energy may be in the form of heat. And when this heat moves from reactant to
product and vice versa (given that the pressure is constant), we call this movement of heat as enthalpy.
Enthalpy (H) is defined as the thermodynamic quantity used to describe heat changes taking place at
constant pressure. Enthalpy is a measure of heat in the system. They use the formula H = U + PV. H is the
enthalpy value, U is the amount of internal energy, and P and V are pressure and volume of the system.
This system works well for gases.

There are three things that you have to remember when studying the enthalpy of reactions
(ΔHrxn):

1. Enthalpy is directly proportional to the amount of substance you have. If you double the amount
of the substances, you also double the enthalpy.
H2O(s)  H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 6.01 kJ/mol
2H2O(s)  2H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 12.02 kJ/mol
2. The value of enthalpy changes sign when the reaction is reversed. For example, if
H2O(s)  H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 6.01 kJ/mol
then, reversing the equation would mean changing the sign of the enthalpy
H2O(l)  H2O(s) ΔHrxn = -6.01 kJ/mol
3. You must always specify the physical states of all of the substances in the equation. In the
reaction,
CH4 (g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHrxn =-890.4 kJ/mol
 but if water in the equation is in gaseous form, the resulting enthalpy would be different:
CH4 (g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔHrxn =-802.4 kJ/mol
This is because water needs to absorb energy to transform into a gas.
H2O(l)  H2O(g) ΔHrxn = 88.0 kJ/mol

When solving for the heat produced (or absorbed) in a thermochemical reaction, the
stoichiometric amount of the substance and the enthalpy of the reaction is used as the conversion factor.
Consider the balanced thermochemical equation below:

2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) ΔHrxn = -198.2 kJ/mol

If you were given 87.9 g of SO2 (MM = 64.07 g/mol), how much heat will be produced?

The thermochemical equation shows that for every 2 moles of SO 2, -198.2 kJ/mol of heat
is released. Using this information, we can say that the conversion factor is

−198.2 kJ /mol
2mol SO 2

To determine the amount of heat released with the given amount of substance, just calculate its
moles and multiply it with the conversion factor.

1 mol SO 2 −198.2 kJ /mol

ΔHrxn = 87.9 g of SO2 ( )( ) = -136 kJ
64.07 g SO 2 2mol SO 2

Activity 5
Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions Problems

Solve for the enthalpy of the following thermochemical reactions. You may use extra
paper for your solutions.

1. Nitroglycerin is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid that is also used to prevent chest pain
(angina) in people with a certain heart condition. When it explodes, it produces -1529 kJ/mol of
heat. How much heat will be produced if 100 g of nitroglycerin explodes?

4C3H5N3O9(s)  6N2(g) + 12CO(g) + 10H2O(g) + 7O2(g)

nitroglycerin

2. Sodium azide (NaN3) is used as a gas-forming component in car airbag systems. How much heat
is needed to decompose 200 g of NaN3?
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g) ΔHrxn = 42.7 kJ/mol

If you want to know the amount of heat generated or absorbed by a certain chemical reaction,
you may just refer to recorded standard enthalpies of formation for the substances that you want to study.
o
The standard enthalpy of formation (∆ H f ) is the value of ΔH that corresponds to a reaction in which
one mole of a substance at 1 atm and a particular reference temperature is prepared from its constituent
elements in their most stable forms at 1 atm pressure and the reference temperature. To further elaborate
on this, take note of the following concepts:

1. The elements and compounds used to get the standard enthalpy of formation are in their
standard states, or at one atmospheric pressure.
2. The reference temperature is usually 25oC.
3. Because some elements or compounds exist in different allotropic forms, the most stable form at
o
1 atm is used to derive the ∆ H f . (most stable form means it has the lowest enthalpy)
 It should also be noted that by convention, the standard enthalpy of formation of the most stable
form of an element at 1 atm and at the reference temperature is equal to zero. This means that
o
diatomic molecules, like H2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2, and pure metals have 0 ∆ H f .

Hess’ Law
Many compounds cannot be directly synthesized from their elements. An example of this is the
reaction of graphite with oxygen gas to yield carbon dioxide:
C ( graphite )+O2 (g) →CO 2(g ) (this reaction has no known ∆ H of )
Because of this, we cannot directly determine the standard enthalpy of formation of those
substances. But in 1840, Germain H. Hess, a Swiss-Russian chemist, experimentally
established the law of constant heat summation or the Hess’ Law, which states that the change in
enthalpy for any chemical reaction is constant, whether the reaction occurs in one step or several
steps. This means that you can use two or more reactions (with a known standard enthalpy of
o
formation) to determine the ∆ H f of another reaction. In the case of the reaction mentions above:
1
C ( graphite )+ O →CO ( g) ∆ H=−110.5 kJ
2 2 ( g)
1
CO (g )+ O →CO 2(g ) ∆ H=−283.0 kJ
2 2 (g)

C ( graphite )+O2 (g) →CO 2(g ) ∆ H=−393.5 kJ

Supposed you’re asked to find the ΔH for the reaction:

2 NH 3 (g) +3 N 2 O(g) → 4 N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l)
How do you find the ΔH for the reaction using the following thermochemical equations?
4 NH 3 (g) +3 O2(g ) → 2 N 2(g) +6 H 2 O(l) ∆ H =−1531 kJ
N 2 O(g )+ H 2(g) → N 2(g) + H 2 O(l) ∆ H =−367.4 kJ
1
H 2 (g) + O2(g) → H 2 O (l ) ∆ H =−285.9 kJ
2

Since the desired equation has 2 mol of NH 3(g )on the left, we divide the first given
thermochemical equation by 2 to get:
3
2 NH 3 (g) + O2 (g) → N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l ) ∆ H=−765.5 kJ
2
There are 3 mol of N 2 O(g )in the desired reaction, which means that we have to multiply the
second thermochemical equation by 3 to get:
3 N 2 O(g) +3 H 2 (g) →3 N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l ) ∆ H=−1102.2 kJ
By now, the resulting net equation is as seen below. You may notice that there are 3 mol of H 2 on
the reactant side, which is not found on the desired reaction
3
2 NH 3 (g) + O2 (g) → N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O (l )
2
3 N 2 O (g) +3 H 2 (g) →3 N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l )
To remove the H2 from the net equations, we have to reverse the third thermochemical
equation and multiply by it 3:
3
3 H 2 O(l) → 3 H 2(g )+ O2(g) ∆ H =+857.7 kJ
2
Combining all of the thermochemical equations, canceling the similar substances on the opposite
sides of the equations, and adding up their ΔH will give you the desired reaction and its ΔH.
3
2 NH 3 (g) + O2 (g) → N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l ) ∆ H=−765.5 kJ
2
3 N 2 O(g) +3 H 2 (g) →3 N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l ) ∆ H=−1102.2 kJ
3
3 H 2 O(l) → 3 H 2(g )+ O2(g) ∆ H =+857.7 kJ
2
 2 NH 3 (g) +3 N 2 O(g) → 4 N 2 (g) +3 H 2 O(l) ∆ H=−1010.0 kJ

Activity 6
Hess’ Law Problem Solving

Using the sample problems as a guide, try solving the following problems:
1. Given the thermochemical equations:
3
H 2 S(g )+ O2(g) → H 2 O(l )+ SO 2( g) ∆ H=−562.6 kJ
2
CS 2 (l )+ 3O 2 (g) →CO 2(g )+ 2 SO 2(g ) ∆ H =−1075.2 kJ

Calculate the ΔH for the reaction:

CS 2 (l )+ 2 H 2 O(l) →CO 2(g )+ 2 H 2 S (g)

2. Given the thermochemical equations:

FeO(s )+ H 2(g) → Fe(s )+ H 2 O(g)❑ ∆ H=+24.7 kJ
1
3 Fe O(s) + O2 (g) → Fe3 O4 (s) ∆ H=−317.6 kJ
2
1
H 2 (g) + O2(g) → H 2 O(g) ∆ H=−241.8 kJ
2
Calculate the ΔH for the reaction:
3 Fe(s) +4 H 2 O (g)❑ → Fe3 O4 (s) +4 H 2(g)

Remember
Boiling-point Elevation (ΔTb) is the boiling point of the solution (T b) minus the boiling point of the pure
O
solvent (T b )

O
Freezing-point depression (ΔTf) is the freezing point of pure solvent ( T f ) minus the freezing point of the
solution (Tf)

Electrolytes are formed when salts (ionic compounds), acids, or bases are dissolved in water

Endothermic Process - heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings

Enthalpy (H) is defined as the thermodynamic quantity used to describe heat changes taking place at
constant pressure

Exothermic Process - heat is released to the surroundings from the system

First law of thermodynamics - energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be
created, nor destroyed.

Hess’ Law - states that the change in enthalpy for any chemical reaction is constant, whether the reaction
occurs in one step or several steps.

Nonelectrolytes - do not split into cations and anions when dissolved in water, and because of this, it
cannot conduct electricity

Titration - the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume
of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often
indicated by a color change
 o
Standard enthalpy of formation (∆ H f ) is the value of ΔH that corresponds to a reaction in which one
mole of a substance at 1 atm and a particular reference temperature is prepared from its constituent
elements in their most stable forms at 1 atm pressure and the reference temperature.

Check Your Understanding

Sorbeteros use salty ice to keep their sorbetes cold and solid.
What’s the difference between salty ice and ice made of pure
water that makes salty ice better in keeping sorbetes solid?

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Before the rain pours, the surroundings feel so hot.

What do you think causes this hot feeling before it
rains?

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Post-test
DIRECTIONS: Read the questions very carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before each number.

_____1. Which of the following cannot be found in a salt solution?

A. H2O C. Na+
B. NaCl D. Cl-

_____2. A boiling 1 molal salt solution is hotter compared to a boiling 1 molal glucose solution. Why is
that so?

A. Salt absorbs heat better than glucose.

B. This is not possible because the two solutions have the same concentration
C. Salt dissociates in water to form more solute compared to glucose
D. None of the above

_____3. Which of the following processes absorb heat from the surroundings?

A. Boiling of water C. Condensation of water vapor

B. Freezing of water D. Formation of snowflakes

_____4. In the thermochemical equation, 2NaN 3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g), the enthalpy of reaction (ΔH rxn) is
+42.7 kJ/mol. What will be the enthalpy of reaction if the equation is reversed?

A. +42.7 kJ/mol C. -21.35 kJ/mol

B. +21.35 kJ/mol D. -42.7 kJ/mol

_____5. What is the relationship between enthalpies p, q, r and s?  

S(s) + H2(g)     H2S(g)                                   ∆H=p 
H2(g) + ½O2(g)    H2O(l)                             ∆H=q 
S(s) + O2(g)    SO2(g)                                     ∆H=r 
H2S(g) + 1½O2(g)    H2O(l) + SO2(g)     ∆H=s?

A. p = q + r – s B. p = q – r – s C. p = s – q – r D. p = s + r – q

Reflection
What is the importance of knowing the amount of heat generated from a chemical reaction?

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References:

Chang, R., & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry 12th Edition (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Chemistry LibreText. (2020).

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/
The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics

Physics4kids.com, http://www.physics4kids.com/files/thermo_enthalpy.html

Mortimer, C. E. (1986). Chemistry. Wadsworth Pub Co.

Silberberg, M. (2009). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 5th Edition (5th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte