Class 12

Board 2023
Block
and f-
d-
elements

Panchal Sir
with love -

By Bharat
for # BP ARMY
OB⑧←④⑧④⑧⊕*⊕¥@ Telegram -
Bharat Panchal Sir
Bharat Panchal
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 d- and f- block elements

d- Block elements
Those elements in which the last e•
enters in the d- subshell
of penultimate shell

General Electronic Configuration →

(n -
1) d '
-1°
nso -2

They are subdivided into four series . .

→ The d- block elements in which the atoms ions have
or
incomplete d- orbitals are called transition elements .

→ 2h , Cd and
Hg have completely filled Cn 1) d- Orbitals -

so
they do not show much resemblance with
other transition elements .

6-
There are four series
of d- block elements .

3d series Csc to 2h)

led series CY to (d)

5d Series Cla and Hf to Hg ]
Gd series C. Ac and Rf to (a)
Electronic Configuration : By Bharat Panchal Sir
-
-

's '
21 .
Se -
Scandium [ As] 3d 4. S2
22 .
Ti -
Titanium [ As] 18 3dL Us 2
}
23 . V -
Vanadium [ Ar 318 3d Us 2
26 .
Cr -
Chromium [ Air ] 18 395µs '

25 .
Mn -

Manganese [ As ] 18345 453

26 .
Fe -
Iron [ At] /
8
3d 6452
18 397452
£7 .
Co -
Cobalt [ Ar]
18 3d8Us2
28 . Ni -
Nickel [ Ar ]

29 EAR ]
's
3d "4s '
.
Cu -
Copper
"
30 . 2h -
Zinc EARTH 3d 452

Co2 -1 → [ As] 1831445

24
halt
[ Ar] 183034 so (
stable due to
Cpt
filled tzg )
→
24
"
cult EAR] 3d " 45
29
→ ( fully filled )
cut → EARTH 3d&4s°
29
] -1 's
[ As ] Uso
◦
3d
235C →

Fest → EAR]
'S
30545 ( half filled )
26
Atomic Radius
As from left to atomic radii
we
right ,

first decreases largely , then decreases slowly

and increases in the end
of the series .

This decrease in atomic radii

in the is due to
beginning
the increase in effective nuclear
charge with the increase in
atomic number .

with the increase in

number
of eo in (h 1) d. subshell
-

the screening
effect of these d- electrons on the outermost
electrons also increases This increased
ns -

screening
-

effect counterbalances the effect increased nuclear of

cHna'rge , therefore the atomic
.
radii remains
almost same
in the end of the series e° - e°

repulsion takes place so the size atom increases

of
.

IONIC RADIUS
in of the same oxidation
general ,
ions
state in a given series show progressive decrease
in radius with increase in atomic number due
to the increase in effective nuclear charge

[ ionic Radii fed > Fe 3+-3

-1
Ionic Radius 9
o¥+ate
Melting and Boiling Point
High m.pt and B- Pt

first increase and then decrease

due to increase and decrease in

number of unpaired electrons

because the strength of bond
depends on number
of unpaired e•
Note →
Tungsten CWI has the highest M.pt
Mercury City) is the only metal in liquid form
→
.

Metallic character
Show all the briber ties of general
•

metals
•

strength of metallic bond number

.

ofunpaired eo which increase the chance and

make the bond strong
Cr is a hard metal while Zn is a soft metal
.

•
.

Ehlhalby of Atomisation :

They have strong metallic

bond due to which they have high enthalpy of
atomization
Ionisation Energy : -
By Bharat Panchal Sir
-
-

lies b/w S -
and b- block elements
( more
than s -

block but less than b- block elements)

I. E increases from left to right in a period
as the effective nuclear charge increases .

I E -
✗ Effective Nuclear charge
Iot
of 2h Cd and
Hg is very High due to
fully
•

filled orbitals
•
I. E
of 5d and Cod series elements is more than 3d

and led elements due to lanthanide and

Actinide contraction .

formation of Interstitial compounds : -

Transition metals have a

tendency
to form interstitial compounds with
H, C , B or N atoms .

stoichiometric
They usually
are non -

typically
and are neither
ionic nor covalent .
 e-
g. Tic
, MnqN , Ferg N, V40.56 and Ti Hit etc

↳ interstitial compounds
The are very hard ,

retain metallic conductivity , have high m.pt

and are chemically inert .

Alloy formation : -

Alloys are homogeneous solid solution

d- block
many of elements form alloys because
they have similar atomic radii due to which
they can easily replace the atom of other metal .

Alloys thus formed and often have high

M.pt
.

Brass ( be -12M Bronze ( Cutsn )

e.g q
By Bharat Panchal Sir
-
.

Magnetic Properties : -

Diamagnetic substances are rebelled

by magnetic field whileparamagnetic substances
attracted
are
by magnetic field .

to Those substance which are attracted very strongly

by the applied field are called ferromagnetic
the d- block elements and their compounds
Many of
is due
are
paramagnetic in nature it to

the presence of unpaired eo in incomplete

d- orbitals
no
of unpaired eo
The
paramagnetic Nature 9
-

moment cut thts ) Bom

Magnetic
=

↓
n is number Bohr

of unpaired e◦ .

magneton
 Complex formation : -

Many of d- block elements form

complex compounds .
because
Cil They have small atomic radii
Ciii High Nuclear charge
Iii ) Presence vacant d- orbital
of so they can
accept lone pair of eo from ligands -

Catalytic Properties : -
By Bharat Panchal Sir
-
-

Transition elements and their

compounds show
catalytic properties due to variable
oxidation state and their
ability to adopt
multiple oxidation state .

↳
250, -10 250 ] ( contact
process)
?

Nz-13 Hz 2A HI
]
( Haber Process )
The presence of unpaired e
-0
's in incomplete d- orbitals
,

hence to absorb and re emit

possess the
capacity -

wide which is
range of energies used as an
activation energy .

Formation Of Coloured Ions : -

•
it unpaired eo is
present complex
,
is coloured due to d d - transition
and also paramagnetic in nature
if unpaired e -0 is absent,
complex or compound is due to the absence of
d- d transition and diamagnetic in nature
e.
g cusoy is blue or

in colour
-

while e

2h50 u is n
eg
e
colourless r I I -

G
-
Oxidation state : -

show large number of oxidation stale

the participation of
'

due to both ( n nd and ns electrons

-

in bonding in different compounds .

•
Mn shows maximum number
of oxidation state due to
the presence of maximum number of unpaired eo
•
Osmium cost show + 8 oxidation state
→ cut is more stable than cult because it undergoes
disproportionation Reaction in aqueous Solh

2 cult → coat + Cee

NOH The
ability of oxygen to stabilise these high
oxidation state exceeds that of fluorine because

oxygen can form double bond while fluorine form

single bond .

As a result
highest Mn
fluoride is Mnfy
whereas the highest oxide is Mnz07 .

Electrode Potential : _

The stability of a combo and

depends upon electrode potential and it further
depends Upon
'

til Enthalby of atomisation / sublimation

Ii) Ionisation enthalpy
Liii ) Hydration enthalpy
By Bharat Panchal Sir -
.
 Area "
Mes ] > Mic 99 ) .
A-
atomisatiou H = + He

A-
A- H AHyd.tl ionisation H = + Ve
9hm
A- H =
-
ve
Hydration
"

Meg , > Mtg ,

There is no
regular trend for m2 -11M standard electrode
potential due to irregularities in ionisation
the

enthalpies and enthalpy of atomisation

→
copper is the only metal having positive value of
Eo so it does not liberate the hydrogen gas from
copper has a high energy of atomization and low hydrationacids
energy
chemical Reactivity : -

By Bharat Panchal Sir

-
-

chemical
reactivity
if
✗

Ecma -11m ) is very less ( more -

ve) except Cee

so these metals are highly reactive

•

oxidising power 9 to

Reducing Power ✗
¥-7
•
Oxide formation : -

Many of the d- block elements forms

oxides
of different types because
of the presence of
so
many different oxidation state .

N'¥ Acidic character a oxi Stale .

Ionic Character ✗ Oxi state

. .

F- Block Elements : -

Elements in which last e◦

enters in f- orbital
of pre penultimate
-
shell

General Electronic ""

= (n -
2) 1- ( h 1) do -1ns 2
-

Configuration

By Bharat Panchal Sir

-
-

4T series
or

Lanthanoid Series
Or

Ist Inner Transition

Series

Oxidation State : -

The common oxidation stale &

Ian than oids is + ] with +2 and +4 .
Electronic configuration
lanthanide
General electronic configuration of

are 652 Sdo - I

41-1-14
lutetium have eo in
Only cerium, Gadolinium
→ and

Sd -
orbital as well .

Atomic and Ionic Radii

Ionic radii
-

The atomic and

Which is known
decreases from lanthanum to lutetium .

as LANTHAMOID CONTRACTION .

CAUSE -

series elements the last

eeo
lanthanide
screening
In case of ,

into the af orbital since the shielding

or
enters -
.

much less than ' s ' and

'
b
'
orbital
effect of f- orbital is
" ' -

d- orbital
even less than that of
 at each steb
the effective nuclear charge increases by one .

Hence the size of entire at subshell reduces

,
.

OF LANTHANOID CONTRACTION
-

CONSEQUENCES
•
Increase in covalent character -

Covalent properties of lanthanide

metal hydroxide compounds regularly increases according
to
Fagan 's Rule .

•
similar size and Charge
ions are
since all the lanthanide
of about the same size and also carry the same charge
due lanthahoid contraction their properties are almost
to
,

identical This makes separation of lanthanides from one

.

is
another very difficult .

lanthanide
•
Basic character of Hydroxides of
As we move

from left to sigh basic character of hydroxides of

lanthanides decreases .

•
Atomic and Ionic Radii of 4d&5d Series

Due to lanthanide
contraction the atomic and ionic radii the
, of next
and before on the lanthanide elements with same

group ad ④④ ⑤ 129
145 134

④ ! ⊕
5d

144 134 130

•
The decrease in chemical reactivity
Due to lanthanoid
contraction , the Ionization tan than ◦ id
energy of the next on the
elements increases This decreases their chemical
reactivity
.

.
 Chemical Reactivity
Ln2O3 "
" 2

%%
T

5
pied
in
*

Heated with S with halogens

Ings, g Ln > Lnx}
" with
ith
"
" H2O
Healed
,

L
¥ >
↳ (OH} -111
,

LNN
1h12
Uses

lanthanoids for steels for

it are used the production of alloy
plates and bites
in based
%) Misch metal alloy of lanthanoid is used Mg -

flint
alloy to produce bullets , shell and lighter .

of lanthanoids used as catalyst in

( Iii ) Mixed oxides are

cracking of petroleum
Hut some lanthanum oxides are used as phosphorus in
television screen

ACTINOID
These are the elements in which taste ◦
filled in Sf orbitals The actinoid
- . are radioactive elements

Electronic Confee
confi 51-1-146 do
'
7s 2
-

electronic
The general
.

irregularities in the electronic configuration of actinoid

stabileties of f- 7 f- 14 occupancies
°

is due to , g- ,

of 5f orbital
- .
 similarities btw Lanthanoids and Actinoid
e Both exhibit +3 oxidation state predominantly .

Both are electropositive and have high reactivity

•
.

•
like lanthanoid Contraction , there is actinoid contraction also .

Difference b/w lanthanoids and Actinoid

Lanthanoids Actinoid

show +3
Oxi state
They mainly
- .

•
show +3 Oxi state
.
.

They
like
+2 and -14 Oxidation State Higher oxidate
and -17
also exist +4, -15, -16

boor
They have boor shielding They have
•
• even

effect shielding effect

paramagnetic
also
They paramagnetic and They are
•
◦
are
but their magnetic
their
paramagnetic character character can it be
explained
can be explained easily easily
•

have tendency to They have more tendency

They less
◦

to form complexes
form complexes
•

These are non - radioactive •

These are radioactive
except promethium substance .

Application of Actinoid
Asteroids
•
are used in nuclear

reactors for the production of electricity .

•
Actinoid are also used for the synthesis of
transuranic elements .
 COMPOUNDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
•
Potassium Dichromate ◦
Potassium Permanganate
C. 19mn04 )
(192%07)
→ Potassium Dichromate (14%07)it
is prepared
from chromite ore

step -1 con
.

esision of feonoehoomale into sodium

chromate

4 feck Op + 16 NaOH -1702¥ 8^1%804+2 Ego}

Yellow
+8602
step -2 Conversion of sodium chromate into
sodium dichromate
.

-12N at -1110
Nair 041-2116 →
,CkO7
Nee
'

Orange
step -3 into
Conversion of sodium dichromate
potassium dichromate

2kW -7192%07+2
Nacl
Maack 07 +

Orange crystals
→ chromates and dichromates are inter convertible

God Goin
-
-

-
structure . .

Chromate ion C. from dichromate ion ( (8207-2-1

.

i o
co • ¥.co/hcrE :
"
o
f- -

O
-
,
lo -

Properties
1.) These are
orange red crystals moderately soluble in
,
cold
water but in hot water
readily soluble .

2.) Action of heat .

4kg020 7 4K200g ¥-2620 ] -1302

3.) Action Of Alkali -

1%8,07-1214011 →
2k280g + H2O
2kg604 + Has 04 →
KIKO 7+11504+110
CHOE 200 !
-

4.)
Oxidising Property -

behave as a powerful
Kzcrz07
oxidising agent in er (+1-1) is changed into Crc # )

Ionic Reaction
e -0-7203++7110
Croy? +1411++6
-

Molecular Reaction

K
, Cy 07 +
4112504 → Kas 04+(2/504)] -14110 -13 [ o]
↳ It

oxidised -

→
Ig
"
Fe → Fest ( ferrous salt to Ferri c)

Has → s csulbhide to Sulbhier)

5032 → soft ( Sulbhite to sulphate]

-

SO ( sulphur dioxide to Sulphuric Acid

,
→
112504 )
HX → ×
, c alogen Acid to
Halogen )
ethyl alcohol acetic acid
→
acetaldehyde →

→
CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST
This test is done for
the identification of U ions
during analysis
-

salt ,

potassium dichromate is heated with conc -

Has 04
and a salt
having a Nau, KU ) and reddish
-

ceg
brown vapours of chloride obtained
chromyl are .

Kick 07 + 4kV
-1611,504 → 26029+6 KHSO,-13110
 Potassium
→
Permanganate Ckmn 041
KM not be prepared from
byoolusite ( Mn )
02 ore .

↳ Pyrone site ( Mn 02) react with alkali metal hydroxide

CKOH )
to
give potassium manganate

2mn02 -14 KOH +02 → 2142mn

04+21120
( dark green )
↳
Potassium
manganate disproportionate in acid
or alkali to give potassium bermanganale
2K, Mri 0*+62 → 211mn04 -1 QKU
dark purple
Properties
solid soluble
KM n°4 is dark purple .
:b # ack crystalline ,

in warm water .

2.) Action of Heat -

On
heating ,
it decomposes

219mn04 → ks.mn 04 02+02

+ Mn

3.) In Acidic Medium

142504
+ 2mn50, +3110 -156]
311504
→
214mn04 +

811++50 → Mn 2++4140
Mn Oci +
→ it oxidise
2+
→ Fest ( ferrous salt into ferric salt ]

Hgs →s

oxalic acid →
CO2 +
H.jo
SO → H SO -1
, ,

I → ¥-2
"

Hg 0*2 → %
Reactions in Neutral Medium
☒
Oxidising
-

- . . .

2km no 2mn02 1- 3 [0]

1-
Hyo → 2 KOH +
-

Mn Of 3e⊖ Mn 0 4 OH
211,0
-

+ + → +
,
→ It oxidise

Has → s

Mn 504 → Mn Oa

Na
, Soyo] → Naas Op ( thio sulphate
sulphate to
→
Oxidising Reactions in Alkaline medium

214mn04 +☒→ Hop + Hao + to]

¥02 +
Hyo → Mn 02-1*11+363 ✗2

214mn04 + H2O → Mn
02 -12K OH + to]

Mn 05 2 Hao + 350 Mn Oi + 40h

-

+ →
NOTE
The overall reactions in alkaline medium is
same as in neutral
medium .

Structure of

Mno ! Mn0é
-

o
-

f
1 Mn
Mn
! ! -0
-

If -

Tetrahedral permanganate ion

Tetrahedral manganate ion
c. green ) ( paramagnetic )
burble C Diamagnetic]