PRE-PSPM BIOLOGY DB024_ANS

SEMESTER 2 2021 / 2022

1. (a) FIGURE 1 shows a food chain with three trophic level in a terrestrial ecosystem.

FIGURE 1

(i) State the type of food chain shown in FIGURE 1. [1 mark]

Grazing food chain

(ii) What is the percentage of energy transfer between rat and owl? [1 mark]
10%

(iii) If this food chain involves forest ecosystem and has four trophic level, suggest one animal
that dominate the emergent layer and can occupy the fourth trophic level. [1 mark]
Eagle / Hawk

(iv) Why trophic level usually less than five trophic level? [3 marks]
▪ Large amount of energy is lost as it transfers from one trophic level to another
▪ Due to respiration / excretion / egestion
▪ So little/small energy left at fourth trophic level and insufficient / cannot support the next
trophic level

(b) FIGURE 2 shows a biogeochemical cycle.

FIGURE 2
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(i) State the process labeled B and C. [2 marks]

B : Decomposition
C : (Cellular) respiration

(ii) What is the significance of process C in this cycle? [1 mark]

To return CO2 back to the atmosphere

(iii) Explain how combustion of fossil fuel may lead to greenhouse effect? [3 marks]
▪ Combustion of fossil fuels led to increase of CO2 in atmosphere
▪ CO2 in atmosphere absorb infrared radiation from the sun forming the heat blanket
around the earth
▪ Most of the sunlight that is not reflected, is trapped as heat thus warm the earth.

2. (a) FIGURE 3 shows graph representing of two types of variation in human population.

Number of
individuals

Hair color Height

Variation Y
Variation X
FIGURE 3

(i) What is the type of variation shown by FIGURE 3? [2 marks]

Variation X: Discontinuous variation
Variation Y: Continuous variation

(ii) State ONE difference between the variation of X and Y. [1 mark]

Variation X Variation Y
No intermediate phenotypes fall between the Have intermediate phenotypes fall between
extremes // Individuals CAN be grouped the extremes// Individuals CANNOT be
into distinct phenotypic classes grouped into distinct phenotypic classes
Influenced by genetic factor only Influenced by genetic and environment
factors
Characteristics controlled by one gene Characteristics controlled by many genes
Show discrete distribution curve Shows a normal distribution or bell shaped
curve
Qualitative // Characteristics cannot be Quantitative // Characteristics can be
measured measured

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(b) FIGURE 4 shows three types of natural selection.

Q R S
FIGURE 4

(i) Identify the types of natural selection of Q, R and S. [3 marks]

Q: Directional selection
R: Stabilizing selection
S: Disruptive selection

(ii) Describe the selection that occur in R. [2 marks]

▪ Favour intermediate phenotypes
▪ by acting against both extreme phenotypes

(iii) State an effect of selection in S. [1 mark]

Genetic diversity decreases // Lowers the frequency of alleles in the population.

4. FIGURE 5 illustrates mechanisms of enzyme action.

A B

FIGURE 5

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(a) State the hypothesis mechanism action in FIGURE 5. [1 mark]

Induced fit mechanism

(b) State ONE property of structure A. [1 mark]

▪ Most enzyme are protein
▪ Most enzyme are globular protein and are coded by DNA
▪ Enzyme have specific active site
▪ Enzymes requires in small quantity
▪ Other relevant answers Max: 2

(c) Name structure labeled B. [1 mark]

B: enzyme-substrate complex

(d) Briefly describe about the mechanism of enzyme action in FIGURE 5. [5 marks]
▪ Active site is not exactly complementary to the shape of substrate.
▪ The substrate binds to the active site
▪ The binding induces a slight change in the shape of the active site
▪ The active site becomes fully complementary with the substrate
▪ Forming the enzyme-substrate complex
▪ Reaction take place
▪ Product form/release
▪ Enzyme can be used again for the next reaction Max: 5

(e) What is a molecule that decrease the rate of enzyme reaction when it is bound to the
enzyme? [1 mark]
Inhibitor

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5. (a) FIGURE 6 shows an outline of Link reaction and Krebs cycle.

Substance X

FIGURE 6

(i) Name substance X. [1 marks]

Acetyl-CoA

(ii) State the substrate that oxidised by FAD. [1 marks]

Succinate

(iii) State the process formation of ATP in FIGURE 6. [1 marks]

Substrate level phosphorylation

(iv) What happen to NADH and FADH2 after its formed. [1 marks]
NADH and FADH2 is transferred to electron transport chain on the inner membrane
of the mitochondrion.

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(b) FIGURE 7 shows the main component of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in
the mitochondrial membrane.

FIGURE 7

(i) Name compounds R. [2 marks]

ATP synthase

(ii) Explain why was the water molecule formed at the end of the electron transport chain.
[1 mark]
Oxygen accepts electrons and combines will proton (hydrogen ion)

(iii) Explain chemiosmosis. [3 marks]

▪ Accumulation of H+ in inter membrane space will create proton-motive force with
concentration gradient difference
▪ The proton gradient cause proton flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase
▪ As the proton flow through ATP synthase, energy is form to phosphorylate ADP
to ATP

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6. FIGURE 8 shows the schematic diagram of photosynthesis process.

FIGURE 8

(a) Identify reactant A and product B. [2 marks]

A : Water (H2O)
B : Glucose (C6H12O6)

(b) Based on your answer in 1(a), deduce a chemical equation to summarize the process of
photosynthesis. [1 mark]
6 CO2 + 6 H2O // reactant A → C6H12O6 // product B + 6 O2

(c) Explain how substance Z is formed in light independent reaction and how it is used in light
dependent reaction. [2 marks]
▪ In light independent reaction // Calvin cycle, NADPH is oxidised into NADP+ //
substance Z.
▪ NADP+ // Substance Z is then used as terminal electron acceptor in non-cyclic
photophosphorylation of light dependent reaction.

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 PRE-PSPM BIOLOGY DB024_ANS
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7. (a) FIGURE 9 shows the transportation of carbon dioxide into the blood plasma.

FIGURE 9

(i) Based on FIGURE 9, describe the events occur to haemoglobin to form molecules T
and state its importance. [2 marks]
Haemoglobin will bind with hygrogen ion (H+) forming haemoglobinic acid.
The importance is it acts as a buffer to prevent blood from becoming acidic/lowering
the the blood pH.

(ii) Name process S and explain the significant of that process. [2 marks]
Process S : Chloride shift.
Function : To maintain the electrochemical neutrality or charge balance of red blood
cell

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(b) FIGURE 10 shows the structures found on the epidermal leaf cells

FIGURE 10

(i) Based on FIGURE 10, suggest what would happen to structure A under hot and dry
environment. Justify your reason. [2 marks]
▪ structure A closed
▪ to prevent loss of water during transpiration.

8. (a) FIGURE 11 shows a heart of mammals.

FIGURE 11

(i) What is role of X? [1 mark]

Act as pacemaker / Generate electrical impulse/ Initiate heartbeat

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 PRE-PSPM BIOLOGY DB024_ANS
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(ii) What is the significance of Y? [1 mark]

To prevent the backflow of blood from ventricle to atria

(b) Explain how water reuptake from soil into root hairs . [2 marks]
▪ Accumulation of mineral ions in root hairs causing water potential becomes lower
than soils.
▪ Thus, water will diffuse from soil into root hair through osmosis.

(c) State a difference between apoplast and symplast pathway in roots. [2 marks]
Apoplast pathway is water moves along the cellulose within cell wall while symplast
pathway is water moves across the cytoplasm of cell.

9. FIGURE 12 shows the structure of nephron.

FIGURE 12

(a) Give THREE factors that increase the efficiency of the process occurring in H. [3 marks]
▪ High hydrostatic pressure // high blood pressure // high resistance to blood flow //
afferent diameter is larger than efferent // blood flow is slow
▪ High surface area // coiled blood capillaries
▪ High permeability
▪ More porous // high number of pores // podocytes present (ANY
3)

(b) Give an example of a substance that is secreted into tubule M. [1 mark]

K+ // H+ // urea // drug // NH+

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(c) State the process that occurs in N. [1 mark]

Reabsorption of NaCl / water / urea

(d) Why does a desert rat have longer tubules K and L? [1 mark]
To avoid excessive water loss // more water can be reabsorb // to increase surface area for
reabsorption

10. (a) FIGURE 13 shows the structure of synapse.

FIGURE 13

(i) Identify the structure labelled D. Name the chemical found in it. [2 marks]
Structure D : Synaptic vesicle
Chemical found in it : Neurotransmitter

(ii) Explain why synaptic transmission is slow compared to the transmission of an

impulse along the axon of a neuron. [2 marks]
Times is required for the diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synaptic
membrane.
Whereas the action potential can jump from one node of Ranvier to another along
the axon of neuron.

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(b) FIGURE 14 shows two mechanisms in hormone action.

Extracellular fluid
Hormone
Enzyme A

protein

Structure B

Cytoplasm

Mechanism X Mechanism Y

FIGURE 14

(i) Name enzyme A and structure B. [2 marks]

Enzyme A : Adenylyl cyclase

Structure B : Hormone-receptor complex

(ii) Explain mechanism Y. [3 marks]

▪ Involve steroid hormones / lipid soluble
▪ Hormone is able to diffuse across the plasma membrane.
▪ Bind to the receptor in cytoplasm/ nucleus to form hormone-receptor complex
(structure B)
▪ Hormone-receptor complex bind to regulatory site on DNA to stimulate gene
expression ANY 3

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 PRE-PSPM BIOLOGY DB024_ANS
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11. (a) FIGURE 15 shows active immune response in human and type of lymphocyte involved.

FIGURE 15

(i) Name Immune Response A. [1 mark]

Immune response A – Humoral immune response / antibody mediated immune
response

(ii) Which cell will secrete cytokine and stimulate activation of lymphocyte A or
Lymphocyte B during pathogen infection? [1 mark]
Helper T cell

(iii) Name the structure on antibody that function to bind with specific epitope?[1 mark]
Antigen binding site

(iv) Based on FIGURE 14, both lymphocyte A and B are originated from bone marrow.
Where does lymphocyte B become matured? [1 mark]
Thymus gland

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(b) FIGURE 16 shows antibody concentration in human after exposure to antigen A and B.

FIGURE 16

(i) Name class of immunoglobulin produce during first exposure of antigen. [1 mark]
IgM

(ii) Why antibody A is higher that antibody B at day 42? [2 marks]

▪ Body has memory B cell
▪ Respond rapidly to secondary exposure of same antigen to produce higher
▪ concentration of antibody

(iii) Vaccine is an example of passive immunity. What is the function of vaccine in

developing passive natural immunity? [1 mark]
Stimulate antibody production

(iv) Give ONE example of vaccine that commonly given in Malaysia. [1 mark]
BCG// Rubella// HPV// Hepatitis// Triple antigen// MMR [ANY 1]

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