Week - 7

Practice assignment Solution

Exponential Functions
Mathematics for Data Science - 1

NOTE:
There are some questions which have functions with discrete valued domains (such as month
or year). For simplicity, we treat them as continuous functions.

1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ):

Answer the questions 1, 2, and 3 based on the given graphs.

f1 (x) f2 (x)

x = −4 x = 4 x = −4 x=4
x x

f3 (x) f4 (x)

x = −4 x = 4 x = −4 x=4
x x

f5 (x) f6 (x)

x = −4 x = 4 x = −4 x=4
x x

Domain for each one is [−4, 4].

1
1. Choose the correct option.
f3 is not a function.
f6 is not a function.
f5 is not a function.
All of the above are functions.

Solution:
Vertical line test fails only for f6 and therefore f6 (x) is not a function.

2. Choose the correct option.

f1 and f3 are one-one functions in the given domain.
f2 and f4 are one-one functions in the given domain.
f3 and f5 are one-one functions in the given domain.
f5 is one-one function in the given domain.

Solution:
The function f2 and f4 are strictly decreasing function in the domain [-4, 4], therefore
these are one to one functions.

Or

The functions f2 and f4 are the only functions which satisfy the conditions of horizontal
and vertical line tests in the domain [-4, 4], therefore these are one to one functions.

3. Choose the correct option.

f1 and f5 are strictly increasing functions in the given domain.
f2 and f4 are strictly decreasing functions in the given domain.
f4 and f5 are strictly decreasing functions in the given domain.
f5 is strictly increasing function in the given domain.

Solution:
A function f (x) is said to be strictly decreasing on a given interval if f (b) < f (a) for
all b > a, where a, b belong to the domain. On the other hand, if f (b) <= f (a) for all
b > a, then the function is said to be simply decreasing function.
Clearly from the given graph, f2 and f4 are strictly decreasing functions in the domain
[-4, 4].

2
Use the following information for the questions 4 and 5.
Let N0 be the number of atoms of a radioactive material at the initial stage i.e., at time
t = 0, and N (t) be the number of atoms of the same radioactive material at a given time t,
which is given by the equation N (t) = N0 e−λt , where λ is the decay constant.

4. If at time t1 , the number of atoms reduces to the half of N0 and at the time t2 the number
of atoms reduces to the one fourth of N0 , then which one of the following equations is
correct?
t1
e t2 = 2
t2
e t1 = 2
eλ(t2 −t1 ) = 2
eλ(t1 −t2 ) = 2

Solution:
According to the question, at t1 ,
N0
N (t) =
2
According to the equation,
N (t) = N0 e−λt
Therefore for t = t1 ,
1
× N0 = N0 e−λt1
2
1
= e−λt1 (1)
2
It is also given that at t2 , N = N40

1
× N0 = N0 e−λt2
4
1
= e−λt2 (2)
4
On dividing (1) by (2) we get,

eλ(t2 −t1 ) = 2

5. If N 1 is the number of atoms at time t = λ1 , then what is the ratio of N0 to N 1 ?

λ λ

1:e
e:1
1 : e−λ

3
 1 : eλ

Solution:
It is given that at t = λ1 , N = N 0
λ
N 0 = N0 e− λ
N0
N0 =
e
N0 e
0
=
N 1
Therefore,

N0 : N 0 = e : 1

4
 2 Multiple Select Questions (MSQ):
6. Selvi deposits |P in a bank A which provides an interest rate of 10% per year. After
10 years, she withdraws the whole amount from bank A and deposits it in another bank
B for n years which provides an interest rate of 12.5% per year. MA (x) represents the
amount in Selvi’s account after x years of depositing in bank A. MB (y) represents the
amount in Selvi’s account after y years of depositing in bank B. If the interests are
compounded yearly, then choose the set of correct options.
MA (x) is an one-one function of x, for x ∈ (0, 10).
MB (y) is an one-one function of y.
MA (12) = P × 1.112
MA (12) = 0
MA (x) is a strictly increasing function of x, for x ∈ (0, 10).
MB (y) is a decreasing function of y.
MB (n) = (P × 1.110 ) × (1.125)n
MB (n) = (P × 1.1n ) × (1.125)10

Solution:
When the principal amount P is compounded annually, the amount M after q years is
given by  q
Interest rate
M =P × 1+
100
Amount MA (x) after x years in bank A will be
 x
10
MA (x) = P × 1 +
100

So after 10 years the amount MA (10) will be

MA (10) = P × (1.1)10

As Selvi has withdrawn all the amounts from bank A after 10 years so amount left in
bank A after 12 years will be MA (12) = 0.

After 10 years the new principal amount P × (1.1)10 is deposited in another bank B, so
for any years y the amount will be MB (y) which is given by
 y
10 12.5
MB (y) = P × (1.1) × 1 +
100

5
 So for n years
MB (n) = P × (1.1)10 × (1.125)n
Clearly MA (x) and MB (y) are strictly increasing functions therefore both are one-to-one
functions of x and y respectively.
Use the following information for questions 7 and 8.
There are two offers in a shop. In the first offer, the discount in total payable amount is
M (n)% if the number of products bought at a time is n. The second offer involves a discount
of |1000 on the total payable amount. If Geeta shops of |15,000, then answer the following
questions.

7. If the total payable amounts after applying the first and second offers (one at a time) are
represented by the functions f (n) and g(n) respectively and the total payable amount
after applying both the offers together is represented by T (n), then choose the set of
correct options.
f (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 15000 and g(n) = 14000
f (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 1500 and g(n) = (100 − M (n)) × 15000 − 1000
f (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 150 and g(n) = 14000
T (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 15000 is the total payable amount when the first offer
is applied after the second.
T (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 140 is the total payable amount when the
first offer is applied after the second.
T (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 150 − 1000 is the total payable amount when
the second offer is applied after the first.

Solution:
It is given that total payable amount without any offer is |15,000. Then, total payable
amount after first offer is
(100 − M (n))
f (n) = × 15, 000 = (100 − M (n)) × 150
100
And total payable amount if second offer is applied will be

g(n) = 15, 000 − 1000 = |14, 000.

Now, total payable amount when the first offer is applied after the second will be

100 − M (n)
T (n) = × g(n)
100
(100 − M (n))
T (n) = × 14000 = (100 − M (n)) × 140
100
6
 And total payable amount when the second offer is applied after the first will be

T (n) = f (n) − 1000

(100 − M (n))
T (n) = × 15000 − 1000 = (100 − M (n)) × 150 − 1000
100
8. If Geeta is allowed to use the offer in any sequence and M (n) = −n2 + 18n − 72, where
n ∈ {6, 7, 8, 9}, then choose the set of correct options which minimizes the total payable
amount.
Total payable amount is same irrespective of the order in which the offers are
applied.
She should choose offer one and then offer two i.e., f og(M (n)).
She should choose offer two and then offer one i.e. gof (M (n)).
If she chooses offer one and then offer two, the minimum payable
amount will be |12650.

Solution:
Total payable amount when she choose offer one and then offer two is

T1 (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 150 − 1000

It is given that M (n) = −n2 + 18n − 72, so

T1 (n) = (100 − (−n2 + 18n − 72)) × 150 − 1000

On solving we get,
T1 (n) = 150n2 − 2700n + 24800
And total payable amount when she chooses offer two and then offer one is

T2 (n) = (100 − M (n)) × 140

On substituting M (n) and solving we get,

T2 (n) = 140n2 − 2520n + 24080

Since the coefficient of n2 is positive for both T1 (n) and T2 (n) therefore minimum value
i.e., minimum payable amount of these function can be calculated as follows
For T1 (n)
−b −(−2700)
Vertex(n) = = =9
2a 2 × 150
The minimum payable amount will be

T1 (9) = 150(9)2 − 2700(9) + 24800 = |12,650

7
 For T2 (n)
−b −(−2520)
Vertex(n) = = =9
2a 2 × 140
The minimum payable amount will be

T2 (9) = 140(9)2 − 2520(9) + 24080 = |12,740

Thus if she chooses offer one and then offer two, the minimum payable amount will be
|12,650.

n T1 (n) | T2 (n) |
6 14000 14000
7 13250 13300
8 12800 12880
9 12650 12740

Table: M1W8PAS-1

From Table: M1W8PAS-1, it is clear that for all the values of n the total payable amount
is lower for T1 (n) as compared to T2 (n) therefore she should choose offer one and then
offer two.
Note: This can be also identified by plotting the graph for T1 (n) and T2 (n).

3 Numerical Answer Type (NAT):

Use the following information for questions 9-15.p

Given two real valued functions f (x) = 5x+9
2x
, g(y) = y 2 − 9. If h(x) = f (g(x)), then
answer the following questions.

9. If domain of f (x) and g(x) are (−∞, m) ∪ (m, ∞) and R \ (−n, n) respectively, then find
the value of m + n. [Ans: 3]
Solution:

At x = 0 the function f (x) → ∞ or the function is undefined at x = 0 thus the domain

of f (x) is R \ 0.
We can also write the domain as (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) therefore, m = 0.
p
It
√ is given that g(y) = y 2 − 9 on changing the variable in terms of x we get g(x) =
x2 − 9.

8
 g(x) will be defined when x2 − 9 ≥ 0. On solving

x2 ≥ 9
x≥3
or
x ≤ −3
Thus the domain will be R \ (−3, 3), hence n = 3. So, m + n = 0 + 3 = 3

10. If range of f (x) and g(x) are (−∞, m) ∪ (m, ∞) and [n, ∞) respectively, then find the
value of 2(m + n). [Ans: 5]

Solution:
As f (x) is defined everywhere except 0, therefore there will be an asymptote at x = 0.
If we draw a graph of f (x):
End behaviour:
As x → ∞, f (x) → 52 .
As x → −∞, f (x) → 52 .
The end behaviours show that the function has another asymptote at f (x) = y = 52 .
Intercept:
5x + 9
f (x) = 0 =⇒ =0
2x
9
x=−
5
It means f (x) might change the sign at x = − 59 .
For −∞ < x < 0, f (x) will have value from −∞ to 52 .

5
Similarly for 0 < x < ∞, f (x) will have value from 2
to ∞.

Therefore the range of f (x) is (−∞, 52 ) ∪ ( 52 , ∞). A rough diagram of f (x) is shown
below.

9
 Asymptote (x = 0)

Asymptote (y = 52 )
(-2.5, 0)
x→

√
As g(x) = x2 − 9 is a positive square root function so it will have only the positive
values including zero at x = 3 and x = −3.
A rough diagram is created using the facts that the g(x) is not defined from (-3, 3) and
at x = 3 the function gives the value zero. At ∞ the function provides the value ∞.
As the quadratic function involved and the b = 0 the function will be symmetric about
y−axis.

(-3,0) (3, 0)

Therefore the range will be [0, ∞). Thus m = 2.5 and n = 0, so,

2(m + n) = 2(2.5 + 0) = 5

11. If domain of h(x) is (−∞, −3) ∪ (m, ∞), then find the value of m. [Ans: 3]

Solution:
Given,
h(x) = f (g(x))
√
h(x) = f ( x2 − 9)
4.5
= 2.5 + √
x2 − 9
There are two possibilities when the function is undefined. Firstly when the denominator
is zero and secondly when the function in square root provides negative value. It means

10
 √
x2 − 9 6= 0 and x2 − 9 ≥ 0.
Combining both the conditions we can say the function is defined only when

x2 − 9 > 0

x2 > 9 =⇒ −3 < x < 3

Thus the domain will be (−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞), hence m = 3.

12. If domain of f −1 (x) is (−∞, m) ∪ (m, ∞), then find the value of 2m. [Ans: 5]

Solution:
5x+9 5x+9
Given that f (x) = 2x
let us say f (x) = y so y = 2x
on rearranging,

5 9
y= +
2 2x
2y − 5 9
=
2 2x
9
x=
2y − 5
Therefore f −1 (x) = 9
2x−5
. This function will be defined when

2x − 5 6= 0
5
x 6=
2
The domain of this function is (−∞, 2.5) ∪ (2.5, ∞) thus m = 2.5 therefore 2m = 5

13. If f −1 (5) = 9/m, then find the value of m. [Ans: 5]

Solution:
f −1 (5) = 2×5−5
9
= 95 , thus m = 5.

11