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《Linux C函数实例速查手册》

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 views411 pages

《Linux C函数实例速查手册》

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ql liu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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H BLE PMA isalnum (MRFH2 EARLE ORME) ~ isalpha (MAF AEAT ORES E) isascii (RS HR BA ASCH EH isblank (MRE RRS EBSA) ~ isentel (MAP AEG ASCH MEE $7) - oe isdigit (MRS TRS MR ARS isgraph CAF HT Ah PTIT ED FY islower MREAEE ADS RKED - isprint CURE RET A] FT DSI) ~ isspace HUEHRAAL EE ispunct (MIRE A LB A tera HS) isupper (UREA LE AAS ES isxdigt (MERE AEE A 16 eS) lM RAR alot CFLF FEAR EERE ARIES MM) oo aloi CHAE REI) ~ ato) CP RRA OM) covt HE ALAM ALR. ARO HAD fot HERDER ATAR, RAS BA) get EME RAS IER, OS BA) strtod OHSHTE FAR AUE MD) ~ sotol HEP-PH E, stroul CAF FFE RR REAS KDB) ~ 22 ak we Cm md aH mm toascii CHB UIA HEAT ASCH +f) " tolower CERF ABM INE FAP om 24 toupper CHS FEHR RAS Fo HAR AR alloca (ARR TEF I) ~ bk (ASME SSH calloc (ER AFZE) ~ free CARH BERR A TF) getpagesize CRB AERA) mmm 28 malloc (AHA FI6)) ~ snmap CREST A FERRE) munmap (HBR AERA) realloc CBP BAC HAIN FEI] ) sek CHINARIEAT A WMAR EI) ~~ Ae MAR asctime CAH TAIAE A SAUL 95 BRL do) clock CR AHEREG A CPU BU AZSRTTA) clime GERAD BUTERA) diffime CiL-SEE a2 > fie C3249 BAT AYES (21 > gevimeoiday AEE HAITI) ~ gmtime C9 A AHORA) localtime CAH A ATH ET IAA AY ~~ 42 inktine CSTE RAE PRET HR ~ 43, serimeofday (BLE Bm aset a steftime CBs at BWA [0] > time CRAB BT BIETTAL > rset (ARETE DLE Ta) He) 2 Linu C BRASS EB Som PR bemp (HARARE) + deopy ENUF FEY om brero CH BLN iH AE) ths EBA BRR MEW RET) 52 index (BARTER PR-- MAE E P~ memecpy GST NTE AR) memehr (ERATE RF BD) . mememp (HASTA) memcpy CETUNTEAE) ~ memfrob (FY FF ARNG) memmove (EULER BE) ~ memset HERA FEAL RED tindex (HHL? Rae TE FRY streasecmp (ZEBEK AS EERE HT BY streat GEA THEY ~ steche (BREA BERT ORE FE F. stremp (HARRY ~~ sen 63 streoll eeinaroenm MIRAE RERB) ~ strepy GS TLE REER ) on 64 suespn REPORPES TS BEE B ABATE ~ strdup «LaF HEH) ~ strfiy «AALS BAS) strlen CREF ARKH) ~~ stragasecmp (Ag Keb SARS HEEB ~ sincat ERASE) - sumemp (HR FA) stmepy GE AEH HD supbrk (BREE PET AEE B~ strehr BRET PRE STRATE Fh) susp APH EET ae FER PUSS A) sustr CFE FEB PERRIS IE AIF PRY me 74 strtok (FPN RD ~ 7) WOR WARY abs CH FMS A He aces ORR RHE SE? asin BTEC? catan CRY BIE Sea BE catand AR 45 AE RMT) cell RAF PRU EME) cos MATERA) cosh (RUA ARR RRB BE) div (ESP SABRE RR RR) exp GHEE - fabs GTR RS epSB AE) fexp CBZ ABD RMSE) ~ hypot HEB = BEA) Tabs Cit BES ete at (4) exp CTH 2 RAD « idiv RG KR SG RA log CHSC ¢ REA SHED ToglO GH BEEA 10 2 RAT RE modt CRF A C5) LER 80 a pow CTR AD sin (RUE BRR) sinh CORA v8 TE oR SE > sqrt APA AHED tan CURIE WME) enh CY 3h GE 47 BBL BTR AP cuserid (RAR PORE 2) endgrent (SAUX) --- cendpwent CKPABIS.X FH) endutent (FR utmp HY fgetgrem CARSEAT REALE) ~~ 101 fgetpwent (MITE RERE BH ~ 103, getegid (RA RAAB) gereuid RIGA MHI/A PIR BIA > getgid (ALARA IREII getgrent SSASCA LARP IR Ak 5 BS BB) re w= 106 getgreid COME XR EE gid MR HB) getgmam (ASE SC(T BR az eB HE) 109 geigroups CRLGHLILIB) «~~ gelogin RG SRM PKS ZIR) mm 111 aetpw CORBI AP OER CMA) 112 getpwent OAREISSCFP RARER 8 AURGE) ~ 113 getpwnam CASE BIH SA SR - getpwuid CASTS ADELE uid OT SE) gould CRU ROCHA ARIS) getutent CAR utmp CP >Re BER ~~ gerutid (AK ump CARA BREESE BIER) ~ 119 getutline setfouid CREA ABLE RED setgid GREARAL IPRS) ~ wor HS FR 3 setgrent (MSiERGSE X CEPI RHE > ~~ 126 126 setgroups (RHAUCE) - setpwent CMS RACH TSX HbA tk BB ® scucgid (REALR AANA) ~ setreuid CREAR WO) PSL) setuid CHEAT AOA PIRES) setutent (ASCEEIR utmp 3c PrP AY EER ® ~ updwimp CEE RAZR womp X - uimpname (2H uimp SAFES) SR RAM ent CASBAH SED) getpass (RA—BEBMIAY ~ om RRR bsearch (= FUR) ~~ hereate CEU ER) destory CMBROAI RE) hsearch (HH -RBR) insque (MA — ABBR) Mind (SHER) Isearch (RHEE) ~ qport CALA BRSIEHE APE HL Re) remque (AHIR JHE D Melete (A SLFE PERE > find 2H — AY twearch (RD) ~ twalk GERI ~ 10M BAAR, crand’s (FANE NE SRL ~~ 149 rand’ 7° — “ERE A OREALSO) ~~ 150 initstate EPEAT) jrand48 (7° — 4S gE URE ALD loongdS CRA 48 Griz HMA 4 Linux BRESA FH Trends PE — SER REPLED > 154 mrand’8 (74: — “EA BALA rand PE — MEE BBO) rand (PE ROHL ~ random (FE REHLSO ~ seeds CIE 48 HEF INMOLLAT > setstate RCRA SARA RA) srand (REMARAF) srand48 CRE 48 (ERAN MAF) ~~ 161 standom (RAMA) « UK WH1/0 BH close REICH) creat EUSP) dup (81 A a> dup? RBI HHMI - feat CURB RIE) ~ flock BSE XC FFARR LE ) fsyne EMESIS Wseck FX FRESE) mkstemp (HE SEME— EME LF) ~ open ETTESCPED err read (LAT TAT FR SE) syne ORR PE BUR S Bla) write HSGBS ACH FBX AAD ~ S512 REI /O aR clearer CM PRSCAPRET ES REE > felose RARE fdopen ESC ARERR WX FRET) feof EXETER T RE) fflosh (ERR RE) Hgete (AICHE IR—~TEFED fgerpos CLA SCFE HATER LLM) fgets (ERC PE PRI — FHF D fileno GREIC AEM AX AEA) ~~ fopen GTFIEL AE) ve 1BO foe CH REP ES AR AT fous C8 REAPER AR AERA ~ fread MCRAE ) freopen CT FETED feck (BARHMNREE - fectpos (BANAT HL) fell RSC PPA) fwrite (HUES SCHL) gete EXPER AEA) geichar (UREA ALE PRL — FF gets (RARE A BE AE FAT) mktemp (FEE —HHBRT SEITE > pute (ARR EN SALE -- putchar CBB AIF MY FS Bla a Bp) re a puts RSE ADEA eB RH SE * rewind (AEXLHROES ORAL setbul CRE HALA ) seibuffer (REX AMAA E ) ~~ seilinebuf
setvbuf (HEX PF AEM > tmpfile GRSDIBBTICA ungete CHEE ASE HET) Be WAR abort (LSE Fy Shei EE) 201 assert (BMRA EARS EE) -~ 201 aterit RERFERSRABAAER) ~ 202 execl AAT CHTY 203 execle MMT KA) « 203 cxeelp OA PATH SRR SER PBR CAH aT) exeey HATEEAH) ~ exeeve GRATIEFED she exeevp IMT PE) exit CE MSS RHEE) ~~ exit BRET ~~ fork (EL —BFATRREE) ~ setpgid RAGE ARTS) - geiparp (AUER IR RIB) - eetpid CO AZIA BH) eippid (R19 50 ER IRIS) getpriority TEFL EIMTILAEO tongimp CBRSSUIRGE setimp HERTHA, FR) ~ nice CREE RAT - on exit REBT RARE) pirace CHEEEIE RE) setimp COREE ATHEEETE) ~ sepgid (EAB) ~ sep CREMEAAH I) - setpriority (QE ELMER RA) siglongjmp (BEE TIEIE sigsetimp fRAF JERE) sigsetinp (PRE A MERA) ~ system BUF shell 4) wail PTE FW) waitpid (SRF AR PMR) Se Be Ate eee prin ¢ He siL(L eH 2 FF > frcant HOMES BMAD print CR SHAME) seanf ILE FER) snprintt RR & 5 fl) sprint RRMA BA - sscant RULER BRA) ‘viprintt (RESCH BB & Ic viscanf CHALE HBA) ‘print CESS AL ARTI SG) 210 Be 5 vscanh CR RLETT BRA} venpring? (REAL SAFES 2 F) veprinth CHER 75 8 Bal) voscanf (BILE A RRA) BSR KARR ecess HME AA TERA ARAL 243 alphasort ( F-SARF HEF B REAH)) ~~ 244 chdir (ASEM AGH Tf RD chmod (22253 PASE PE) chown COLE R HINT ATA > chroot (PEER AR) ~ closedir (HIER) ~ fehdir (ACES ADLER ~ fohmod (AEX PATEL) ~ fchown (EXAM AR) - fstat (BARU GRAD firuncate (HEX EA) ~ fw GE BRD ~~ ‘get_current_dir name (RRAMSHOL EH R) getewd CRA Bai THAR) gewd RG ATA HF BR) Tchown (AEX PART AS) Tink (GEE TAER) stat. ¢ HSC PPAR IRE PTCA AR AE) afew GEG ARB opendir TH BR) veaddir GER AR) ~~ readlink FRAY SiR ATER A sealpath CHAM Bl RES Fe Me ALS ER B®) remove HIER XE) rename (BAX ZAR) ~ sn rewinddir (BRIER FRA E ATA ca 6 Linu FREREFH seandir (LALA 1) BRACE) seckdir CRE PERERA RANE) ~ stat RE SC TFRA) syenliok CREE ARES EHR) Aeldic BREF EAL AUERL truncate (ARB AK AN) vo umask (REBEL ARE) unlink GRRE) cutie Hee AA eee fe) FATA] ) 281 cuties CHET PATA ARIST) ANPP AD) «281 SISK eS alarm CREME SEH) - kil (ASF SEEMED ~ pause CUbisAE BME BIE EER) weer psignal Ct (SHAE ADI EF AER ~~ 287 raise (62/8 3 $8 8 AUDA sigaction (HW R2 EFS AMAR) sigaddset Ut in—“Ma-S Bis S48) sigdelset (A fai 55 MIR —-MES sigemptyset (HK Hi13 SHR) sigiillset CHTA(S BMA Bis SR) 292 sigismember (AE MEAS MAE SRE) ~ signal (REE SAH) sigpause (HSH BES BR) - signending (BNA BOS > sigprocmask (BABU Hi S383. sigsuspend CBF HAMS S Bl) sleep (iki#2 (FAT — Beet ie)? isdigit (MAES APRS > Te foror (HEME SABRE) 299 peor (4) UU RRBs BEATE) 209° strerror (35 IE SSiR BSA FS 300 His AM mkfifo (RI2A BEI pelose (RAFI VO) ~ pipe ERED popen (BIE EE VO: H19% Socket HM accept GREE socker HEED - bind (71 socket AL) ~ connect BE socket EEE) endprocoene (SER FAR HDR ANE OTHER endservent (2458 AIRS iE) 313 sethostbyaddr (9 IP HbA a ARSED 314 gethostbyname (ii EALE IRR GREER) ~ 315 getprotobyname (a8 Bid # AB Mid, SE) ~ io getprotobynumber ¢ FRR th SR 18 te WE) etprovwent (5 PSG BP SAE) getservoynaime (12 FARE OEE RH BB > ~ getservbyport oon Soa RROD SEB) ~ gebervent (FRE HLM HS MSH > getsockopt (32 socket $k) herror (37 G14} PS Faiz BL hstrerror GEIS) PIR ESE FE oy onl CHF 32, A oRHOMARRRE FE) ~ tons CHE 16 (2 AMS? EMU ALR FAME) ~ inet addr CASIO Sp Ment HEP — A He inet_aton CSFII E RAE Fy - inet_ntoa H5FRS — ith NSS RI Heh listen (2618 > mtohl CF 32 LER FES BBL, ROR) ntohs CF 16 fi, RS PRE e E, FH ~- reey (28 socket #CKtHH > reevirom (28 socket EUCHRE) recvmsg (2 socket JIRBGE ~ send (2% socket i548) ~ sendmsg & socket (GENER) ~ sendio (AE socket PERE) setprotoent. HT FE FASS Eni aR Se Hb) setservent FT FF ALFA ARH AVM AB C PEI 40 setsockopt (HLH socket $25) 340 shutdown CEE socker iff fl $620. UbARII (IPC) Had flok (8 LAB EAT LITE S48 System VIPCkey? msgetl HERR A SUIGIEIE) ~ msgget (HEE ABAD msgrey (SAF SOBER msgsnd CAMA RUB A TE BBB) ssemet] CREA 5 PAPUBSIRIF sempet (BRIE SEL) semop (ESI) shmat (attach FEAF shimetl CEES PY FF TREE) shimdt (detach 437 AY4 > BR 7 shmget (RBESER PAE) nese 360 21 Re idea closelog CRANE BIL -- copentog <2 ti tes Sic 3 > syslog UHR BARRE AURELER IP) ——~ 363 HR ARE poweny REE ESEB IE) ~~ poteny 5 KAR = int isalnum (inte): BRE: HASH c RPMEXTRRM ANS, Lie C PHATE Cisalpha Ce) Hisdigit (©) Best. BB MH: SSH c HPS. MEE TRUE. AMEE NULL (0). PERE: EEN, ARIE. 7 BM str FURPARRSSRR SST */ #include main () { char str[)="123¢@#PDs?[e2"; Ant 4; for (i = 0, sty[i] ta Opies if (isalmm (str[{i}) } printf ("se isanalphanumeric character\n*, str[i}) : igo is an alphabetic character is an alphabetic character is an alphabetic character is an alphabetic characcer is an alphabetic character is an alphaberic character is an alphabetic character is an alphabetic character nye oma i an alphabetic character HLF FHMRSR 3 isalpha (WAFHE RARER) FAKE GA, « isalnum, slower, isupper FEAF : Hinclude SE GK : int isalpha (inte): BR : HER ¢ RAAT, cee C THF (CA Cisupper Cc) Mlislower Cod) HHA. BAH: SER c HRXEB, WE TRUE. AMR NULL (0). FDL AEN, EK. (RY str SURPARR SSP */ finclude main () 1 char str[]="123¢R4PDs?[e?"; int i; for (4 = 0, steli] t= Osten) if (isalpha (ser(+)} ) printf ("tc is an alphabetic character\n*, str(i]] + d anit, eee ¢ is an alphabetic character P ois ai g alphabetic character D is an alphabetic character alphabetic character alphabetic character alphabetic character is at § ar awe is ar 4 Lin C BRESF ER isascii (MAF HB ASCI WF) | AMIR ABM : iscord FAI Pinclude SE PARK : int isascii Cint c); BRM: HASH HHA ASCUBSH, HARA ¢ HOHE BH 0 Bl 1272 fa. Bo i: SSR cH ASCLMSH, MBE] TRUE, AMEE NULL (0). BEINGS, RIE aL, 7* Sif int i MBER AMRRM ASCII TH */ finclude main (t t int is for {1 = 125, 1 < 130, ite) if (isascii (i) | printf ("$d is an ascii character . tc\n", i, i}; else printf ("@d is not an ascii character\n", i) ; pee, 125 is an ascii character . } 126 is am ascii character , ~ 127 is an ase¢ii character 128 is not an ascii character 129 is not an ascii character HIG FAHRBR 5 isblank (MAF HREAREEH) | RBM: isspace PAK : Hinclnde SE MAM : intisblank (inte); BRR: MASH RHATHTH, HHRAMRGAEH (space) RECT (tab). E85 (space) BY ASC H% 32, ALFA (tab) OY ASCH ASR 9. 3B fA: BSR ASHES, MBE] TRUE, AAMBE NULL (0). WRB a, SERGE. BPAR ctrl) PAGHPBPARY. HERE E AM ASCII ts finelude main () { char str[]="123¢ @# FD sPle?*; int i; for (i = 0, strli] t= O;i+e) if (isblank (str(i]) ) printé ("str(%d] is blank character, d\n", i, str[i}}; } oat, str[4] is blank character, 32 str[{7] is blank character, 32 str[10] is blank character, 9 isentrl (WRF AEA A ASCH MAPS FE) | WRB : isascii 6 Linux BRARG FR RI ICME « Hinclude 56 SURE + int isent Cintc): BBR : HASH AY ASCH HS, WMAP c MUM AAL OB 31 28). BOB : SSB cH ASCH HAM. WEE TRUE, SME NULL (0). PONE: IL AEN. FRAIL. [ isdigit (WRG FAL A nh AR) HAR « isxdigic BAI « Finclnde EMAAR = intiscigit (inte): ARB: HASH c RENMMOMF 0 F 9. BR A: BSH c AMARS, MRE) TRUE, AME NULL (0). RAR. IEE. AR BIE a. OS str FHRPAMLART ATE +7 #include $4 ABBE: int isgraph int c); BRAM. HHSK REVUITMEN, S c HAMM ASCH BATA, DTH FRWH TRUE. : BSR c ANITA, WA TRUE, SME NULL (0). MAKEN, REBK. 7 AME ctr FR PBM Hy TFT */ finciude . main () - ‘ char str[]=*a5 @;": int is . for (i = 0, strli] t= O;ise) “ if (isgraph (strtil} ) printf (*str[td] is printable character, td\n’, i, stx[il) 7 d esi str(0] is printable character, str(1] is printable character, str(3] is printable character: - eae str[4] is printable character 8 Lina C GHABS FH islower (MRFHEEADERLFH) | FER. isatpha, isupper “AIS + include SEM ERM : intislower Cintc); BRB HHH c REAAERK TH. BM: FSR HPSKLFT, GA TRUE, FMEA NULL (0). RA: HALEN, FREBM. 7 Bs scx FHBAH/HSRLS OPA */ finclude main () 1 char’ str[]="123cO#FDsP[e?"; int i; for (i = 0, str[i] != O;i++) if (islower (str[i]} } printf {*%c is a lower-case character\n*, str{i3} + } esi c is a lower-case character 8 is a lower-case character e is a lower-case character isprint (WAFRHEE DFTA SH) FERIGR + isgraph PAIK; Finclude HIF FEBREHK 9 int isprint (int c); HBSH KEATINSA, Ho Hxteeey ASCH BMI, Shae SF, MBI TRUE. 2 SSM c WUAHNTH, MEH TRUE, HGH NULL (0). HHBEX, TER. (Mit ste FHRPMEATINPS (QSSBSA) +/ #inelude main () c char str(]="a5 @;"; int 4; for (i = 0, str[i] f= O;i++) 4€ (isprine (str[i}) ) printé (*str[td] is printable character, d\n", i, str[il) ; ) siti, COTS isgraph CAMATERSR) str[0) is printable character o str[1) is printable character, str[2] is printable character strl3) is printable character, str(4] is printable character RERIRAE : isgraph PIKE A Finclude 10 Linux C BRAKES FEM AM + isspace BRR: PASM RANZHSH, PREMMREDSH OD. EEE OD, CR OW. HAT CW), AGERE CW) SUT OP) BOTA. 36 Ws HSM c ABSA, MBE TRUE. MBE) NULL (0. HMO: bee N, AEM. /* BPAR serl) AASHSREHRE, HETBAP AG ASCII +e #include main (} t char str{]="123¢ @# FD\tsPle?\n"; int i; for (i = 0, strli] t= O;i++h if {isspace (str[il} ) printf (*str{$d] is a white-space character. #d\n", i, str[il) ¢ str[4J is a white-space character. 32 str[7] is a white-space character. 32 str[10] is a waite-space character. 9 /* \t */ str(15] is a white-space character. 10/* \n */ ispunct (MIAEHEE WMS RATS) | FASRME': isspace, isdigit, isalpba FEI + include se MAAR = intispunct (inte): ARB: HASH: RAWTAN SMARTS. BE] TRUE HRERRER A #1 F#HKAER OU FE. ERP R ES, BAB: FSR c HFAASRPRAES, MEE TRUE, AME) NULL Co). MRI: Shade. Ie. Jt WESAR str PART SREAAS +/ finclude main {) ( char str{]=*i23<@ #FDsP[e?"; int i; for (i = 0, str[i] != O;ire) if (ispunct (str(i)) } printé (*te\n", str(i)) : } ale isupper (MAEMEE YA BRIE) FAME : isalpha, islower BIKA + #include SEM ABK < int isupper inte); RR : HASH ¢ LBAKSAREM. 168 A: HER AKSRXFA, MBE] TRUE. BNIB NULL (0). WM: AKER, REA. /* Rik ste FYRPHASRRFAHEH */ 12 Linux C HAPS FM #include main () ( char str{]="123c@FFDsP[e2"s int i: for (i = 0; strli] I= O:d++) if (isupper (etr[i}) } printé (*tc is aan uppercase character\n", str[il) 7 y gst, (BR islower BMMTER) F is @ an uppercase character D is a an uppercase character P is a an uppercase character WASERNIG isatnum, isdigit FISH: tinchude zm A: HEM REY OME, Rc NTA — MAREE TRUE 16 BPRS: 0123456789abcdefABCDEF eT, BOR cy GRACE, MEL] TRUE, SUMEI NULL (0). BA TEN, REG. 7+ HR ot FARR TARMREA ET */ include main () + intisndigit (inte): Hi FRRRBH 13 t : char str(}="123c@#FDsPle?*; int 4; for (i = 0, str[i} != O7ite) if (isxdigit (str{i}} } printt ("tc is a hexadecimal digits\n", str{il) + eat, 1 is a hexadecimal digits 2 is a hexadecimal digits 3 is a hexadecimal digits c is a hexadecimal digits P is a hexadecimal digits D is a hexadecimal digits ¢ is a hexadecimal digits 2) rrr y HlH RERRAR 15 atof CRF AEB EBURIE NS) | FAXEHR s atoi, atol, strtod. strtol, strtoul #IIM + include SEB : double atof (const char tape); RRB. aol O SSH ope FHP, TWN SS, BELLS RE SUESA Faw, HERBS RS RR (10 ARR, FHEREE. SH opr STRIATERS. MGM Be) KRW AREA. MD 123.456 BY 123e-2. BD A: BRA ae. PEMA: atof © 5 fRAA strtod (nptr, (char**) NULL); 4 RHA) /* OPER a STHR b MAARTEN */ finclude main () t char fa=*-400.23"; char *b=" 2000-2"; float ¢; g = atof fal + atof ib) + printf ("¢ = 8.26\n", c} ; | atoi CHEAP Bim MAIR ) HEX OGM « atof, aiol, striod, strol, strtoul 16 Linux C BREA FH “PERE: include SSLAHM + intatoi (const char *nptr): BRR : oi O SRS ope SHR, MWR EE TR, RAVER SUES ATG BUR, TT FSB BESTS RS RGR IT C0) THERE H, HE REE. BAM: BERREHRDe. FBLA: toi © 5489 strtol Cnptr, (char **) NULL, 10); 432401. /* BFRR a SFR b SRS RAM */ finclude main () t char al}=*-100"; char b[]=* 456"; int ¢; © = atoi la) + atoi ib} + printf {*c = $d\n*, c) ; } gait, c= 356 ! atol CEPR BUR KAI) FERIAME: acof, woi,. strtod, strtol, strtoul RICH: include "3.0 28M - long atol (const char *nptr): #28 RBRRBHR 17 [PERI ato O SEHR ope EAH, PLES, BR beste REGATTA, TSHR RT SIRE CO) ARIE HORE. BH A: BEREMKRNE. EMBL: anol (54K stnol (npr, Cchar**) NULL, 10); RHI. + SSRK a SPUR b HRTEM */ #include main () t 1000600000" ; char bl]=* 234567890"; long ¢; ¢ = atol (a) + atol (b) ; print ("e = d\n", ) ; y oat, ¢ = 1234567890 ecvt (RE RMBERRR EHH, RMS HA) ': fevts gevt, sprintf MHF: include fH: char *eevt (double number, int ndigits, int *decpt, int +sign) ; ecvt () RHR number HR ASCH FHA, SK ndigits REZ PRA. BHR, SH decpt MAT ATR MYR SB REP AY Mbt MABE), MBM sign HAHA MRAHEE RR. F 18 Linux C BRERE FA REAL, BRAM O, SMAI. 35: GE PHREH, RAR AMY static, SEA cove O a fet O, KFT RA SSR H PER: RBC sprint? O BGeH. include main () t double a = 123.45; double b = -1234.56; char *ptrs int decpt. sign: ptr = ecvt fa, 5. adecpt. &sign) ; printf (*decept = $d, sign = 4d, a value = ts\n", decpt, sign, ptr) ; ptr = ecvt (b, 6, adecpt, &sign) ; printé ("decept = td, sion - #4, b value = %s\n", decot, sign, ptr) ; } > see decent decept 3, sign = 0. a value = 12345 4, sion = 1, b value = 123456 fevt CREM AER, ROSH A) | MBM = ecvt. govt, sprintf BET E + Hinclude cstdlib.b> 3E LAM + char “fcvt (double number, int digits, int *decpt, int *sign): BRB; fove ( HASH number HMA ASCH HI FGR, BMH ndigits Ra) SEM. HRM. SH decpt HAMRMRE HAR EP H2R HBHBEH 19 DEO nH ALE ARR), WER sign HHH RSWARRE Ri, SMHNE, BREUA 0, AMA I. BA: BA-FRRT, EGR AWLY static, AAA ee O ak fot O ISH ARSE MNBLD) : AREA sprintf OO tei. #include main () t double a = 123.45; double b = -1234.567; char *ptr; int decpt. sign: ptr = fevt (a, 2, edecpt. Geign) ; /* MERRBR 2 Ga */ print? (*decept = td, sign = 4d, a value = s\n", decpt, sign, ptr) + ptr = fevt (b, 3, adecpt, Sign) ; /* RRR 3 fe +7 printf (*decept = td, sign = #4, b value = #s\n", decpt, sign. ptr) ; ) wat, decept = 3, sign = 0, 2 value = 12345 decopt = 4, sign = 1, b value = 1234567 sevt (RM TH, MOSH) FARR : ccvt. fovt, sprintf BAH : Finclade JEXMM + char*gevt (double number, size_t ndigits, char *buf); ARB : govt () FREHSS number HK ASCH FAR, SM ndigits Ra 20 Linux C BRERS FM TRAE. govt O 5 eet O 1 fee O PANMAEF, geve O Hie RENEHRASARERTS. PERRO, HRNEN HORE SH buf BRM. WEP RI, UME buf Het. include main () { deuble a = 123.45; double b = -1234.56; char ‘ptr: int decpt, sign; gevt {a, 5, ptr) + printf ("a value = ts\n". ptr) ; ptr = gevt (b, 6, ptr) ; printf ("b value = $s\n", ptr) '; atoi, ato! strtod, strtol, strtou! + include Bi: double strtod (const char “nptr. char **endptr); Hs sitod ) SHSM np EHH, SUNSET, BENE LTR ERASA TRA, LARA TRS BERIT NO) TERR H29 HERREH 1 BE RBE, F endpr TA NULL, MeN SR HAIN np PROF A EE EH endpr EL. SK npo SPRDRA ERS. NHR E (e) RRBHRMD. M1 123.456 H 123e2. 18 Mf Mt: GEPnMPAwN. ingles. % aol O. 1 BERR a. b,c HBRA 10, 2, 16 RRMRRREE +/ finclude main () t char a(}="1000000000"; char b{}="1000000000"; char cl]=* f£ft"; printf ("a = $d\n", strtol (a, NULL, 0) ) ; printf ("b = $d\n", strtol (b, NULL, 2} ) 7 printé ("c = td\n*, strtol (c, NULL, 16) } 7 a = 1000000000 be 512 c= 65535 strtol CREF FEB SAR KE) | (PRARARMR: 108, atoi, tol, stetod, strtout (RBM. tinctde (SM. tong int strtol (const char *nptr, char ##endper, int base); RAB |: srtol OO SHS npr SH HMMESR dase KHNL MMM. SH dase 22 Linux C GHAR Fat WE 2 B 36, Bh 0. PR base LRRAMB AA, tn base (i 10 WISRAA 10 Fie), A base 2% 16 MRA 16 Ha. B dase AA 0 HT FORA 10 PARE, LEAN REEMA 16 Ha. — Fri sinol O SHREK ope FR, RAHM SESE, BBLS FRUEGS A TIER, BBE CF AT ES AAT (N01) ERR, HHARBE. HER endptr FH NULL, MSHBMRS AMAL nptr PRIETTHRE AT endpe El. 38 BH: LR SR KB, SWB BRANGE JHHBRAIEA exo PRAMS: ERANGE fen FPA AIEEE. 1° RFRB a,b, c BRA 10, 2, 16 BIRR */ finclude main () cl char a(]="1090000000"; char b char ¢ printé ("a = Ba\n", strtol (a, NULL, 0} } + printf ("b= d\n", strtol (b, NULL, 2) } = $din", strtol (c, NULL, 16) } + printé (*¢ 3 pst, a = 1000000000 b= 512 © = 65535 strtoul (FPR AS KER) | PAAR + atof. atoi, atol, striod, strtol BIR ER : RRRH : 3% 4 fi: BEA: HIF REKRAR 23 #include unsigned long int strtoul (const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base); strtoul © 523% npo FARMERS base IRA S KMS, SA dase THM 2 B 36, MO. FM base ARAM BIA, fe base (A A 10 SWI 10 WE, base (279 16 WUSRAD 16 ERIS. “4 base HH O SMUT 10 MERE. (BION BRE PTS EAL 16 aT “Fit soul ) SEEM ope FAH, GANS. BAL RPRERESA TM, BBB SR EBA (0) BO &, IBERER. SEM endpe TANULL, WSHBRAS AA TALE BS npr PAF RHR EE endptr BFL, EPBUTIK DR, BMIRE ERANGE SHH RALS ATA ermo P. ERANGE SHENWRRTH BAL SEH. BF smtol Ow toascii (WRB RAEI ASCII BSF) | HA OR RIE: isascii, toupper. tolower include JEM MARE + int toascii (inte); BRA: toascii () SBM c HERA 7 fi) unsigned char (A, 3B/\ CLM SBA. Se Fy BD eee mh ASCH BSF. 36 Gs HH ee ASCH BE. include 24 Linux BRESS FP main 0) t int a= 217; char b; printf ("before toascii |) , a value = $d (8c) in", a, a) > = toascii (a) ; printf (‘after toaseii [) , a value = éd (8c) Ant, b, b) Ops . before toascii ij} . a value = 217 [) aiter toascii |) . a value = 89 (¥) tolower CHASE AH BIR/ NE FR) | FASB + isalpha, toupper SLICE + include 5. AM «int tolower (int); BRR: TSR e HKS FUMIO HDS SHEA, BA A: GHRREH)SSS, STARRNHER ¢ HEE. {+s FORABASPORRADSES */ #include main () { char s[]="aBcDeFgH12345; 189"; int i; printf ("before tolower {) . $a\n", 8} 7 for (i = 0, i < sizeof {s) , i++) s{i] = tolower (s{i}) ; printé (tafter tolower () . ts\n", 5) + #28 HBARGH 25 (paz before tolower {} aBeDeFgHi2345; 145 after tolower (} abedefgh12345; 185 toupper D5 FABRA SE) | MARE ; isalpha, tolower RICH + include JE MAM + int toupper Cint BRR: SEM c A)>SFRUMBAMRNAS TEBE. OW: BARREHASTH, SPARRUBEHK c HEE. Ce wy (8s FARANSFSRRRA SFE */ finclude main () € char s[]="aBcDeFgH12345;!#$*; int iy printf ("before toupper () . ts\n*, 3] ; for (i = 0, i < sizeof (s} ; ite) s(i) = toupper (s(i]} ¢ printf ("after toupper {) , ts\n", s] + } sit, before toupper () . aBcDeFgH123457 18S after toupper () ; ABCDEPGHI2345; 145 3) / ARERR #38 AFREER V7 | alloca (MEAN) | WK AR : HIM EM AB RRA : Be fi: malloc, free. realloc, brk include void “alloca (size_t size); alloca () FRECE size PF 4527518], WTA mallocicalloc FRA FE, alloca O BRAUER ZI) (sick) PABA, Bite SOR Fl SA SREB fal. SRA AME isit, KBOWIEE] NULL. | brk (BERR TEE) ARB : RIK : ELBE : BMRA oe i : malloe, calloc, free, realloc, sbrk #include int brk (void *end_data_segment); brk C) FURARBR end_data_segment EMSA Mea BES HCE. FARA WE 0. BRA AIMEE -1, 4 crmo ENOMEM. calloe (MEAN) BRAS: RIE: Se Bie: RH : malloc, free, realloc. brk #include yoid *calloc (size_t nmemb, size_t size): calloc O FURAGH nmemb MERIAL, BRAM AAA size, FF 28 Linux C BRFSS FR SBE — FP ERAT. RARE PN RA: malloc (nmemb * size); Tit, AIH calloc OO REARMAHABN AML 0. 36 «A fs AACA ROHN —Aest, RMIRE] NULL. /* SORE 10 +P struct test Ble] */ dinclude struct test { int afl0); char b(20]; Mi main () € struct test "ptr = calloc (sizeof (struct test) , 10) 1 free CPEBUR JRC EW A fF) | MARR : malloc, calloc, realloc, ork FARE + Hinclade JEM : void free (void *ptr), PAE | BH pw AFHMIIEHTA malloc ©. calloc ©) Bh realloc () BBE FA ft. AM free O Fi pu MAREE SRE. HSM per Hie HARTA RM ERLE AH Aen, TA free OO We AT MMR. HBR pir H NULL, Ml free O BSAA. | getpagesize (INT ATEAMAD) | PARAM + sbrk #3# APEERR 19 FEI PH : Hinclude 5 MAB = size_t getpagesize (void); PARRA: RE-SK A, BEY (byte). HARA RAD, R-ESA SRE AMAR. A: ARARAD. MENGRBA 4 Intel x86 LAIRIPIELIE % 4096 bytes. include cunistd.h> main () t printf (“Page Size = td\n", getpagesize 4) } ; } malloc (MFPs #23 IH] HAXUBR : calloc, free, realloc, brk BIC + Hinclude EM PBR + void malloc (size_t size): BRR: malloc O MRREARTA, HA aN size RE. 33 fs SACRA TMRR— Hatt, AMOUR] NULL. Us 6 void *p = malloc (1024! , /* EXEL IR MUA */ ~_ nmap GEAR) FAR BR : munmap, open 30 Linux C BHABFFH FICHE + include include SEAM « void *mmap (void *start, size_t length. int prot, int flags, int fd. off_t offset); RA: map ©) REBEL SRHAAEY, MAAR ROR S BOAT BATES. SM start HAAR A RM NAL, RW NULL. RRILRAA HeseHML, ARN a BSL i El. BH length AGL P SAMA AMAA. BH pro CRANE BMRF AR, APS: PROT_EXEC RATE BLBT tin AT. PROT_READ = NDEs ny BEER. PROTWRITE BHR MARSA, PROT_NONE = UAC BE AFAR. BR flag AVMRH RNS HE: MAP_FIXED MAP SHARED MAP_PRIVATE MAP_ANONYMOUS: MAP_DENYWRITE HORS start AHEM HL HK we oh aE a HY, WUBCSFBRS, ACHE PEABIE. RAND ‘ALU. TNA AS IEA, TAL FURR AX ERE SESS BLINDS AR — SC fi, WARY “SATS A” (copy-on-wnite). Xt HELE ES EAT SOL AB ANS PL BRR AI AN Be BUECRH. WHSEMSH fa, RURLH, i ABR Hb RAMONES ABE, He CBR BAW EPIS ES. BB ft: PRR #38 WPEHGR OU MAP_LOCKED. ARNE RAEE. RRRERADSRER (swap). 40H mmap () MbEBE MAP_SHARED 3% AP PRIVATE. #2 fd A open ©) ACAI, (KAMARA. SH offset A CROMER, AR REY 0, RAIMA TMD, offset Lt BRD KAMER. BY ALT) OE PLB Bw PY FE ReOA NHL. A N3E IB] MAP_FAILED (-1), WRAY ero EBADF «=- BRK fd TA MACHA. BACCES — FAUAKPRAIR. AUR MAP_PRIVATE ta FUE, FA MAP_SHARED Jl)$°4% PROT_WRITE WRK ICFERESA. EINVAL #%& start. length ak offset H—-TAV. EAGAIN SCUHBLEE. BUR AAS A rR EEE. ENOMEM fe. /* AA map () REM /ere/passwa THAR */ include finclude Hinclude Hinclude #include main () € int fd; void *start; struct stat sb; fd = open (*/etc/pesswd", O_RDONLY) , —/* $7FF /etc/passwd */ Estat (fd, &sb) ; os RRA t/ start = mmap iNULL, sb.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd. 0) ; if (start == MAP_FAILED] — /* HBR BWR AES + / 32___ Linu C BRERA EM return; printf [*8s*, start) ; munmap (start. sb.stisize] ; /* RRERBREY */ close {fd} ; 07 RR ty } a Toot, x 0. 0. root. /root, /hin/hash bin, x. 1,1, bin. /bin daenon. x. 2. 2. daemon. /sbin: adm, x. 3. 4. adm. jvar/adn de. x 4.7, Lp, fvar/seool/Ipd sync, x. 5, 0; syne, /sbin, /bin/syne shutdom, x. §, 9, shutdows, /sbin, /sbin/shutdown, halt, x, 7, 0; halt. /sbin, /sbin/halt nail: x. 8, 12, mail, /ver/spool/mail news: x. 9. 13. news. /var/spool /news uuep, x 10, 14, uuep. /var/spoal pnuep operator: x. 14, 9, operator, /root games. x. 12. 109, games, /usr/games gopher. x. 13. 30, gopher, /usr/lib/gopher-data ftp. x 14. $0. PLP User. /nome/ftp nobody. x. 99. 99. Nobody. / xfs. x. 100, 101. % Font Server. /ete/XL1/Es. ¢bin/false gam. x. 42, 42, . /bome/gam. /bin/bash kids. x 500. 500. . shore/kide. bin/bash munmap (HERI TERRA) WAAR: mmap RICH; #include ‘include it munmap (void *start, size_t length); EH BR fa: TARR H3# RARESH 33 munmap () ARAB star HRN BRa NRRL. BA length Mt] FEARS RIAL TEA). SEES ONAL exec HIRST ILE FER, DATE SS AUR ER, LAIR LAT SCAT HR ia RY SURREAL O, AME -1. DIET ermo . EINVAL #4 start Bf length PoE. i8E% mmap 0. realloc (2MCAENA HEH) | RBM: FS : EMM: PRIA 33 a fi: matloc, calloc, free. brk include void *realloc (void *ptr, size_t size); BM per HAH malloc (), calloc () Be realloc () PEMA Whit, MBN sve AMMANAGAD, ATR AGAM. BEM size GRREETMR-). AT ARHKSOR, LRH RR KHL AS size ARR ETIAK, Ml realloc > F-ESBAREN iE, RAM AB ETS, BHF AMARMARHE. SEER pu HH 4A NULL, URS F malloc (size) BR size Hy 0. HAH 24 -F free (ptr); ANCE MBit, AMIE] NULL. include main () { char ‘ptri = malloc {10) + char *ptr2; 3 Linu C BHESE EM menset (ptrl. "AY. 10h; * (prri+10) = '\0t printf ("before realloc ptr2 = realloc {ptri, 40960) + printf ("after realloc ; ptr = 8 [8s] \n" ptr = 8x [%s]\n*, ptrl, ptrl) ; ptr2, per2) ; ce before realloc ptr = 8049840 [AAAAARABAA] ptr = 8049840 {AAARAAAAAA] after realloc WET Gini uD HAXGA + malloc. calloc. free, realloc, brk BIT + Finclude 3E MBB = void *sbrk (pirdiff_tincrement): BRS: sbrk (> FURR FR AE aT FADIA), SRAM eH 3 incre ment FRE » BOM A: HORA ROME tet, BARN ART BAAR -1. 48 emo i234 ENOMEM. AD — sta) a | 36 Linu C BHASFFH | asctime CM Ta)AIA USA ek dem) | FA ABM : time, ctime, gmtime, localtime RITHM + Finclude $E MAR + char *asctime (const struct tm *timeptr; PARA = asctime HSM timepte HEN om SOPH AHRRAT WM COMA RR AIA, GE RLS EAL, Hee BS ch PRT Ta], EPR HSE “Wed Jun 30.21: 49: 08 1993\n" BOS fs SHARIR, STS ET. SLABS ctime AREF EAN SHED ANE. + GE FS Rr B A #include main {) { timet timep; time (ctimep) ; printf (*s", asctime (gmtime |etimep) ) } ; ) ? a kS pea \ Sat Get 28 02. 10. 66 2000 clock (LAUGH CPU Hi A2o0t fal) | ABE = time BAS AGH 37 FSC +#include ctime.h> FEM PARK : clock t clock (void) PRE IRID : clock © ADORE AAR CPU A Asset IR. 36 OB a: BERR AM CPU ABH. ctime CREAIH WIDE Rae AGB : time, asctime, gmtime, localtime RI MAE : Finchude 5 MAM : char *ctime (const time_t *timep); PRGA : ctime OO HBR timep MIRA timet HATH BRA MIMD WE, REE RUSH BARE. IOS OK RRM), FABRA: "Wed Jun 3021: 49: 08 19930". FARA THROAT RI, IPE RS RT. : BAP APR A ST A. include main |} { time_t tinep; time {stimep) ; printé ("ts", ctime (gtimep} } ; ) Sat Oct 28 16. 12, 05 2000 38 Linu C GREPS ER difftime Cit Sint] ERE) | FARRAR + time. ctime. gintime, localtime BAKE: Hinclude SE MAK = double difftime (time_ttimel, time_ctimed); HRC < difftime RAAB timel M1 timed HRRAYM AE, RVI double DWALEA. ATSRONA BA 1970 1 A 1 HEHSSEPS aan UTC AYIA). 3A: BARRIER. ftime CCE} A natint LANL 38) | HEM ; time. ciime, gettimeofday FITCH + include SE MOAB = int ftime (struct timeb “p); ARH: ftime O BANTAM tp FMAM. tp BME RA: struct timeb ( time_t time; unsigned short millitm; short timezone; short —dstflag, h milliem = WAHL time AVE £1 AL AESHBR. timezone WH ATER Greenwich MZMUET IL, BAL. dstflag AALSAN MABE, MAAR ORR BAe HGR ABE. 33 fh: Tem URAL 0. (2 Hy #include main () f struct timeb tpi ftime (ktp) 5 printf ("time. $d\n*, tp.time) + printf ("millitm. td\n", tp.millitm) + printf ("timezone. ta\n", tp.timezone) + printf (*dstflag. td\n". tp.dstflag) + 3 esi, time. 974857398 millitm. 215 timezone, -540 dstflag. 0 “FEM: time, ciime, ftime, settimeofday PRSAR : include include 5 XM: int gettimeofday (struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz); TABAM + seltimeofday O AIBA RINT wv STROMA, Sia Ay a RE wz PAP. timeval HELA: struct timeval { 40__ Linu C GHFRS ER ong tvsee; # Tong tv_usee: —/* (Rg) h timezone HiH5E XA: struct timezone { int tminuteswest; /* #1 Greenwich BY H]2E T Sb sy bh*/ int tz_dsttime; EGS EaR ARES 47 k LR MARTE SUE Ausr/includelsystimeho tz_dstime PRR DST.NONE = /* FMEA 4 DST_USA, 2 + DST_AUST = * BUH */ DST_WET 1 BRRK CWestem European) */ DST_MET /* "BEK (Middle European) */ DST_EET /* FREK (Bastem European) */ DST_CAN i BK 47 DST_GB KAU + DST_RUM * PSE DST TUR tHE * DST_AUSTALT /* UH (1986 42 DUE) */ 38, A: BOWLED 0, RRGRE] -1, HPABT ero. SRARR, : EFAULT ABET wv at 2 HHRMA TERR AHL, tinclude include main () ( struct timeval tv; struct timezone tz; gettimeofday (stv, etz) ; 248 HeeR 4 printf (*tv_aec, td\n". tv.tvisec) ; printf (*tv_usec. #d\n", tv.tv_usec} + printf (*tz_minutesweet. @d\n*, cz.tz_minuteswest! ; printf ("tz_dsttime. $d\n", tz.tz_dsttimel ; y oat ty_sec. 974857339 tvusec, 136996 tz_minuteswest, -540 tzdsttine, 0 | gintime (i H BOHOI Fal AnH HE) | HARB: time, asctime, ctime, localtime BIKE: Hinclude

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