Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Chapter 1
Complex Numbers & Functions
Lecture 1: Complex Numbers

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh

Department of Mathematics
International University Ho Chi Minh City
E-mail: [email protected]

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Outline

1 Introduction
2 The Argand diagram
3 The arithmetic of complex numbers
4 Modulus and argument
5 Polar form of a complex number
6 Euler’s formula
7 Circular and Hyperbolic functions
8 Logarithm of a complex number

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex numbers: Motivations

Consider quadratic equation
az 2 + bz + c = 0 (1)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex numbers: Motivations

Consider quadratic equation
az 2 + bz + c = 0 (1)
The solution is given by
√
−b ± ∆
z= , ∆ := b2 − 4ac. (2)
2a

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex numbers: Motivations

Consider quadratic equation
az 2 + bz + c = 0 (1)
The solution is given by
√
−b ± ∆
z= , ∆ := b2 − 4ac. (2)
2a
If ∆ < 0, then z =?

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex numbers: Motivations

Consider quadratic equation
az 2 + bz + c = 0 (1)
The solution is given by
√
−b ± ∆
z= , ∆ := b2 − 4ac. (2)
2a
If ∆ < 0, then z =? √
Define an imaginary number j, and write j = −1 such that
j 2 = −1. (3)
For ∆ < 0 it holds that

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex numbers: Motivations

Consider quadratic equation
az 2 + bz + c = 0 (1)
The solution is given by
√
−b ± ∆
z= , ∆ := b2 − 4ac. (2)
2a
If ∆ < 0, then z =? √
Define an imaginary number j, and write j = −1 such that
j 2 = −1. (3)
For ∆ < 0 it holds that
√ q p
∆ = (−∆)j 2 = j −∆

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Definition of complex numbers

Then, az 2 + bz + c = 0 has solution when ∆ < 0:

√ √
−b ± ∆ −b −∆
z= = ±j
2a 2a 2a

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Definition of complex numbers

Then, az 2 + bz + c = 0 has solution when ∆ < 0:

√ √
−b ± ∆ −b −∆
z= = ±j
2a 2a 2a
Note that
p p √
−9 = 3j, −2 = j 2, j 3 = −j

are imaginary numbers,

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Definition of complex numbers

Then, az 2 + bz + c = 0 has solution when ∆ < 0:

√ √
−b ± ∆ −b −∆
z= = ±j
2a 2a 2a
Note that
p p √
−9 = 3j, −2 = j 2, j 3 = −j

are imaginary numbers, but

p p √ √
j 2 = −1, −2 −8 = j 2 · j 8 = −4, j 4n = 1,

are real.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Definition of complex numbers

For example, the solution of

z2 − z + 1 = 0

is √
√
1±
1 3 −3
z= = ±j .
2 2 2
A complex number is understood as: any real,√ imaginary
numbers, or combinations like 1 ± j, 1/2 ± j 3/2.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Real Part and Imaginary Part

Complex number z = x + yj, where x, y ∈ IR

x is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z)
y is called the imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z).

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Real Part and Imaginary Part

Complex number z = x + yj, where x, y ∈ IR

x is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z)
y is called the imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z).

Example. The complex number z = 2 + 3j. Then 2 is the real

part, 3 is the imaginary part: Re(z) = 2, Im(z) = 3.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Real Part and Imaginary Part

Complex number z = x + yj, where x, y ∈ IR

x is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z)
y is called the imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z).

Example. The complex number z = 2 + 3j. Then 2 is the real

part, 3 is the imaginary part: Re(z) = 2, Im(z) = 3.
Note. If x = 0, the complex number is said to be purely
imaginary, and if y = 0 it is said to be purely real.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The Argand diagram

Complex numbers can be represented as points on a plane as

in R2 by Argand diagram

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The Argand diagram

Complex numbers can be represented as points on a plane as

in R2 by Argand diagram
Complex number z = x + iy ≡ P(x, y ) in Oxy-plane.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The Argand diagram

Complex numbers can be represented as points on a plane as

in R2 by Argand diagram
Complex number z = x + iy ≡ P(x, y ) in Oxy-plane.

x-axis: called real axis y -axis: called imaginary axis

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(i) Equality

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(i) Equality
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 are equal
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(i) Equality
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 are equal
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
(ii) Addition and subtraction

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(i) Equality
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 are equal
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
(ii) Addition and subtraction
To add or subtract two complex numbers, we simply perform
the operations on their corresponding real and imaginary parts.
Precisely, if z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(i) Equality
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 are equal
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
(ii) Addition and subtraction
To add or subtract two complex numbers, we simply perform
the operations on their corresponding real and imaginary parts.
Precisely, if z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + j(y1 + y2 ) ,

and

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(i) Equality
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 are equal
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
(ii) Addition and subtraction
To add or subtract two complex numbers, we simply perform
the operations on their corresponding real and imaginary parts.
Precisely, if z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + j(y1 + y2 ) ,

and

z1 − z2 = (x1 − x2 ) + j(y1 − y2 ) .
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iii) Multiplication

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iii) Multiplication
If z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iii) Multiplication
If z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

z1 z2 = (x1 + jy1 )(x2 + jy2 )

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iii) Multiplication
If z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

z1 z2 = (x1 + jy1 )(x2 + jy2 ) = x1 x2 + jy1 x2 + jx1 y2 + j 2 y1 y2 .

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iii) Multiplication
If z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

z1 z2 = (x1 + jy1 )(x2 + jy2 ) = x1 x2 + jy1 x2 + jx1 y2 + j 2 y1 y2 .

Since j 2 = −1, we obtain from the last equality that

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iii) Multiplication
If z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 , then

z1 z2 = (x1 + jy1 )(x2 + jy2 ) = x1 x2 + jy1 x2 + jx1 y2 + j 2 y1 y2 .

Since j 2 = −1, we obtain from the last equality that

z1 z2 = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + j(x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) .

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iv) Division Let
z1 = x1 + jy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iv) Division Let
z1 = x1 + jy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2
Then, we multiply ”top and bottom” by x2 − jy2 :
z1 x1 + jy1 (x1 + jy1 )(x2 − iy2 )
= = .
z2 x2 + jy2 (x2 + jy2 )(x2 − jy2 )

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iv) Division Let
z1 = x1 + jy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2
Then, we multiply ”top and bottom” by x2 − jy2 :
z1 x1 + jy1 (x1 + jy1 )(x2 − iy2 )
= = .
z2 x2 + jy2 (x2 + jy2 )(x2 − jy2 )
Multiplying out ”top and bottom”, we have
z1 (x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + j(x2 y1 − x1 y2 )
= ,
z2 x22 + y22

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

The arithmetic of complex numbers

(iv) Division Let
z1 = x1 + jy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2
Then, we multiply ”top and bottom” by x2 − jy2 :
z1 x1 + jy1 (x1 + jy1 )(x2 − iy2 )
= = .
z2 x2 + jy2 (x2 + jy2 )(x2 − jy2 )
Multiplying out ”top and bottom”, we have
z1 (x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + j(x2 y1 − x1 y2 )
= ,
z2 x22 + y22
or
(x1 x2 +y1 y2 ) −x1 y2 )
z1
z2
= x22 +y22
+ j (x2xy21 +y 2
2 2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex conjugate
The number
z ∗ = x − jy
is called the complex conjugate of the complex number

z = x + jy

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex conjugate
The number
z ∗ = x − jy
is called the complex conjugate of the complex number

z = x + jy

Sometimes, complex conjugate of z is denoted by z̄.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Complex conjugate
The number
z ∗ = x − jy
is called the complex conjugate of the complex number

z = x + jy

Sometimes, complex conjugate of z is denoted by z̄.

The following properties are direct:

z + z ∗ = 2x = 2Re(z)
z − z ∗ = 2jy = 2Im(z) (4)
∗ 2 2
zz = (x + jy)(x − jy) = x + y

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

Complex number z in Argand diagram:

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

Complex number z in Argand diagram:

Length r = |OP|: called the modulus of z, denoted by modz or

|z|

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

Complex number z in Argand diagram:

Length r = |OP|: called the modulus of z, denoted by modz or

|z|
Angle θ between the positive Ox and OP: called the argument
of z, denoted by arg z

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

q
|z| = r = x2 + y2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

q
|z| = r = x2 + y2
y (5)
arg z = θ, where tan θ = , z 6= 0.
x

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

q
|z| = r = x2 + y2
y (5)
arg z = θ, where tan θ = , z 6= 0.
x
Convention: −π < arg z ≤ π

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Modulus and argument

q
|z| = r = x2 + y2
y (5)
arg z = θ, where tan θ = , z 6= 0.
x
Convention: −π < arg z ≤ π

Note. Be careful to place θ in the right quadrant!

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Example 1

Determine the modulus and argument of 1 − j

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Example 1

Determine the modulus and argument of 1 − j

Solution. q √
|1 − j| = 12 + (−1)2 = 2,

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Example 1

Determine the modulus and argument of 1 − j

Solution. q √
|1 − j| = 12 + (−1)2 = 2,
 −1  π
arg(1 − j) = tan−1 =− .
1 4

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Example 2
Determine the modulus and argument of −1 + j

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Example 2
Determine the modulus and argument of −1 + j

Solution.
q √
| − 1 + j| = (−1)2 + 12 = 2,

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Example 2
Determine the modulus and argument of −1 + j

Solution.
q √
| − 1 + j| = (−1)2 + 12 = 2,
1 1 3
arg(−1 + j) = π − tan−1 = π − π = π.
1 4 4

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number

Complex number z = x + jy

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number

Complex number z = x + jy

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number

Complex number z = x + jy

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.

polar form
z = r (cos θ + j sin θ)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number

Complex number z = x + jy

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.

polar form
z = r (cos θ + j sin θ) := r ∠θ (6)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number

Complex number z = x + jy

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.

polar form
z = r (cos θ + j sin θ) := r ∠θ (6)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 1. Express the complex number 12 + j5 in polar form

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 1. Express the complex number 12 + j5 in polar form

Solution:

|12 + j5| = 13,

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 1. Express the complex number 12 + j5 in polar form

Solution:

|12 + j5| = 13, arg(12 + j5) = tan−1 (5/12) = 0.395

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 1. Express the complex number 12 + j5 in polar form

Solution:

|12 + j5| = 13, arg(12 + j5) = tan−1 (5/12) = 0.395

12 + j5 = 13[cos(0.395) + j sin(0.395)]

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 2. Express the complex number −3 + j4 in polar form

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 2. Express the complex number −3 + j4 in polar form

Solution:

|−3+j4| = 5,

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 2. Express the complex number −3 + j4 in polar form

Solution:

|−3+j4| = 5, arg(−3+j4) = π−tan−1 (4/3) = π−0.9273 = 2.214

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 2. Express the complex number −3 + j4 in polar form

Solution:

|−3+j4| = 5, arg(−3+j4) = π−tan−1 (4/3) = π−0.9273 = 2.214

−3 + j4 = 5[cos(2.214) + j sin(2.214)]

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Polar form of a complex number: Examples

Example 2. Express the complex number −3 + j4 in polar form

Solution:

|−3+j4| = 5, arg(−3+j4) = π−tan−1 (4/3) = π−0.9273 = 2.214

−3 + j4 = 5[cos(2.214) + j sin(2.214)]

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Multiplication in polar form

z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Multiplication in polar form

z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

= r1 r2 [cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 )
+ j(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )]

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Multiplication in polar form

z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

= r1 r2 [cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 )
+ j(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )]

z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + j sin(θ1 + θ2 )].

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Multiplication in polar form

z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

= r1 r2 [cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 )
+ j(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )]

z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + j sin(θ1 + θ2 )].

|z1 z2 | = r1 r2 = |z1 ||z2 | . (7)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Multiplication in polar form

z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

= r1 r2 [cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 )
+ j(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )]

z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + j sin(θ1 + θ2 )].

|z1 z2 | = r1 r2 = |z1 ||z2 | . (7)

arg(z1 z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 = arg z1 + arg z2 . (8)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Multiplication in polar form

z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )

= r1 r2 [cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 )
+ j(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )]

z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + j sin(θ1 + θ2 )].

|z1 z2 | = r1 r2 = |z1 ||z2 | . (7)

arg(z1 z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 = arg z1 + arg z2 . (8)

Note. Make sure that −π < arg(z1 z2 ) ≤ π.
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Euler’s formula
Motivated by power series of ex , for x real, we define a complex
function for z complex:

z2 z3
ez = 1 + z + + + ... (9)
2! 3!

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Euler’s formula
Motivated by power series of ex , for x real, we define a complex
function for z complex:

z2 z3
ez = 1 + z + + + ... (9)
2! 3!
Moreover, we have known the power series of sin θ and cos θ
are
θ3 θ5
sin θ = θ − + + ...
3! 5!

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Euler’s formula
Motivated by power series of ex , for x real, we define a complex
function for z complex:

z2 z3
ez = 1 + z + + + ... (9)
2! 3!
Moreover, we have known the power series of sin θ and cos θ
are
θ3 θ5 θ2 θ4
sin θ = θ − + + ... cos θ = 1 − + + ... (10)
3! 5! 2! 4!

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Euler’s formula
Motivated by power series of ex , for x real, we define a complex
function for z complex:

z2 z3
ez = 1 + z + + + ... (9)
2! 3!
Moreover, we have known the power series of sin θ and cos θ
are
θ3 θ5 θ2 θ4
sin θ = θ − + + ... cos θ = 1 − + + ... (10)
3! 5! 2! 4!
These yield Euler’s formula:

ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ (11)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Exponential form of complex numbers

Euler’s formula and the polar form of the complex number z

give

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Exponential form of complex numbers

Euler’s formula and the polar form of the complex number z

give
z = r (cos θ + j sin θ)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Exponential form of complex numbers

Euler’s formula and the polar form of the complex number z

give
z = r (cos θ + j sin θ) = rejθ (12)
called the exponential form of the complex number z.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Exponential form of complex numbers: Example

Example. Express the following complex number 2 + j3 in

exponential form.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Exponential form of complex numbers: Example

Example. Express the following complex number 2 + j3 in

exponential form.
Solution:
√
|2 + j3| = 13, arg(2 + j3) = tan−1 (3/2) = 0.9828

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Exponential form of complex numbers: Example

Example. Express the following complex number 2 + j3 in

exponential form.
Solution:
√
|2 + j3| = 13, arg(2 + j3) = tan−1 (3/2) = 0.9828

√
2 + j3 = 13e0.9828

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ
So, we get for the circular functions:

ejθ + e−jθ
cos θ = ,
2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ
So, we get for the circular functions:

ejθ + e−jθ ejθ − e−jθ

cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2j

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ
So, we get for the circular functions:

ejθ + e−jθ ejθ − e−jθ

cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2j

Hyperbolic functions are defined by

ex + e−x
cosh x = ,
2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ
So, we get for the circular functions:

ejθ + e−jθ ejθ − e−jθ

cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2j

Hyperbolic functions are defined by

ex + e−x ex − e−x
cosh x = , sinh x =
2 2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ
So, we get for the circular functions:

ejθ + e−jθ ejθ − e−jθ

cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2j

Hyperbolic functions are defined by

ex + e−x ex − e−x
cosh x = , sinh x =
2 2
Thus
ejx + e−jx
cosh jx = = cos x,
2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

Euler’s formula ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ yields e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ
So, we get for the circular functions:

ejθ + e−jθ ejθ − e−jθ

cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2j

Hyperbolic functions are defined by

ex + e−x ex − e−x
cosh x = , sinh x =
2 2
Thus
ejx + e−jx ejx − e−jx
cosh jx = = cos x, sinh jx = = j sin x
2 2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2x
ej + e−j
cos jx =
2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2x
ej + e−j e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x
sin jx =
2j

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x e−x − ex
sin jx = = = j sinh x
2j 2j

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x e−x − ex
sin jx = = = j sinh x
2j 2j
so that tan jx = j tanh x

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x e−x − ex
sin jx = = = j sinh x
2j 2j
so that tan jx = j tanh x
Use these results we can evaluate functions such as
sin z, cos z, tan z, sinh x, cosh z, tanh z

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x e−x − ex
sin jx = = = j sinh x
2j 2j
so that tan jx = j tanh x
Use these results we can evaluate functions such as
sin z, cos z, tan z, sinh x, cosh z, tanh z
For example, to evaluate cos z = cos(x + jy), we use
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b − sin a sin b to get

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x e−x − ex
sin jx = = = j sinh x
2j 2j
so that tan jx = j tanh x
Use these results we can evaluate functions such as
sin z, cos z, tan z, sinh x, cosh z, tanh z
For example, to evaluate cos z = cos(x + jy), we use
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b − sin a sin b to get

cos z = cos x cos jy − sin x sin jy

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Circular and Hyperbolic functions

so that tanh jx = j tan x. And
2x 2
ej + e−j x e−x + ex
cos jx = = = cosh x
2 2
2x 2
ej − e−j x e−x − ex
sin jx = = = j sinh x
2j 2j
so that tan jx = j tanh x
Use these results we can evaluate functions such as
sin z, cos z, tan z, sinh x, cosh z, tanh z
For example, to evaluate cos z = cos(x + jy), we use
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b − sin a sin b to get

cos z = cos x cos jy − sin x sin jy = cos x cosh y − j sin x sinh y

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

z = ew = x + jy ⇒ w = ln z = u + jv

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

z = ew = x + jy ⇒ w = ln z = u + jv

z = x + jy = eu+jv = eu ejv
= eu (cos v + j sin v ).

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

z = ew = x + jy ⇒ w = ln z = u + jv

z = x + jy = eu+jv = eu ejv
= eu (cos v + j sin v ).
Equating real and imaginary parts we have
x = eu cos v y = eu sin v .

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

z = ew = x + jy ⇒ w = ln z = u + jv

z = x + jy = eu+jv = eu ejv
= eu (cos v + j sin v ).
Equating real and imaginary parts we have
x = eu cos v y = eu sin v .

x 2 + y 2 = e2u (cos2 v + sin2 v ) = e2u

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

z = ew = x + jy ⇒ w = ln z = u + jv

z = x + jy = eu+jv = eu ejv
= eu (cos v + j sin v ).
Equating real and imaginary parts we have
x = eu cos v y = eu sin v .

x 2 + y 2 = e2u (cos2 v + sin2 v ) = e2u

1
u= ln(x 2 + y 2 ) = ln |z|
2

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

z = ew = x + jy ⇒ w = ln z = u + jv

z = x + jy = eu+jv = eu ejv
= eu (cos v + j sin v ).
Equating real and imaginary parts we have
x = eu cos v y = eu sin v .

x 2 + y 2 = e2u (cos2 v + sin2 v ) = e2u

1 y
u= ln(x 2 + y 2 ) = ln |z| tan v =
2 x

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

tan v = y /x, x = eu cos v give us:

v = arg z + 2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

tan v = y /x, x = eu cos v give us:

v = arg z + 2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

w = ln |z| + j arg z + j2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

tan v = y /x, x = eu cos v give us:

v = arg z + 2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

w = ln |z| + j arg z + j2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

We select one of these solutions to define the logarithm of the
complex number z, by:

ln z = ln |z| + j arg z (13)

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number

tan v = y /x, x = eu cos v give us:

v = arg z + 2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

w = ln |z| + j arg z + j2nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...

We select one of these solutions to define the logarithm of the
complex number z, by:

ln z = ln |z| + j arg z (13)

This is sometimes called its principal value.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number: Example

Example. Evaluate ln(−3 + j4) in the form x + jy.

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number: Example

Example. Evaluate ln(−3 + j4) in the form x + jy.

Solution:

| − 3 + j4| = 5, arg(−3 + j4) = π − tan−1 (4/3) = 2.214

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Logarithm of a complex number: Example

Example. Evaluate ln(−3 + j4) in the form x + jy.

Solution:

| − 3 + j4| = 5, arg(−3 + j4) = π − tan−1 (4/3) = 2.214

ln(−3 + j4) = ln 5 + j2.214 = 1.609 + j2.214

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex
Introduction The Argand diagram The arithmetic of complex numbers Modulus and argument Polar form of a complex n

Homework Chapter 1

-Textbook: G. James, Modern Engineering Mathematics

Chapter 3: Complex Numbers
Exercises: 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31

-Textbook: G. James, Advanced Modern Engineering

Mathematics
Chapter 4: Functions of a Complex Variable
Exercises: 1, 2, 4, 24, 28, 30, 38, 40, 44, 45

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1 Complex Numbers & Functions Lecture 1: Complex