Compounds

Compounds are pure substances made by chemical combination of 2 or niore different

elements in a fixed ratio by mass. They are of three types - Acids, Bases and Salts.

Compounds

Acids Bases Salts

Indicator- is a substance which represent change in colour in acidic ór basic medium.
Indicators are of two types - Natural Indicators and Synthetic indicators

Natural Indicators - are obtained from natural sources. E.g. litmus solution,
1)
turmeric powder, red cabbage extract, leaves of hydrangeal petunia.
Litmus solution obtained from lichen plantwhich belongs to Division
Thallophyta of plant kingdom. Litmus solution is purple dye.

2) Synthetic IndicatorS are prepared artificially. E.g. Methyl orange

Phenolphthalein etc.

Indicator Colour change Colour Change

(OriginalCotour) in Acids in Bases
Blue litmus solution Red No Change

Red litmus solution No Change Blue

Red Yellow
Methyl orange
No Change Pink
|Phenolphthalein
(Colourless)_ No Change Reddish brown
Turmeric powder/
Haldi (Yellow) Green
Red cabbage extract No Change

Hydrangea leaves No Change Pink

.(Blue)
in acidic &
indicators -
the substances whose odour
are ( smell) changes
Olfactory clove oil.
Onion extract, Vanilla extract,
basic medium e.g.

Effects in Acidss Effect in Bases

Olfactory
indicators Retain the smell Smell disappears
Onion extract Smell disappears
Vanilla extract | Retain the smell
(1)
Properties of Acids and Bases Bases
bitter in tac
Property
Acids
They are
sour in
taste and They are

corrosive in nature
taste
Taste & nature
corrosive in nature Bases turn red litmus
litmus to red.
Acids turn blue
Litmustest blue
onduct Basic solutions also
Acidic solutions
Conductivity presence
conduct electricity. (due
Je
electricity. ( due to the the presence of COH ions)
of H ions) They dissolve in water and
Solubility in water They in water and form
dissolve
| form OH ions.
form H ions.(hydronium ions -H3O)
react with metals to form
metal salt | Bases react with metals to form
form
Reaction with metals Acids metal salt & H2 gas
H
and H2 gas.
Acid + Metal> Metal salt + H2

2HCI+Zn> ZnCl2 + H2 Base+MetalMetalsalt +H2

H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2
2NaOH + Zn> Na2Zn0,+H
(Sodium zincate)
Test
Whenfora H2 gas: splinter is brought 2NaOH+AI >2NaAl02+ H
burning
(Sodium Aluminate)
near the mouth test tube
of
containing H2 gas, it extinguishes
with a pop sound.

Reaction with metal Acid+Metal Carbonate Bases do not react witn

carbonate or metal SaltSalt+ H20 +CO2 metal carbonatemet
bicarbonate bicarbonate
Acid +Metal bicarbonate
Salt +H,0 +CO2
2HCI+Na,COs
|2NaCl+ H20 +CO2
HCI+NaHCOs
NaCl+ H20 +CO2

Test for CO, gas

When CO2 gas is
through lime water, passed
it
due to the
formation ofturns milky
calcium carbonate. insoluble
CO2+ Ca
(OH)2>CacOs Ho
(lime water)
+

(Insoluble Calcium
carbonate)
 But on passing excess of CO2
gas through lime water,
milkiness disappears due to the
formation of soluble calciu
bicarbonate.

CaCO3+ H20 +CO2 Ca (HCO3)2

(Caicium bicarbonate)
(soluble)
Reaction with metal | Acid + Metaloxide Salt + H2O Base + Non metal oxide Salt+
oxides / non metal HO
Oxides HCI+.CuO CuCl2.+ H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCOs + HO
(Black) (Blue green salt) (lime stone)
Metal oxides are basic in nature Non metals oxides are
acidic in nature.
Reaction of Acid with | Acid + Base > Salt + H20
Base HCI +NaOH NaCl + H20
Neutralisation Reaction I t is the
reaction in which acids react with
bases to form salt &water.

Examples of Acids

S.No. Chemical Formula Name

|HCI Hydrochloric acid

H2SO4 Sulphuric acid
3 | H3PO4 Phosphoric acid
4 HNO3 Nitric acid
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
| CH COOH Acetic acid
HCOOH Formic acid
HNO2 Nitrous acid
H2SO3 Sulphurous acid
Examples of Bases

Chemical Formula Name

NaOH Sodium hydroxide

KOH Strong Potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxidee
NH4OH Ammonium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 Weak Magnesium hydroxide
A! {OH)3s Aluminium hydroxide
Why should curd and pickels not þe kept in brass and copper vessels (metal
Q.
containers) ?
brass and coper and form
Ans. Curd and pickles contain acid in them, which react with
nature. Thus, curd and pickels should not-be kept in
salts which maybe toxic in
brass and copper containers.
 Pags
Q. Differentiate between mineral acids and organic acids

Types of Acids

Mineral Acids Organic Acids

Obtained from .minerals present in the Obtained from living organisms
earth's crust.
(plant/ animals)
| They are generally strong acids They are generally weak acids
HCI, H2SO4, HNO3, HPO (Strong acids)
HCOOH (formic acid)
strong acids), H2CO3 H2SO3 HNO2 CH3COOH (Acetic
(weak acids)
,
acid)
Lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid,
They dissociate (break) completely when tartaricacid.
They dissociate when
partially
dissolved in water. dissolved in water.
Types of Bases

Strong Bases NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH)2

Weak Bases -

NH4OH, Mg(OH)2, Al (OH)3 etc.

Alkalis Bases which are soluble in H20 are called alkalis

NaOH, KOH
All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.

Based on amount of H20. present in an acid it can

be classified as
Concentrated Acids
Dilute acids
They contain large amount or acid
and They contain less amount of acid
very little amount ofwater.
e.g Conc. H2SO4 (98% H2S04+ 2%-HO arge amount of water.
Dilute HSO, ( 10% H2SO4 +90% H20_
Dilution -

Mixing of an acid or base with vwater results .

in
decrease in the' concentra
of H (ag) or OH(ions)
the acid or base obtained
respectively
is said
per unit volume. This
process is called dilution
to be diluted,

O. While diluting an acid why is it recommend that acid should be

not H20 to acid ? added to H2

Ans. When conc. acid is

added to water
then heat
large amount of H20. energy
is evolved
easily absorbed by the gradually an
conc acid in order to dilute it, then a However, when water is adde
This heat changes some of the waterlarge amount of heat is
to steam evolved at o
splash out. Ihus causing burñs. which can
cause the aci-
 Page 5
Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rainwater does?
Distilled water does not conduct electricity because it does not contain any ionic
compound ( like acid/ base/salt) dissolved in it. Rainwater conducts electricity
because while falling on the earth it dissolves acidic gas CO2 from air and forms
carbonic acid H2CO3 which provided hydrogen ions and carbonate ions (CO3 ")
to rainwater along with some other acidic gases such as SO2 NO2 etc.

Why do HCI, HNO3 etc. show acidic characters in aqueus solutions while
solutions of compound like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Aqueous solutions of HNO3 HCI etc. show acidic character (conduct current) as
,

they release H: ions on dissolving in water. Aqueous solutions of glucose and

alcohol do not show acidic character because they do not dissociate to give H
ions or OH ions on dissolving in water.

Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity ?

into ions
Aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity because it dissociates
(H ions)
Why does dry HCI gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
litmus paper because
Dry HCI gas does not change the colour of the dry blue
there is no water medium for dissociation of H ions.
because of
But when dry HCI gas is passed over moist blue litmus paper
moisture HCI dissociates into H ions and thus changes the colour from
blue to
red.

base is
How is the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH) affected when excess
dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide ?
the
. When excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide,
concentration of hydroxide ion increases.

affected when a solution of

How is the concentration of hydronium ions [ H3O]
an acid is diluted ?
When a solution of an acid is diluted,
the concentraton of hydronium ions
S.
decreases.

What is pH scale?.
pH scale-It determines the strength of an acid /'base
Itrânges from 0 to:14
:

It was discovered by S. Sorensen in 1909.

What is Universal Indicator?

a
different colours at
Universal indicator is a mixture of many indicators. It shows
-

solution.
different concentration of H ions in a
life
aportance of pH in daily
Plants and animals are sensitive to pH change
When pH of
can 'survive only range ( 7 -7.8) of pH.
in a narrow
Living organisms it is called acid rain. When acid rain flows into
the
rain water is less i.e. 5.6, rivers
the river water. The survival of aquatic life in such
rivers, it lowers the pH of
become difficult.
 acidic soil b) basic soil?
Q. What are the different ways used by farmer to treat a)
suited for growth of plants. The pH o
i) pH of soil Soil with pH close to 7 is best
rain. This soil can be treated with
soil can reach as low as pH4; due to acid
lime stone.
materials like quick lime, slaked lime or

Due to extensive, use of fertilisers and pesticides the pH of sOil can go upto 8.3
This soil type can be treated by adding decaying organic matter 1.e. manureor

compost as it contains acidic material.

lf someone is suffering from the problem of acidity which salts are recommended
as remedy and why?

ii) pH in our digestive system

Our stomach produces HCI acid. It helps in the digestion of food without harming
the stomach. During indigestion the stomach produces too much acid and this
causes pain and irritation. To get rid of this pain, people use bases called
antacids. These antacids neutralize the excess acid.
e.g Milk of magnesia [Mg(OH)2]
Baking soda (NaHCO:)

Q. Why does the pH of mouth change after taking meals ? What harm is associated
with it and how can it be overcome?

iv) pH change as the cause of tooth decay-

pH of our mouth is 5.5: When we eat food containing
our mouth break down the
sugar, bactèria present in
sugar to form acids. These acids lower the
.. mouth below 5.5. & corrode the tooth enamel. pH in the

In order to prevent tooth decay

1) rinse the mouth thoroughly after
every meal.
2) Use tooth paste which are basic

Tooth enamel is made up of calcium

body. phosphate & is the hardest substance in the
Q Name an acid which is present in a stings of bee
is the common remedy to overcome the a) b) nettle plant leaves. Wn
nettle plant leaves pain caused by the stings of bee a
v Self defence by animals &
plants throughchemical warfare
When a honey bee stings a
person, it injects Use
skin which causes immense pain & irritation. an acid
of mild base like acid)
baking so
he
(methanoic into
on the affected ara gives relief.
Nettle leaves have stinging
hair
which also
affected area can be
basic in nature.
treatd by.baking soda injects if touched
or leaves HCOOH).
of dock plant which
Salts Page:7
Salts are obtained by reaction
between an acid and a base. Salts
made up of cation & anion. are ionic compounds
Family of salts Salts having same cation
belong to a family. (+ve) or similar anion ( -ve) are said to
e.g Family of sodium salts
They have common cation (Na+)
-

e.g NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, Na3PO4,

NaHCO3, NaNO3 etc.
Family of chloride salts They have common anion
-

CaCl2, NaCI, MgCl2. AICl3, ZnCh, NH4CI, (C )

AgCI, BaCl2 etc.
Nature of Salts
a) Strong acid +
Strong base>Neutral salt + H20
HCI +NaOHNaCl+ H20D
HCI+KOH KCI+ H20
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2S04+ H20
b) Strong Acid +Weak Base > Acidic Salt + H20
HCI+Mg (OH)2 MgCl2 +H20
H2SO4 +
NHOH (NH4)2 SO4 + H20
c) Weak Acid + Strong Base Basic Salt + H20
H2CO3+ NaOH > Na2CO3 + H20
CH,COOH +KOH CH3COOK + H20
.

Neutral salt pH =7.

Acidic Salt pH less. than 7
Basic salt > pH more than 7

Q. Complete the following tables

b
S.No. Salt Formula of Acid used Base used Nature of
. the salt the salt.
Sodium chloride
| Potassium nitrate
Aluminum chloride
4. Zinc sulphate
Copper sulphate
6 Sodium acetate
78. Sodium carbonate
Sodium hydrogen carbonate

9 Magnesium sulphate
10. Calcium nitrate
11. Ammonium Chloride
12. Potassium sulphate
 Common Name
Table Chemical Name Rock salt
Chemical Formula
Sodium Chloride Caustic soda
1. NaCl Baking soda
Sodium hydroxide
2. NaOH Sodium hydrogen c a r b o n a t e
Washing soda
Washing soda
3. NaHCOa carbonate decahydrate
Sodium Bleaching powder
4. Na2CO3.10H20 Calcium oxychloride
5.CaOCl2 Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
Plaster of Paris
6. CaSO4. 2 H20
What is rock salt ? How is it prepared?
Q. chloride.: Its large crystals are oft
Rock salt is the mineral
form of sodium
Ans.
brown due to impurities. of bygone ages dried up. Ro-
Beds of rock salt were formed
in the seas
Preparation
salt is mined like coal.
Chemical formula: NaCI
Chemical name: Sodium chloride
Common name: common salt
Preparation
1) Laboratory Method
NaOH +HCINaCl + H2O
2) By evaporation of sea water
3) By purification of Rock sait (NaCI) Rock salt is a mineral present in t
earth's crust.
Properties
White crystalline salt, soluble in H20, Neutral in nature.
Uses
It acts as flavouring agent in food
preservative in pickles, sea food etc.
lowers the melting point of icee
to clear.the snow cOvered.pavements
used in preparation of compóunds like caustic soda, baking soda, washing
Soaps etc. soda
Chemical formula - NaOH

Chemical name Sodium hydroxide

Common name - Caustic soda

Brine:cold.concentrated, sodium chloride solution

Preparation: By Electrolysis of brine, i.e. Chlor -

Alkali Process
Electrolysis
NaCl+H20 NaOH +H2 +Cl2
Brime
(near
cathode) (at cathode) ( at
Properties anode)
White substance obtained in
nature. crystal form called pellets,
Uses of
Soluble in HO, basic
products of electrolysis of brine
A. NaOH i) In manufacture of paper
ii) Making soaps and
B H2-i) As a fuel i) detergénts-
Formation of ammonia for
C. Clh-i) Used as a hemical disinfectant fertiliser
n) Manufacture of HCI
 Chemical Formula - NaHCO3
II.
Chemical Name - Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Common Name - Baking Soda

Preparation By Solvay's Processs

-

NaCI +H20 + NH3+ CO2 NaHCO3 + NH4CI

in nature
Properties White powdered substance, Soluble H20, Basic
- in

Q. What is the effect of heat on Baking Soda ?

sodium carbonate, water.
Ans Baking Soda on heating decomposes to form
and carbondioxide gas.

heat BakinSoda/Pzudes
2NaHCO3 --- Na2CO3 + H20 +CO2
Uses
It is used as an antacid as it is a mild base.
Used for making baking powder
Used in soda acid fire extinguisher

?
Q. What are the constituents of Baking powder and Tartaric acid.
Ans. Constituents of Baking powder are Baking Soda tartaric
Baking powder is mixture of baking soda and mild edible acid, (like
a
of base & prevents the cake from turning
acid) this acid neutralizes the effect reaction c a u s e s breads and cakes to rise
bitter. CO2 gas released during the
making them soft & spongy

Baking Powder Baking soda + Tartario acid (edible acid)

NaHCOs + H -Na-salt +Hz0+ CO2
(from acid)

I1. Chemical Formula Na2COs .10 H20

Chemical Name -Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Common Name -

washing soda
Process
Preparation By Solvay's
conc. Solution .of Nacl (Brine) reacts with ammonia (
Step I :When. cold
ammonicl brine) & CO2gas baking soda is formed
NaCl + H20 + NHj +CO2 > NaHCOj + NH,Ct

soda formed on heating decomposes to form anhydrous

Step I l : Baking
sodium carbonate soda ash)
2NaHCOsNa2CO3+CO2 + H20
III: Sodium carbonate, thus obtained on further dissolving in water
Step
recrystallises to form washing soda crystals.
Na2CO3 + 10H20> Na2CO3. 10H20 Basic in nature
Properties White crystalline substance, Soluble in water,
-

Uses: Used in manufacture of glass, soap and paper.

such as borax
i n manufacture ofsodium compound
domestic purpose
as a cleansing agent for
f o r removing permanent hardness of water
 V) Chemical formula - CaOClh

Chemical Name -
Calcium oxy chloride
Common name - Bleaching powder
and chlorine gas.
It is prepared by reaction of dry slaked lime
Teparation -

Ca(OH) 2 + Cl2 CaOClh + H20

Properties -White powder, Basic in nature

Uses for bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry.
bleaching clothes in laundryY
a s an oxidizing'agent
for disinfecting drinking water..
VI Chemical Formula - CaSO4. 2H20
Chemical Name Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
Common name - Plaster of Paris

Preparation -

By heating.gypsum at controlled temperature of 373K ( 100° C)

373K
CaSO4. 2H20 -----

CaS04.% H20+ 1% H20

Property -

On dissolving in water, it forms a hard solid mass .e.

CaSO4.% H20+ 1% gypsum.
H20 -- CaSO4.2H20
Note When gypsum is heated at an
molecules to form anhydrous calcium uncontrolled temperature it loses its water
POP and is called dead burnt sulphate which has no properties as that
plaster. of
uncontrolled
CaSO4. 2H20 -CaSO4 +2H20
heating
Uses used as
plaster to support fractured bones in
right position.
for making toys, materials
in dentistry. for decoration and statues
etc.
to ornate design on ceilings, pillars etc.
QWhat is water for
Ans Water of crystallisation?.
crystallisation
formula unit of a salt. is the fixed
number of water
molecules present
Q. Differentiate between
pre[ent in0
"

Salts which
Hydrated Salts
contain water molecule
crystallization are called hydrated salts which Andydrous Salts
of | Salts
have lost
e.g CusO4. 5H20 (
FeSO4.7H20 ( Pale green)
blue) crystallisation are water moleculeu
called
ed anhydrous
e.g CuSO4-(colourless)
a n m o l e c u l e

sals

CaSO4.2H20 F e s o c o l o

FeSO4 (dirty white)

CaSO4.1/2 H20 Gaso
Na2CO3.1OH20 CaSO4
Na2CO3