N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 15.4.

3
Compiled by Mark Miller
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: January 18th , 2022

This is the authorized and definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul
Frommer for James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are deri-
ved from, Dr. Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, if
not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modal
verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon
transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes
will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the
IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that
variants, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morp-
hological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary num. = number

+ = leniting morpheme boundary ofp. = only for people
« » = infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective ph. = phrase
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop.n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction vtr. = transitive verb
c.w. = compound word vin. = intransitive verb
intj. = interjection vtrm. = transitive modal verb
inter. = interrogative vim. = intransitive modal verb
n. = noun sbd. = subordinated
nfp. = not for people

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-

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an, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary
was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon
lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes
that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic
meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:
• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer
• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com
The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs approved by Dr.
Frommer are included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words,
which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer also legalized a few pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved
words created by other sources for the Avatar franchise, like the Toruk show by Cirque du
Soleil and the Pandora attraction at Disney World. Other words suggested by the LEP and
language community have been approved as well. These additional sources are indicated as
follows: JC for James Cameron, CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer, CdS for
Cirque du Soleil, D is for Disney (from Pandora - The World of Avatar) and G for the Avatar
Game. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions  have
 been split in
accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to [email protected], and I will correct them. As for version
number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.

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 The Na’vi language is a work in progress, with contributions by many people. Very early
on, the Na’vi Community was graciously invited by Dr. Paul Frommer to participate in the
growth of the language. This rapidly became an international effort, made possible only by
the global reach of the internet. To my knowledge, a constructed language has never evolved
in this manner and the rapid growth and maturing of Na’vi would not have been possible
otherwise.
My role in the work of Na’vi is shepherd of the public face of the Na’vi language and sup-
port of its fans. However, I would like to recognize some particular individuals who’s assistan-
ce has been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is
Dr. Paul Frommer and his monumental effort in creating and expanding this amazing langu-
age. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating this document, with the note
that most of his work is still included here. Thanks also to Tuiq who created the automation
tools for the maintenance of this dictionary with its translations and variants. Finally, thanks
to everyone in the Learn Na’vi Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

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P

’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used ’ekxinum: [PE."k'i.num] P F n. degree of tight-
with countable nouns in the singular form) ness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
’ak: [Pak^] P F intj. ow, ouch um loose)
’akra: ["Pak.Ra] P F n. soil (fertile) ’ekxinumpe: [PE."k'i.num.pE] P F inter. how
’aku: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
’al: [P·al] P F vtr. waste ness, looseness)
’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. collar / choker ’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. touch ’emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived
from ’em cook)
’ana: ["Pa.na] P F n. hanging vine
’en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound)
tuition
’anla: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. yearn for
’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level
’are: ["Pa.RE] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl ’en si: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. make an informed guess
’asap: ["Pa.sap^] P F n. sudden shock (derived from ’en guess)
’asap si: ["Pa.sap s·i] P F vin. be shocked, be start- ’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
led (derived from ’asap sudden shock) ’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] P F n. shoulder
’avun: ["P·a.v·un] P F vtr. save (time, food, etc.) ’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one from ’evengan boy)
’awkx: [Pawk'] P F n. cliff ’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past) from ’evenge girl)
’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once ’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp ’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from
’awnìm: ["P·aw.nIm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from ’eveng child)
’ì’awn remain and alìm distance) ’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from
’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual ’eveng child)
’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w. ’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
from ’aw one and teng same, equal) ’eveng child)
’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. bind / ’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w. ’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
"
from ’awsiteng together and yem put) ’ewrang: ["PEw.RaN] P F n. loom
’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived ’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
from ’aw one) ’eylanay: [PEj.la."naj] P F n. acquaintance (with
the potential for becoming a friend) (derived
’ä’: [PæP] P F intj. oops!
from ’eylan friend)
’älek: ["Pæ.lEk^] P F adj. determined
’eyng: [P·EjN] P F vin. answer, respond
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete
’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move eight)
’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst ’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
’e’in: [PE."Pin] P F n. pod, gourd ’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’e’insey: [PE."Pin.SEj] P F n. drinking gourd (c.w. ’ipu: ["Pi.pu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing
from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl mi- ’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
nimally modified from naturally occurring re- ’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
sources) ’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive >
’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. attack of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic) ’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay
’ekxin: [PE."k'in] P F adj. tight ’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral

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’ìn: [P·In] P F vin. be busy, be occupied ’ongopyu: ["Po.Nop.ju] P F n. designer (derived
’ìp: [P·Ip^] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from from ’ongop design)
view ’on si: ["Pon s·i] P F vin. shape, give shape (to so-
’llngo: ["Pl.No] P F n. hip mething) (derived from ’on shape)
’o’: [PoP] P" F adj. bringing fun, exciting ’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance ’opinsung: ["Po.pin.s·uN] P F vtr. color, color in
’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri- (c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
>
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing) ’opinvultsyìp: ["Po.pin.vul.tsjIp^] P F n. crayon
’oktrr: ["Pok.tr] P F n. day of commemoration (c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)
" remembrance and trr day)
(c.w. from ’ok ’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake
>
’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient) ’oratsyìp: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. pond, pool (deri-
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story) ved from ’ora lake)
’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta ’otxang: [Po."t'aN] P F n. musical instrument (ge-
’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta neric term)
(derived from ’om purple) ’rrko: ["P·r.k·o] P F vin. roll
’on: [Pon] P F n. shape, form ’rrpxom: [" "Pr.p'om] P F n. thunder
’ong: [P·oN] P F vin. unfold, blossom ’u: [Pu] P F n." thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’onglawn: ["PoN.lawn] P F n. exhiliration of first ’ul: [P·ul] P F vin. increase
>
bonding (c.w. from ’ong blossom and lawnol ’umtsa: ["Pum.tsa] P F n. medicine
great joy) ’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok'] P F vin. be born (c.w. from ’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to) ’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’ongop: ["Po.N·op^] P F vtr. design (c.w. from ’on ’upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] P F n. message
shape, form and ngop create) ’ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance

a: [a] P F,LN part. clause - level attributive marker appositions)

afpawng: [a."fpawN] P F n. grief alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the rea-
afpawng si: [a."fpawN s·i] P F vin. grieve (deri- son
ved from afpawng grief ) am’a: [am."Pa] P F n. doubt
aho: [a."ho] P F vin. pray am’ake: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w.
akrrmaw: [a."kr.maw] P F conj. after (temporal) from am’a doubt and ke not)
"
variant of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time and am’aluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv. without a
maw after) doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident)
akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) vari- apxa: [a."p'a] P F adj. large nfp.
" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of takrra asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de-
akum: [a."kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (de- rived from sim near, be near)
rived from kum result) this form follows atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum, atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I light)
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’ atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning
alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de- atxar: [a."t'aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as
rived from lìm far, be far) found around a watering hole
alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a atxkxe: [at'."k'E] P F n. land
number of repeated or recurring actions atxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (deri- atxkxe land and rel picture)
ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)

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au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo- es)
eng we) aystampe: [aj."stam.pE] inter. what men vari-
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived ant of paystan
from po he, she)
aystepe: [aj."stE.pE] P F inter. what women vari-
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
ant of payste
tion of ay+lahe–ru)
aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived aysupe: [aj."su.pE] P F inter. what people variant
from nga you) of paysu
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
from oe I) (never plural u)

eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
from ean blue, green) eolì’uvi: ["E.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. prefix (derived
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green from eo– before and lì’u word)
ekxan: [E."k'an] P F n. barricade, obstruction ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex
ekxan si: [E."k'an s·i] P F vin. exclude, keep out, epxang: [E."p'aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
bar (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc- small toxic arachnid
tion) etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
>
ekxtxu: [Ek'."t'u] P F adj. rough ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (de-
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain rived from ewku taste)
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer ewku: ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i] P F vin. be eyawrfya: [e."jawR.fja] P F n. right way (of doing
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r something), correct path (derived from eyawr
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness) correct, right and fya’o path, way, manner)
eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo- eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
fing off (derived from eltu brain) eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
emkä: [Em."k·æ] P F vtr. cross (derived from eyk lead)
emza’u pass, overcome and kä go) eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
emkäfya: [em."kæ.fja] P F n. ford, crossing (de- one step down from leader (derived from eyk-
rived from emkä cross and fya’o path) tan leader)
emrey: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. survive eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically tempora-
emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), over- ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-
come (c.w. from za’u come) ved from eyk lead)

fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of fäpyo: ["fæp.jo] P F n. roof (c.w. from fäpa top
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell and yo surface)
faoi: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. smooth fäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come up, ascend
fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. these words (contrac- (c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)
fe’: [fEP] P F adj. bad nfp.
fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from
fäpa top and kä go) fe’lup: ["fEP.lup^] P F adj. tacky, in poor taste
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top (c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)

7
fe’pey: [feP."p·Ej] P F vin. feel dread, expect so- fkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. exist (derived
mething bad to happen, fear (with tsnì for thing from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
dreaded) (ii) (derived from fe’ bad and pey fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
wait) fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
fe’ran: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. flawed nature, something specified agent)
ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from fkxake: ["fk'·a.k·E] P F vin. itch
fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature) fkxara: ["fk'a.Ra] P F n. stress (mental or emotio-
fe’ranvi: ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. blemish, deformi- nal feeling)
ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ran fkxaranga’: ["fk'a.Ra.NaP] P F adj. stressful (de-
flawed nature, inherently defective) rived from fkxara stress)
fe’ul: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w. fkxen: [fk'En] P F n. vegetable (food)
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase) fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. bib necklace
fekem: ["fE.kEm] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe’ flawkx: [flawk'] P F n. leather
bad and kem action) flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
fekum: ["fE.kum] P F n. disadvantage, drawback, flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
downside (c.w. from fe’ bad and kum result) flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fekumnga’: ["fE.kum.NaP] P F adj. disadvanta- flì: [flI] P F adj. thin nfp.
geous (derived from fekum disadvantage, flìnutx: [flI."nut'] P F n. thickness (c.w. from flì
drawback, downside) thin and nutx thick)
few–: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo- flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
site side of "
things)
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain
fewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] P F adj. opposite, on the fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
opposite side (derived from few– across)(In fmawnta: ["fmawn.ta] P F n. that news (contrac-
casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok) tion of fmawn–it a)
fil: [fil] P F n. child’s toy, plaything fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F vtr. test
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u fmi: [fm·i] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the
thing) subjunctive)
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived fmokx: [fmok'] P F n. jealousy, envy
from fya’o path) fmong: [fm·oN] P F vtr. steal, rob
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived fmongyu: ["fmoN.ju] P F n. thief (derived from
from kem action, deed) fmong steal, rob)
fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one person or thing (de- fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at
rived from po he, she) fnawe’: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day) fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
">
fìtsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from from fnawe’ cowardly)
fìpo this one and tsapo that one) fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
>
fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this pla- fnelan: ["fnE.lan] P F n. male (derived from fnel
ce (derived from tseng place) kind, type)
fìtxan: [fI."t'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de- fnele: ["fnE.lE] P F n. female (derived from fnel
rived from txan great, much) kind, type)
fìtxon: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind variant of
from txon night) pefnel
fkan: [fk·an] P F vin. resemble in a sensory moda- fnetxum: [fnE."t'um] P F n. allergen (derived
lity, come to the senses as from txum poison)
fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F vtr. peel fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful fngä’: [fN·æP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth)
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty use the restroom, go to the bathroom

8
 > >
fngä’tseng: ["fNæP.tsEN] P F n. restroom (on fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
Earth) (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself and ved from tseng place)
tseng place) fratxon: [fRa."t'on] P F adv. every night (derived
fngo’: [fN·oP] P F vtr. require, demand from txon night)
fnu: [fn·u] P F vin. quiet, be quiet frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) and zo be well)
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F vin. hold off, suspend action frir: [fRiR] P F n. layer
fpap: [fp·ap^] P F vtr. pound frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
fpe’: [fp·EP] P F vtr. send frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
"
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
"
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit fta: [fta] P F n. knot
of ftang: [ft·aN] P F vim. stop
fpivìl: [fpi."vIl] P F intj. hmm, let’s see, let me ftanglen: [ft·aN."l·En] P F vtr. prevent (c.w. from
think (derived from fpìl think and «iv» ftang stop and len happen)
subjunctive infix) fta si: [fta s·i] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think (derived from fta knot)
fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness form) and krr time)
fpomron: [fpom."Ron] P F n. health or well-being ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
(mental) (derived from fpom well-being and ftärpa: ["ftæR.pa] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftär
ronsem mind) ofp. left and pa’o side)
fpomronga’: [fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. healthful fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
(mentally) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace, subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
happiness and ronsem mind) nfp. fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok'] P F n. health (physical) from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) ctive verb in dependant clause)
ofp. ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something)
fpomtokxnga’: [fpom."tok'.NaP] P F adj. healt- ftia: [ft·i."·a] P F vtr. study
hful (physically) (c.w. from fpom well-being, ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp. ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
fpxamo: ["fp'a.mo] P F adj. terrible, horrible, aw- ftumfa–: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. out of, from inside
ful (derived from mìfa inside)
fpxäkìm: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] P F vin. enter ftuopa–: ["ftu.o.pa] P F adp. from behind
fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from ftxavang: ["ft'a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
’u thing) ftxey: [ft'·Ej] P F vtr. choose
frafya: ["fra.fja] P F adv. in every way (c.w. from ftxey: [ft'Ej] P F conj. whether, or
fra’u everything and fya’o way) ftxì: [ft'I] P F n. tongue
frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de- ftxìlor: [ft'I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting
rived from" krr time) (c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance, ftxìvä’: [ft'I."væP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
each time (derived from alo time) ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from ftxozä: [ft'o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa-
po he/she) sion
frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than ftxozä si: [ft'o."zæ s·i] P F vin. celebrate (derived
all from ftxozä celebration)
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived ftxulì’u: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. orate, give speech
from trr day)" (c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)

9
ftxulì’uyu: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. orator, (public) fyan: [fjan] P F n. constructed device for keeping
speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give something off the ground and clean
speech) fyanyì: ["fjan.jI] P F n. shelf (c.w. from fyan con-
fu: [fu] P F conj. or structed device for keeping something off the
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or ground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,
and ke not) step, rung)
fula: ["fu.la] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul this fyanyo: ["fjan.jo] P F n. table, elevated utilitari-
(agentive) and a subordinator) an surface (c.w. from fyan constructed device
fura: ["fu.Ra] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-r this for keeping something off the ground and clean
(dative) and a subordinator) and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo can be
furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’uri this used in place of fyanyo.
(topical) and a subordinator) fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how variant of pefya
futa: ["fu.ta] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t this fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t'·u] P F vin. guide (with
(patientive) and a subordinator) dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
fwa: [fwa] P F sbd. that (subordinate clause mar- and wìntxu show)
ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a fyawìntxuyu: [fja.wIn."t'u.ju] P F n. guide (de-
subordinator) rived from fyawìntxu guide)
fwal: [fw·al] P F vtr. wipe fyel: [fj·El] P F vtr. seal, make impervious
fwang: [fwaN] P F adj. savory, umami, rich
fyeng: [fjEN] P F adj. steep
fwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] P F vin. whistle
fyep: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
fwem: [fwEm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point)
fwep: [fwEp^] P F n. dust (on a surface) fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search from fyeyn ripe, mature)
fwi: [fw·i] P F vin. slip, slide fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple
fwìng: [fwIN] P F n. humiliation, embarrassment, fyinep’ang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. degree of com-
loss of face plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang
fwìng si: [fwIN s·i] P F vin. humiliate (derived complex)
from fwìng humiliation) fyinep’angpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. how
fwopx: [fwop'] P F n. dust (in the air) (derived complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud) complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang
fwum: [fw·um] P F vin. float (on the surface of a fyìp: [fjIp^] P F n. tendril, tentacle
liquid) fyole: ["fjo.lE] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection
fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner fyolup: ["fjo.lup^] P F adj. exquisite, sublime in
fyalì’u: ["fja.lI.Pu] P F n. adverb (c.w. from fya’o style (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra sty-
path, way, manner and lì’u word) le)

ha: [ha] P F conj. so, in that case hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ha’: [h·aP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent- ham previous and alo time)
ly enhance han: [h·an] P F vtr. lose
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh
hangvur: ["haN.vuR] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w.
hafyon: [ha."fjon] P F n. wisdom
from hangham laugh and vur story)
hafyonga’: [ha."fjo.NaP] P F adj. wise (derived hapxì: [ha."p'I]
P F n. part
from hafyon wisdom) nfp.
hapxìtu: [ha."p'I.tu] P F n. member (derived
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep from hapxì part)
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished

10
hasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] P F vin. accomplish, bring hiup: ["hi·up^] P F vtr. spit, spit out
to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi- hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
nished) hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
hawl: [h·awl] P F vtr. prepare small and ioang animal)
hawmpam: ["hawm.pam] P F n. noise. sound hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
unexpected or startling (derived from hawng from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
overabundance and pam sound) hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance hìmpxì: [hIm."p'I] P F n. minority, least, small
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from part
hawng overabundance " and krr time) hìmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] P F inter. how much
>
hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok'] P F n. glove (c.w. variant of pìmtxan
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand) hìmtxan: [hIm."t'an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter hìm small and txan much)
hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from hìmtxew: [hIm."t'Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w.
hawnu protect and venu foot) from hìm small and txew limit)
hawre’: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu hìmtxewvay: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. minimally
protect and re’o head) (derived from hìmtxew minimum)
>
hawtsyìp: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. nap (derived from hìno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-
hahaw sleep) cate (of things)
hay: [haj] P F adj. next hìpey: ["hI.p·Ej] P F vin. hesitate, hold back for a
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from short time (derived from hì’i small and pey
hay next and alo time) wait)
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F intj. until next ti- hìtxoa: [hI."t'o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived
me (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- un- from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)
til) hoan: ["ho.an] P F n. comfort
hän: [hæn] P F n. net, web hoet: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive
he’a: ["h·E.P·a] P F vin. cough hol: [hol] P F adj. few
hefi: ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. smell (not intentionally) holpxay: [hol."p'aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
>
hefitswo: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. (sense of) smell (de- hol few and pxay many)
rived from hefi smell) holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] P F inter. how many
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un- (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
expected hona: ["ho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute
hena: ["h·E.n·a] P F vtr. carry horenleykekyu: [ho.REn.lEj."kEk.ju] P F n. law
hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (deri- enforcer, police officer (c.w. from koren rule
ved from herwì snow and meyp weak) and leykek enforce)
hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] P F n. snow field (derived hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
from herwì snow and txayo field) hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
herwì: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
herwìva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowflake (derived hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
>
from herwì snow and ìlva flake) hufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. breeze, light
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object) wind (derived from hufwe wind)
>
heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit hultstxem: [h·ul."tst'·Em] P F vtr. hinder
heyr: [hEjR] P F n. chest hum: [h·um] P F vin. leave, depart
hifwo: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. flee, escape hupx: [h·up'] P F vtr. miss, not hit a target
hipx: [hip'] P F vtr. control huru: ["hu.Ru] P F n. cooking pot

11
I

i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument of mystery and tsim source)

>
ikut: ["i.kut^] P F n. large pestle (grinding tool); ingyentsyìp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight
meal-mashing pole of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
il: [i·l] P F vin. bend from ingyen feeling of mystery)
inan: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain io–: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
to first syllable with infixation) ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of per- (item of)
ception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge ioi säpi: [i."o.i sæ."p·i] P F vin. adorn oneself
from sensory input and fya’o path, way) (c.w. from ioi adornment and s«äp»i do (re-
ingyen: ["iN.jEn] P F n. feeling of mystery or in- flexive))
comprehension ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
ingyenga’: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzz- adornment)
ling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling ionar: ["i.o.naR] P F n. banshee rider visor
of mystery) irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
>
ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle, irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling (derived from irayo thanks)

ka–: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly kangay si: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. validate, confirm
kakan: ["ka.kan] P F adj. rough (derived from kangay valid)
kakpam: [kak."pam] P F adj. deaf (derived from kanom: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. acquire, get
>
pam sound) kantseng: ["kan.tsEN] P F n. destination (c.w.
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from from kan aim and tseng place)
rel image, picture) kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp.
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste kar: [k·aR] P F vtr. teach
kaltxì: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar
kaltxì si: [kal."t'I "s·i] P F vin. say hello, greet (de- teach)
rived from kaltxì hello) karyunay: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. apprentice teacher
kalweyaveng: [kal."wEj.a.vEN] P F n. son of a bit- (derived from karyu teacher)
ch (vulgar) (c.w. from kali’weya poisonous kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm
arachnid and ’eveng child) kavan: ["k·a.v·an] P F vtr. support (physically)
kam–: [kam] P F adp. ago kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery
kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand, kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. betray (derived
know (spiritual sense) from kavuk treachery)
kan: [k·an] P F vtrm. aim, to intend; aim, to direct kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. not at all, not a bit
a weapon or other object at a target (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at all in ph-
kan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. focus on, specialize rases) (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit)
in, be particularly interested in (c.w. from kan kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and" krr time)
aim and ’in be busy)
kanfpìl: ["k·an.fp·Il] P F vin. concentrate, focus kawkxan: [kaw."k'an] P F adj. free, unblocked,
one’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl unobstructed, clear (c.w. from ke ’aw not one
think) and ekxan barricade, obstruction)
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with kawl: [kawl] P F adv. hard, diligently
ngay true) kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil

12
kawnglan: ["kawN.lan] P F adj. malicious, bad he- kehe: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. no
arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lan kekem: ["kE.kEm] P F pn. no action or activity
heart) (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. exploit kelemweypey: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. impa-
kawngtu: ["kawN.tu] P F n. bad person, “bad tient (derived from ke not and lemweypey
guy” (derived from kawng bad, evil) patient)
kawnomum: [kaw."no.mum] P F adj. unknown kelfpomron: [kEl.fpom."Ron] P F adj. unhealthy
(c.w. from ke not and omum know) (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and lefpomron
>
kawtseng: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. nowhere (c.w. healthy (mentally)) ofp.
from ke ’aw not one and tseng place) kelfpomtokx: [kEl.fpom."tok'] P F adj. unhealt-
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke hy (physically) (c.w. from ke not and fpom-
’aw not one and tute person) tokx health) ofp.
kay–: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future) kelha’: [kEl."haP] P F adj. inappropriate (derived
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late from ke not and leha’ appropriate)
afternoon kelhoan: [kEl."ho.an] P F adj. uncomfortable (de-
kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go rived from hoan comfort)
kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from kelkin: [kEl."kin] P F adj. unnecessary
kä go and ’ärìp move) kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house
kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F vin. ride out (c.w. kelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (deri-
from kä go and makto ride) ved from kelku home)
kämunge: [kæ."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take (derived kelpxìmrun: [kEl."p'Im.Run] P F adj. rare (deri-
from munge bring) ved from ke not and lepxìmrun common)
käpxì: [kæ."p'I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. kelsar: [kEl."saR] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part) from ke not and lesar useful)
kärìp: ["k·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push variant of keltrrtrr: [kEl."tr.tr] P F adj. unusual (derived
kä’ärìp from ke not and" " letrrtrr ordinary)
> >
käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w. keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w.
from kä go and tseng place) from ke not and tsun be able)
käsrìn: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. lend (derived from kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang action and lì’u word)
out with kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
ke: [kE] P F adv., part. not from kemlì’u verb)
ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) vari-
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed)
ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not kem si: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. do (derived from
and ’u thing) kem action, deed)
kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun) kemuia: [kE."mu.i.a] P F n. dishonor (c.w. from
kefpomronga’: [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. unhe- ke not and meuia honor)
althful (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and fp- kemuianga’: [kE."mu.i.a.NaP] P F adj. dishono-
omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp. rable (c.w. from ke not and meuianga’ ho-
kefpomtokxnga’: [kE.fpom."tok'.NaP] P F adj. norable)
unhealthful (physically) (c.w. from ke not and kemuia si: [kE."mu.i.a s·i] P F vin. dishonor (de-
fpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp. rived from kemuia dishonor)
keftxo: [kE."ft'o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset, kemwiä: [kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. improper, unfair,
’How sad!’ wrong, unjustified (c.w. from ke not and
kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right? muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques- ken’aw: [kEn."Paw] P F adv. not only (c.w. from
tion marker) ke not and nì’aw only)

13
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as keynven: [k·Ejn."vEn] P F vin. step (derived
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] P F vtr. model, represent, ex- from keyn put down and venu foot)
emplify (ii) keyrel: ["kEj.REl] P F n. facial expression (c.w.
kenzen: [kEn."zEn] P F adv. not necessarily (c.w. from key face and rel image)
from ke not and nìzen necessarily) kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl."t'E] P F adv. of
course, needless to say " (contraction of
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix)) ke+zene+pivlltxe)
kesätarenga’: [kE.sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. irrele- kezin: ["kE.zin] P F adj. untangled (derived
vant (derived from sätare connection, rela- from zin tangled)
tionship) ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
kesran: [kE."sRan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w. kian: [k·i."·an] P F vtr. blame
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of kiantu: [ki."an.tu] P F n. blameworthy person
this word is not entirely clear. It may have (derived from kian blame)
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ’not kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer- kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river
tain action was performed well or not, and kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need
over time it became shortened to just kes- kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg
ran, its use expanding to include anything kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
only mediocre in quality.) nam leg and til joint)
keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven
not and teng same, equal) kintrr: ["kin.tr] P F n. week (derived from kinä
seven and trr " day)
ketrìp: ["kEt.RIp^] P F adj. unfortunate, inauspi-
cious (derived from etrìp favorable) kintrram: ["kin.tr.am] P F n. last week (derived
> from kintrr week) "
ketsran: [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no
matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and kintrray: ["kin.tr.aj] P F n. next week (derived
from kintrr week) "
tsranten Matter, be of importance)
> kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
ketsukanom: [kE.tsu."ka.nom] P F adj. unavai-
lable, unobtainable (derived from kanom ac- kipxì: [ki."p'I] P F n. one-seventh (c.w. from kinä
quire, get) seven and hapxì part)
> kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
ketsuklewn: [kE.tsuk."lEwn] P F adj. intolerable,
from kinä seven)
unacceptable (derived from ketsuk– not able
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
to do and lewn endure, stand, tolerate)
> kìm: [k·Im] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol
ketsuktiam: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj. un-
rumit kolìm He spun the ball
countable, infinite (derived from ketsuk– not
kìmar: [kI."maR] P F adj. in season (of foods, vege-
able to do and tiam count)
> > table or animal)
ketsuktswa’: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. unforget-
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
table (derived from ketsuk– not able to do
kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
and tswa’ forget)
kìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] P F vin. serve (derived
ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien
from kìte’e service)
kew: [kEw] P F num. zero kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP] P F vin. be responsible
kewan: ["kE.wan] P F n. age (derived from koak "
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w.
old and ’ewan young) "
from kllpa bottom and kä go)
kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. dig up
key: [kEj] P F n. face "
kllkxem: [kl."k'·Em] P F vin. stand
keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not "
kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
"
right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct) kllpä: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. land, reach the ground
keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity "
(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)
keyn: [k·Ejn] P F vtr. put down kllpxìltu: [kl."p'Il.tu] P F n. territory
"
14
kllrikx: [kl."rik'] P F n. earthquake (c.w. from koren ayll: [ko."REn a."jl] P F n. law, societal rule
kllte ground" and rikx move) (c.w. from koren rule" and yll communal)
kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground kosman: [ko."sman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific,
" >
klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from fantastic
tseng place) " koum: ["ko.um] P F adj. rounded, curved
klltxay: [kl."t'·aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w. krr: [kr] P F n. time
" ground and txay lie flat) " .a]
krra: ["kr
from kllte P F conj. when, at the time that (de-
klltxeykay: [kl.t'Ej."k·aj] P F vtr. lay (something) rived" from krr time)
on the ground " (c.w. from kllte ground and tx- krrka–: ["kr.ka] P F adp. during (derived from
ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay krr time)"
kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek'] P F vin. take/consume time
" and vawm dark) "
(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)
kllte ground
kllwo: [kl."w·o] P F vin. alight, land (process of) krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when variant of pehrr
" "
(c.w. from krr time)
(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for)
kllyem: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
ground and " yem put) kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-
cover (literally and metaphorically)
kllza’u: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come down, descend
" kllte ground and za’u come) kum: [kum] P F n. result
(c.w. from
kuma: ["kum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
rived from kum result) this form precedes
ko’on: ["ko.Pon] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape
the result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma
roughly circular (derived from koum roun-
yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I
ded, curved and ’on shape)
fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’
koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
kung: [kuN] P F adj. putrid, fetid, rotten
things)
kur: [k·uR] P F vin. hang
koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. old man (derived kurakx: [k·u."R·ak'] P F vtr. drive out
from koak old, aged) kurfyan: ["kuR.fjan] P F n. hamper or suspended
koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. old woman (derived rack (c.w. from kur hang and fyan construc-
from koak old, aged) ted device for keeping something off the ground
koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. old person (derived and clean)
from koak old, aged) kurfyavi: ["kuR.fja.vi] P F n. hook (for hanging or
kolan: [ko."lan] P F intj. I mean, rather (self- suspending an item) (derived from kurfyan
correcting) (derived from kan aim, intend) hamper or suspended rack)
kom: [k·om] P F vim. dare kurkung: ["kuR.kuN] P F n. asshole (vulgar) (c.w.
kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also, additionally from kuru neural queue and kung putrid,
kop: [kop^] P F conj. and also rotten)
koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline kuru: ["ku.Ru] P F n. neural queue

Kx

kxa: [k'a] P F n. mouth from kxamtrr noon and maw after)

kxakx: [k'·ak'] P F vin. break, snap in two >
kxamtseng: ["k'am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
kxam: [k'am] P F n. middle, midpoint the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
kxamlä–: ["k'am.læ] P F adp. through (via the place)
middle of) (derived from kxam middle) kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] P F n. after mid-
kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
from kxam middle " and trr day) maw after)
kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. the time kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
immediately after noon," early afternoon (c.w. from kxam middle and txon night)

15
kxamyì: ["k'am.jI] P F n. intermediate level (c.w. kxìm: [k'·Im] P F vtr. command, order, assign a
from kxam middle and yì level) task
kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (ono- kxìmyu: ["k'Im.ju] P F n. commander, one with
matopoeic) authority over another (derived from kxìm
kxange: ["k'·a.N·e] P F vin. yawn command, order, assign tasks)
kxanì: ["k'a.nI] P F adj. forbidden kxll: [k'l] P F n. charge, running attack
kxap: [k'ap^] P F n. threat kxll si: "["k'l "s·i] P F vin. charge (derived from
kxapnga’: ["k'ap.NaP] P F adj. threatening (deri- "
kxll charge)
ved from kxap threat) nfp. kxor: [k'oR] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-
kxap si: [k'ap s·i] P F vin. threaten (derived terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly
from kxap threat) force (countable, but only rarely)
kxawm: [k'awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe kxu: [k'u] P F n. harm
kxayl: [k'ajl] P F adj. high kxuke: ["k'u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
kxaylyì: ["k'ajl.jI] P F n. high level (c.w. from kx- harm and ke not)
ayl high and yì level) kxukx: [k'·uk'] P F vtr. swallow
kxänäng: ["k'æ.næN] P F adj. smell of decaying kxum: [k'um] P F adj. viscous, gelatinous, thick
animal/flesh, rotting, putrid kxumpay: ["k'um.paj] P F n. viscous liquid, gel
kxeltek: ["k'·El.t·Ek^] P F vtr. pick up, lift (c.w. from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick
kxem: [k'·Em] P F vin. be vertical and pay water, liquid)
kxemyo: ["k'Em.jo] P F n. wall, vertical surface kxumpaysyar: ["k'um.paj.sjaR] P F n. glue (c.w.
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface) from kxumpay viscous liquid and syar stick
kxener: ["k'E.nER] P F n. smoke to, adhere)
>
kxetse: ["k'E.tsE] P F n. tail kxu si: [k'u s·i] P F vin. harm (derived from kxu
kxeyey: ["k'E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake harm)
>
kxitx: [k'it'] P F n. death kxutslu: ["k'u.tslu] P F n. risk (c.w. from kxu
kxì: [k'I] P F intj. hello (casual) (derived from harm and tìtsunslu possibility)
kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form of kxutu: ["k'u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
kaltxì harm)

la’a: ["la.Pa] P F n. separation, distance between lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one person or thing
two places or objects (c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
la’ang: ["la.PaN] P F n. pile of stinking, rotting laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean
animal matter laro si: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. clean, make free of dirt
la’ape: ["la.Pa.pE] P F inter. how near, how far, (derived from laro clean)
what distance variant of pela’a latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem
la’um: ["l·a.P·um] P F vin. pretend (use with tsnì) vtr. change)
>
lafyon: [la."fjon] P F adj. wise (derived from ha- latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA vin. keep up with someone
fyon wisdom) ofp. law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else lawk: [l·awk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
lal: [lal] P F adj. old (opposite of mip) nfp.
lawnol: ["law.nol] P F n. great joy
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear
lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody
lamaytxa: [la.maj."t'a] P F n. flood law si: ["law "s·i] P F vin. make clear (derived
lan: [lan] P F n. resin from law clear)
lang: [l·aN] P F vtr. investigate, explore layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived
lanutral: ["la.nut.Ral] P F n. dandetiger (c.w. from layon black)
from lan resin and utral tree) layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black

16
lätxayn: [l·æ."t'·ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, con- leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect
quer leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. to respect (deri-
le’al: [lE."Pal] P F adj. wasteful (derived from ’al ved from leioae respect)
waste) nfp. lek: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. heed, obey
le’aw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
le’awtu: [lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. alone, on one’s own, kin need)
by one’s self; lonely (c.w. from ’aw one and lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
tute person) from koren rule)
le’en: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (de- lekxan: [lE."k'an] P F adj. blocked, obstructed;
rived from ’en guess) nfp. frustrated (derived from ekxan barrier)
le’Ìnglìsì: [lE."PIN.lI.sI] P F adj. English, of the >
lekxutslu: [lE."k'u.tslu] P F adj. risky (derived
English language (derived from ’Ìnglìsì Eng- from kxutslu risk)
lish language) lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
lefkeytongay: [lE.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adj. real (c.w. (derived from keye’ung insanity)
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true) lelewng: [lE."lEwN] P F adj. shameful (derived
lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from from lewng shame) ofp.
"
fìkrr this time)
lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language,
lefnelan: [lE."fnE.lan] P F adj. male (derived
regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-
from fnelan male)
guage)
lefnele: [lE."fnE.lE] P F adj. female (derived from
lemrey: [lEm."REj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-
fnele female)
ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
rived from emrey survive)
from fngap metal)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
rived from maweypey be patient)
ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,
len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur
peace) nfp.
leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
lefpomron: [lE.fpom."Ron] P F adj. healthy (men-
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
tally) (derived from fpomron health or well-
ople)
being (mentally)) ofp.
lefpomtokx: [lE.fpom."tok'] P F adj. healthy leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated
(physically) (derived from fpomtokx health (of a person)
(physical) ) ofp. lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
lefrir: [le."fRiR] P F adj. layered (derived from ved from newomum be curious)
frir layer) lenrra: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. proud (derived from
leftxozä: [lE."ft'o.zæ] P F adj. celebratory nrra pride)"
leha’: [lE."haP] P F adj. appropriate, suitable, fit- lepay: [lE."paj] P F adj. watery (derived from
ting (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement) pay water)
lehawmpam: [lE."hawm.pam] P F adj. noisy lepwopx: [lEp."wop'] P F adj. cloudy (derived
(derived from hawmpam noise) from pìwopx cloud)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived lepxìmrun: [lE."p'Im.Run] P F adj. common, of-
from hawng overabundance) ten found (derived from pxìm often and run
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived find)
from hawngkrr late) " ler: [lER] P F adj. steady, smooth (for motion)
lehìpey: [lE."hI.pEj] P F adj. hesitant, in a state of lereyfya: [lE."REj.fja] P F adj. cultural (derived
hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate) from reyfya way of living)
lehoan: [lE."ho.an] P F adj. comfortable (derived lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
from hoan comfort) leaf )
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived lerìn: [lE."rIn] P F adj. wooden, of wood (derived
from hrrap" danger) from rìn wood)

17
leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (deri- argue)
ved from ronsrel something imagined) leweopx: [lE.wE."op'] P F adj. wave-like (derived
lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague from weopx wave (of water))
lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar lewn: [l·Ewn] P F vtr. endure, stand, tolerate
use) lewng: [lEwN] P F n. shame
lesar si: [lE."saR s·i] P F vin. be useful, be of use, lewnga’: ["lEw.NaP] P F adj. shameful (derived
come in handy (derived from lesar useful) from lewng shame) nfp.
leskxir: [lE."sk'iR] P F adj. wounded (derived lew säpi: ["lEw sæ."p·i] P F vin. cover oneself
from skxir wound) (c.w. from lew cover and s«äp»i do (reflexi-
lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. original, existing at ve))
or from the start, first in a series (derived from lew si: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. cover (derived from
sngä’i begin) lew cover)
lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. full of self-pride ley: [l·Ej] P F vin. be of value, have some positive
(derived from snonrra " self-pride) value, be worth something
leso’ha: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. foggy, misty (deri-
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) ved from yapay fog)
ofp. leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from
letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from ye’krr early) "
tam suffice) leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. disappointing (deri-
letokx: [lE."tok'] P F adj. bodily, physical (deri- ved from yewla disappointment)
ved from tokx body)
leykek: [lEj."k·Ek^] P F vtr. enforce (derived
letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day) from lek obey and «eyk» causative infix)
"
letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived
" " leykekyu: [lEj."kEk.ju] P F n. law enforcer, police
from trr day)
> officer variant of horenleykekyu
letsaktap: [lE."tsak.tap^] P F adj. violent (deri-
leym: [l·Ejm] P F vin. call, cry out, exclaim
ved from tsaktap violence)
> leymfe’: [l·Ejm."fEP] P F vin. complain (c.w. from
letsim: [lE."tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not de-
leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad)
rived from another source (derived from tsim
leymkem: [l·Ejm."kEm] P F vin. protest (c.w.
source)
> from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiä
letskxe: [lE."tsk'E] P F adj. stony, of stone (deri-
improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified)
ved from tskxe rock, stone)
> leyn: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. repeat, do again
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter) leyr: [lEjr] P F adj. frozen
> leyr si: ["lEjr s·i] P F vin. freeze (something) (de-
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible) rived from leyr frozen)
> >
letswal: [le."tswal] P F adj. powerful (derived leytslam: ["lEj.tsl·am] P F vtr. appreciate (c.w.
from tswal power) ofp. from ley have value and tslam understand)
letut: [lE."tut^] P F adj. constant, continual (deri- lezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. grassy (derived
ved from tut continuation marker) from zeswa grass)
letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a li: [li] P F adv. already
person) (derived from tute person and wan lie: ["li.E] P F n. experience
hide) lie si: ["li.E s·i] P F vin. experience (derived from
letxi: [lE."t'i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived lie experience)
from txi hurry) lini: ["li.ni] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish,
letxiluke: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] P F adj. unhurried (c.w. insect
from txi hurry and luke without) lipx: [l·ip'] P F vin. drip
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not
lewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argu- after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte liswa: [li."swa] P F n. nourishment

18
liswa si: [li."swa s·i] P F vin. nourish, provide lo’a: ["lo.Pa] P F n. totem, amulet
nourishment (derived from liswa nourish- loho: ["l·o.h·o] P F vin. be surprising (experiencer
ment) in dative)
litx: [lit'] P F adj. sharp (as a blade) loi: ["lo.i] P F n. egg
lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u lok: [l·ok^] P F vtr. approach
word and fya’o way) lok–: [lok^] P F adp. close to
lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group, lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and person who is longed for)
olo’ clan) lomtu: ["lom.tu] P F n. missed person (derived
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan- from lom missing, missed)
guage (derived from lì’fya language) lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go
lì’kong: ["lIP.koN] P F n. syllable (c.w. from lì’u lonusye: [l·o."n·u.sjE] P F vin. exhale; blow (c.w.
word and ’ekong rythmic beat) from lonu release and syeha breath)
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word lopx: [l·op'] P F vin. panic
lì’ukìng: ["lI.Pu.kIN] P F n. sentence (c.w. from lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
lì’u word and kìng thread) loran: ["lo.Ran] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from
lì’ukìngvi: ["lI.Pu.kIN.vi] P F n. phrase (derived lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
from lì’ukìng sentence) ture)
>
lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia- lortsyal: ["loR.tsjal] P F n. shimmyfly (c.w. from
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound) lor beautiful and tsyal wing)
lì’upe: ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
utterance) variant of pelì’u lrrtok si:" ["lr.tok^ "s·i] P F vin. smile (derived
lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (c.w. from from lrrtok " smile)
lì’u word and puk book (English loan word)) lu: [l·u] P F vin. be, am, is, are (predicative co-
lì’uvan: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w. pula, existential verb) (signifies possession
from lì’u word and uvan game) with dative of possessor)
lì’uvi: ["lI.Pu.vi] P F n. affix (derived from lì’u luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
word) lukftang: [luk."ftaN] P F adj. constant, continual
lìktap: ["lIk.tap^] P F adj. crooked (c.w. from luke without and ftang stop)
lìm: [l·Im] P F vin. be far lukpen: [luk."pEn] P F adj. without clothing, na-
lìmsimpe: ["lIm.sim.pE] P F inter. how near, how ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing
far (derived from lìm be far and sim be near) (plural))
lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why variant of
>
lìngtskxe: ["lIN.tsk'E] P F n. unobtanium (c.w. pelun
from lìng float in the air, hover and tskxe lun: [lun] P F n. reason
rock, stone) lupra: ["lup.Ra] P F n. style

ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker) masat: ["ma.sat^] P F n. breastplate (armor)

makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. ride matu: [ma."tu] P F intj. excuse me, hey (derived
mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring from ma O (vocative marker) and tute person)
mam: [mam] P F vtr. wrap mauti: ["ma.u.ti] P F n. fruit
manawmtu: [ma."nawm.tu] P F intj. excuse me maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time)
sir, excuse me madam (c.w. from ma O (voca- mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm
tive marker) and nawmtu great person, noble maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F vin. be patient (ii)
person) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
manga: [ma."Na] P F intj. hey, hey you (c.w. from maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n. One who
ma O (vocative marker) and nga you) is patient (derived from maweypey be pati-

19
 ent) meuia si: [mE."u.i.a s·i] P F vin. honor (derived
mawfwa: ["maw.fwa] P F conj. after (c.w. from from meuia honor)
maw after and fwa that) meyam: [m·E."y·am] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards, la- in one’s arms
"
ter (c.w. from maw after and krr time) meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak
mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal) meyptu: ["mEjp.tu] P F n. weakling (derived
variant of akrrmaw " (c.w. from krr time and from meyp weak)
maw after) mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half miklor: [mik."loR] P F adj. pleasant sounding,
may’: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. taste, try, sample, evalu- beautiful sounding (derived from mikyun
ate, check out, test-drive ear and lor beautiful)
>
mäkxu: [m·æ."k'u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of miktsang: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. earring (c.w. from
harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm) mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious mikvä’: [mik."væP] P F adj. bad-sounding (deri-
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to
from me+ dual marker and po he/she) the senses)
mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear
mei: ["mE.i] P F adj. wet
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new
meitayo: [mE.i."ta.jo] P F n. wetlands (c.w. from
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
mei wet and txayo field)
mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F adv., n. inside
mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically:
mìftxele: [mI."ft'E.lE] P F adv. in this regard, re-
having no value
lated to this matter
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
> mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
mektseng: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. gap, breach (c.w.
mìn: [m·In] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn
from mek empty and tseng place)
ne ftärpa Turn to the left
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
dual marker and alo time) mìn turn)
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye) from mì in)
meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo- mll’an: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. accept
ny, living at one with nature "
mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. agree
merki: ["mER.ki] P F n. ground rack (for smoking "
mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area
meats) mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F n. gathering place
mesrram: [mE.sr."am] P F adv., n. the day befo- mo a fngä’: ["mo a "fNæP] P F n. restroom (on
" days ago (derived from trr
re yesterday, two Earth) (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open area
day) and (a) fngä’ relieve oneself )
mesrray: [mE.sr."aj] P F adv., n. the day after to- moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
morrow, two "days from now (derived from trr (derived from me+ dual and oe I)
day) mok: [m·ok^] P F vtr. suggest
mestampe: [mE."stam.pE] P F inter. what two mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
men variant of pemstan momek: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. hollow, not solid
mestepe: [mE."stE.pE] P F inter. what two women mong: [m·oN] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for
variant of pemste protection
mesupe: [mE."su.pE] P F inter. what two people mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
variant of pemsu (physically, sexually)
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor mowar: [mo."waR] P F n. advice, bit or piece of ad-
meuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj. honorable vice
(derived from meuia honor and nga’ con- mowar si: [mo."waR s·i] P F vin. advise (derived
tain) from mowar advice)

20
mowarsiyu: [mo."waR.si.ju] P F n. advisor (deri- munsna: ["mun.sna] P F n. pair (derived from
ved from mowar advice) mune two and sna’o set, group)
mrr: [mr] P F num. five muntrr: ["mun.tr] P F n. weekend (derived from
mrrpxì: "[mr."p'I] P F n. one-fifth (c.w. from mrr mune two and " trr day)
"
five and hapxì part) muntrram: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. last weekend (de-
mrrtrr: ["mr.tr] P F n. five day work week (deri- rived from muntrr " weekend)
ved from " mrr
" five and trr day) muntrray: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. next weekend (de-
mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived rived from muntrr" weekend)
from mrr " five) muntxa: [mun."t'a] P F adj. mated, married
mu’ni: ["m·uP.n·i] P F vtr. accomplish, achieve muntxa si: [mun."t'a "s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi- meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)
ed muntxatan: [mun."t'a.tan] P F n. husband, male
mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F vtr. cut spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two muntxate: [mun."t'a.tE] P F n. wife, female
munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
mungsye: ["m·uN.sjE] P F vin. inhale (c.w. from muntxatu: [mun."t'a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
munge take and syeha breath) from muntxa mated)
mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
mungwrrtxo: [muN."wr " .t'o]
P F conj. unless, ex- ved from mune two)
"
cept if (usually used with subjunctive <iv>) muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. introduce,
(c.w. from mungwrr except and txo if ) present (derived from wìntxu show)

na–: [na] P F adp. like, as nawang: ["n·a.w·aN] P F vin. merge, become one
na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest with
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be nawfwe: [naw."fwE] P F adj. fluent (for speech)
drunk Contraction of na hufwe
nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
and fì’u this) nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person, noble
nafpawng: [na."fpawN] P F adv. grievingly, with person (derived from nawm great, noble)
grief (derived from afpawng grief ) nawri: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. talented
nam’ake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (de- nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
rived from am’ake confident) nine)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en- näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink
couragement (mirative) nän: [n·æn] P F vin. decrease
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
(derived from nari eye) nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
narlor: [naR."loR] P F adj. beautiful visually (deri- nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
ved from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant nekx: [n·Ek'] P F vtr. burn, consume
to the senses) nemfa–: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
narvä’: [naR."væP] P F adj. ugly, unsightly (deri- from ne towards and mìfa inside)
ved from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv., intj. in a fashion as
senses) if one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example, survive)
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke- neni: ["nE.ni] P F n. sand
nong example) neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
natxu: [n·a."t'·u] P F vtr. disapprove of from ne to)

21
netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
new: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. want answer (derived from ’eyng answer)
newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F vin. be curious, nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de-
want to know (c.w. from new want and rived from ’i’a end)
omum know) nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)
from neyn light, shade of white) nì’o’: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is en-
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)
niä: [n·i."·æ] P F vtr. grab nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nik: [nik^] P F adj. convenient, usable without nì’ul’ul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more
much expenditure of effort and more (derived from ’ul increase)
nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as
nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w. you know, as is known (casual speech
from nikre hair and ioi adornment) [naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-
>
niktsyey: ["nik.tsjEj] P F n. food wrap (food items ve participle infix and omum know)
wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. from nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
nik convenient and tsyey snack, light meal) (casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy eng us (inclusive))
ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived nìfe’: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe’
from inan read) bad)
ningyen: ["niN.jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a
nìfkeytongay: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adv. actually,
puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen fee-
as a matter of fact (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-
ling of mystery)
tion and ngay true)
nip: [n·ip^] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in
nìfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri-
something
ved from fìkrr" this time)
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
nìflä: [nI."flæ] P F adv. successfully (derived
nivi: ["ni.vi] P F n. sleeping hammock (general
from flä succeed)
term)
nìflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived
nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
from flrr "gentle)
nì’al: [nI."Pal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from
nìfmokx: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. jealously, en-
’al waste)
viously (derived from fmokx jealousy)
nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw
one) nìfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from
nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per- fnu quiet)
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person) nìfpxamo: [nI."fp'a.mo] P F adv. horribly, terrib-
nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived ly, awfully (derived from fpxamo horrible)
from ’awve first) nìfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. as always (derived
from frakrr always)"
nì’älek: [nI."Pæ.lEk^] P F adv. determinedly, with
determination (derived from ’älek determi- nìfrir: [nI."fRiR] P F adv. in layers (derived from
ned) frir layer)
nì’en: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed nìftär: [nI."ftæR] P F adv. to the left (derived
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en from ftär left)
guess) nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
nì’eng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same le- ftue easy)
vel (derived from ’engeng level) nìftxan: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de- (derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
rived from ’eoio ceremonious) nìftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F adv. passionately,
nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, imma- with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
turely (derived from ’eveng child) nate)

22
nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. by whistling, in nìksran: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. in a mediocre man-
a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi ner (derived from kesran mediocre)
whistle) nìktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. carefully,
nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (deri- firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
ved from fya’o way) lit.: ’without letting it fall’
nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult, nìkx: [nIk'] P F n. gravel
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult) nìkxap: [nI."k'ap^] P F adv. threateningly (deri-
nìhawmpam: [nI."hawm.pam] P F adv. noisily ved from kxap threat)
(derived from hawmpam noise) nìkxem: [nI."k'Em] P F adv. vertically (derived
nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively from kxem be vertical)
(derived from hawng overabundance) nìlam: [nI."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
nìhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay from lam seem)
next) nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from
nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri- law clear)
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not nìler: [nI."lER] P F adv. steadily (derived from ler
manner, adverbial) steady, smooth)
nìhìpey: [nI."hI.pEj] P F adv. hesitantly (derived nìli: [nI."li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li
from hìpey hesitate) already)
nìhoan: [nI."ho.an] P F adv. comfortably (deri- nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
ved from hoan comfort) incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
nìhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. widely, pervasively without and ftang stop)
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive) nìloho: [nI."lo.ho] P F adv. surprisingly (derived
nìhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived from loho be surprising)
>
from hol few) nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
nìhona: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly sìltsan good)
(derived from hona endearing) nìlun: [nI."lun] P F adv. of course, logically,
nìk’ärìp: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] P F adv. steadily (deri- following common sense
ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let- nìmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without he-
ting it move’ sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (de-
from kì’ong slow) rived from meyp weak)
nìkakan: [nI."ka.kan] P F adv. roughly (derived nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
from kakan rouh) nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a (derived from mawey calm)
smart way (derived from kanu smart) nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft'o] P F adv. unfortunately, (derived from maweypey be patient)
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy) nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at
nìkelkin: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. unnecessarily nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi,
(derived from kelkin unnecessary) Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)
nìkemweypey: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. impa- nìnäk: [nI."næk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid
tiently (derived from ke not and lemwey- way (derived from näk drink)
pey patient) nìnän: [nI."næn] P F adv. less (derived from nän
nìklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly, decrease)
faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go) nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] P F adv. decreasingly, less
lit.: ’without releasing it’ and less (derived from nän decrease)
nìkmar: [nIk."maR] P F adv. in the right season, nìnew: [nI."nEw] P F adv. voluntarily, willingly,
opportunely (derived from kìmar in season) by desire (derived from new want)
nìksman: [nIk."sman] P F adv. wonderfully (de- nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
rived from kosman wonderful) ngay true)

23
nìngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily nìsok: [nI."sok^] P F adv. recently (derived from
(derived from ngong lazy) sok recent)
nìno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, tho- nìsteng: [nI."stEN] P F adv. similarly (derived
roughly from steng similar)
nìnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (de- nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti
rived from" nrra pride) be angry)
nìnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally,
vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or ex- furthermore (derived from sung add)
pected end (derived from nui fail, falter) nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
nìolo’: [nI.o."loP] P F adv. (together) as members ved from swey best)
of a clan (derived from olo’ clan) nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin-
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly, cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
with pleasure" (derived from prrte’ pleasurab- nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
le) syen last)
nìpxay: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. many, manily (deri- nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip
ved from pxay many) (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’
nìpxi: [nI."p'i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un-
nìt’iluke: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] P F adv. never-endingly,
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
forever (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion
nìpxim: [nI."p'im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri- and luke without)
ved from pxim erect, upright)
nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (derived from
nìpxul: [nI."p'ul] P F adv. formidably, imposingly
tam suffice)
(derived from pxul formidable, imposing)
nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
nìran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally,
se (derived from teng same, equal)
in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac-
nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as
ter or nature)
(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
me way as (conj.))
fact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti-
nìtkan: [nIt."kan] P F adv. purposefully, delibera-
ve) (derived from rangal wish)
tely (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose)
nìrìkxi: [nI.RI."k'i] P F adv. shakily, tremblingly
(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver) nìtkanluke: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] P F adv. accidental-
nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination, ly, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-
by imagination (derived from ronsrel somet- sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
hing imagined) nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu-
larly (derived" " from trr day)
nìsay: [nI."saj] P F adv. loyally (derived from >
say loyal) nìtsim: [nI."tsim] P F adv. originally, in an origi-
nìsìlpey: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived nal way, with originality (derived from tsim
from sìlpey hope) source)
>
nìskien: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. to the right (deri- nìtsìsyì: [nI."tsI.sjI] P F adv. by whispering, in a
ved from skien right) whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
>
nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. by swimming (deri- nìtsleng: [nI."tslEN] P F adv. falsely (derived
ved from slele swim) from tsleng false)
>
nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. originally, at first nìtson: [nI."tson] P F adv. dutifully, as an obliga-
(derived from sngä’i begin) tion (derived from tson duty, obligation)
>
nìsngum: [nI."sNum] P F adv. worryingly, fretful- nìtstew: [nI."tstEw] P F adv. bravely, coura-
ly (derived from sngum worry) geously (derived from tstew brave)
>
nìso’ha: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. enthusiastically nìtsyìl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) from tsyìl climb)
nìsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. (together) as mem- nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
bers of a family (derived from soaia family) from tut continuation marker)

24
nìtxan: [nI."t'an] P F adv. much (abstract), very nìyo’: [nI."joP^] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-
(derived from txan much) rived from yo’ be perfect)
nìtxankeltrrtrr: [nI."t'an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adv. ex- nìyol: [nI."jol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time)
traordinarily (derived from"txankeltrrtrr
" ex- (derived from yol short (of time))
traordinary) nìyrr: [nI."jr] P F adv. naturally, without tam-
nìtxay: [nI."t'aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived pering with" or changing the nature (derived
from txay be horizontal) from yrr natural)
nìtxi: [nI."t'i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
(derived from txi hurry) ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
nìtxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv. unhurriedly, lei- zong save)
surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) nìzen: [nI."zEn] P F adv. necessarily (derived
nìtxukx: [nI."t'uk'] P F adv. deeply (derived from zene must)
from txukx deep) nìzevakx: [nI."zE.vak'] P F adv. cruelly (derived
nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv. by the way, from zevakx cruel)
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to nokx: [n·ok'] P F vtr. give birth to
one, pop into one’s mind) nong: [n·oN] P F vtr. follow, proceed after
nìwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by nongspe’: [n·oN."sp·EP] P F vtr. pursue with an
hiding (derived from wan hide) intent to capture
nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, sig- nopx: [n·op'] P F vtr. put away, store
nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig- nrr: [n·r] P F vin. glow, be luminous
nificance) " .a]
nrra: ["nr P F n. pride, feeling of pride
nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver- "
nuä+: ["nu.æ ] P F adp. beyond
sely nui: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not ob-
nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, be- tain expected or desired result
grudgingly (derived from wäte argue) nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived from krr time) "
from win fast) nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-
nìwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from ved from new want)
wok loud) nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. learn
nìwotx: [nI."wot'] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com- numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole) from nume learn)
>
nìyawr: [nI."jawR] P F adv. correctly, rightly (de- numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
rived from eyawr correct, right) nume learn and tseng place)
>
nìyewla: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. in a disappointing numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations vision of a school (derived from numtseng
(derived from yewla disappointment) school)
nìyey: [nI."jEj] P F adv. directly, straight to the numultxa: [nu.mul."t'a] P F n. class (for instruc-
point (derived from yey straight) tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-
nìyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in ting)
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight numultxatu: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] P F n. classmate,
line) member of a class (derived from numultxa
nìyll: [nI."jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal class (for instruction))
manner "(derived from yll communal) nutx: [nut'] P F adj. thick

25
Ng

nga: [Na] P F pn. you ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired

nga’: [N·aP] P F vtr. contain ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngampam: ["Nam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived
ngam echo and pam sound) from ngim long and pup short)
ngampam si: ["Nam.pam s·i] P F vin. rhyme (de- ngip: [Nip^] P F n. space, open or borderless area
rived from ngampam rhyme) ngoa: ["No.a] P F n. mud
>
ngatsyìp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little ngong: [NoN] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient
(derived from nga you) energy, lazy
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm ngop: [N·op^] P F vtr. create
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi- ngop create)
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w. ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness) ngrrfpìl:" ["Nr.fpIl] P F n. key assumption (c.w.
ngä’än: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. suffer mentally or from ngrr" root and fpìl think)
emotionally, be miserable ngrrpongu: ["Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots move-
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach ment (c.w. from " ngrr root and pongu party)
ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific form) (de- ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
rived from nga you) ngul grey, drab)
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel ngungung: ["N·u.N·uN] P F vtr. rub
nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
leaves, dank (non-animal decay) rived from way song)

oare: [o."a.RE] P F n. moon okup: ["o.kup^] P F n. milk

oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me olo’: [o."loP] P F n. clan
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)
> (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
oetsyìp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I) omum: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. know (stress moves
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause to first syllable with infixation)
oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F vtr. explain (why) (ii) onlor: [on."loR] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give) ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)
ohakx: [o."hak'] P F adj. hungry >
ontsang: ["on.tsaN] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from
ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
ontu nose and tsang piercing)
form)
oìsss: [o."Isss] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’ ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose
oìsss si: [o."Isss s·i] P F vin. hiss (derived from onvä’: [on."væP] P F adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from
oìsss angry snarl) ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the senses)

26
P

pa’o: ["pa.Po] P F n. side paw: [p·aw] P F vin. grow; germinate and develop
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement (of a plant)
palang: ["p·a.l·aN] P F vtr. contact (in a social sen- pawk: [pawk^] P F n. horn, wind instrument
se), communicate with pawm: [p·awm] P F vtr. ask
palon: ["p·a.l·on] P F vin. burn pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
pam: [pam] P F n. sound payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from water and fya’o way)
pam sound and rel image) payìva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri- from pay water and ìlva drop)
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way) paynga’: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. write (derived (derived from pay water and nga’ contain)
from pamrel writing) payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (deri- water and ioang animal)
ved from pamrel writing) paysena: ["paj.sE.na] P F n. water container (c.w.
from pay water and sähena container)
pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic
paysmung: ["paj.smuN] P F n. water carrier (c.w.
symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)
from pay water and smung transportation
pamrelvul: [pam."rel.vul] n. pen, pencil, lit. åri-
device)
ting stick." (c.w. from pamrel writing and
paystan: [paj."stan] P F inter. what men variant
vul branch (of a tree))
of aystampe
pamrelvul lerìn: [pam."rel.vul le."RIn] P F n.
payste: [paj."stE] P F inter. what women variant
pencil, lit. åooden writing stick." (c.w. from
of aystepe
pamrelvul pen, pencil and lerìn wooden, of
paysu: [paj."su] P F inter. what people variant of
wood)
> aysupe
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
paytxew: [paj."t'Ew] P F n. shoreline, water’s
pam sound and tseo art)
> edge (c.w. from pay water and txew edge)
pamtseongopyu: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju] P F n. mu-
pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive
sic creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo mu-
pängkxo: [p·æN."k'·o] P F vin. chat, converse,
sic and ngopyu creator) eg. James Horner
> have a conversation
pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "s·i] P F vin. play music
pängkxoyu: [pæN."k'o.ju] P F n. chatter, conver-
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
pamtseo music)
> pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn]
pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (de-
P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
rived from pamtseo music) and lekoren lawlike)
pamuvan: ["pam.u.van] P F n. sound play (c.w. pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise
from pam sound and uvan game) pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
parul: [pa."Rul] P F n. miracle tìng give)
parulnga’: [pa."Rul.NaP] P F adj. miraculous (de- –pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker
rived from parul miracle) nfp. pe’ngay: [p·EP."Naj] P F vin. judge, conclude
>
parultsyìp: [pa."Rul.tsjIp^] P F n. term of affection (c.w. from pe’un decide and ngay true)
for children (derived from parul miracle) pe’ngayyu: [pEP."Naj.ju] P F n. judge (derived
paskalin: [pa.ska."lin] P F n. sweet berry (term of from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
endearment) (derived from pasuk berry and pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide
(a)kalin sweet) pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind variant of
pasuk: ["pa.suk^] P F n. berry fnepe
pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS vin. get to a place, arrive pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how variant of fyape

27
pefyinep’ang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. how peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) variant of
complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of ’upe
complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) vari- pey: [p·Ej] P F vin. wait, wait for
ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed) piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when variant of krrpe skies)
(c.w. from" krr time) piak säpi: [pi."ak sæ."p·i] P F vin. open oneself,
pekxinum: [pE."k'in.um] P F inter. how tight, open by itself, open on its own (c.w. from piak
loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, open and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
looseness) piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (derived from
pela’a: [pE."la.Pa] P F inter. how near, how far, piak open)
what distance variant of la’ape pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pela’ang: [pE."la.PaN] P F inter., intj. wth, what pinvul: ["pin.vul] P F n. crayon (c.w. from ’opin
the hell (derived from –pe+ interrogative color and vul branch (of a tree)) short for
marker and la’ang pile of stinking, rotting ani- ’opinvultsyìp
mal matter) pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, pìmtxan: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. how much vari-
utterance) variant of lì’upe ant of hìmtxampe
pelìmsim: [pE."lIm.sim] P F inter. how near, how pìsaw: [pI."saw] P F adj. clumsy, accident-prone
far (derived from lìm be far and sim be near) pìtìk: ["p·I.t·Ik^] P F vtr. scratch non-harmfully, as
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why variant of lumpe an itch
pemstan: [pEm."stan] P F inter. what two men pìwopx: [pI."wop'] P F n. cloud
>
variant of mestampe pìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop'.tsjIp^] P F n. nebula (de-
pemste: [pEm."stE] P F inter. what two women rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’
variant of mestepe pllhrr: [p·l."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe
pemsu: [pEm."su] P F inter. what two people va- speak and " hrrap
" danger)
riant of mesupe pllngay: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. admit (derived from
peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell plltxe speak" and ngay true)
penghrr: [p·EN."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe: [p·l."t'·E] P F vtr. speak
" "
peng tell and hrrap danger) plltxepam: [pl."t'E.pam] P F n. speech sound;
pepstan: [pEp."stan] P F inter. what three men phoneme (c.w. " from plltxe speak and pam
variant of pxestampe sound)
pepste: [pEp."stE] P F inter. what three women plltxeyu: [pl."t'E.ju] P F n. speaker (derived
variant of pxestepe from plltxe " speak)
pepsu: [pEp."su] P F inter. what three people va- po: [po] P F pn. he, she
riant of pxesupe poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where variant of (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
tsengpe poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F inter. what width, (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) vari- polpxay: [pol."p'aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
ant of slosneppe from holpxay number and pe how)
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what tem- pom: [p·om] P F vtr. kiss
perature? (derived from somwew tempera- pon: [p·on] P F vtr. balance
ture) pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. a group or party of people
pestan: [pE."stan] P F inter. what man variant of (derived from po he/she) ofp.
tutampe prrku: ["pr.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen
peste: [pE."stE] P F inter. what woman variant of baby and " kelku home)
tutepe prrkxentrrkrr: ["pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti-
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who variant of tupe me smoking pleasure," " "
vibrating tongue (Na’vi

28
 idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
smoke, trr day and krr time) pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun
prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby referring to a previously mentioned noun
prrnesyul: " ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from or pronoun)
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
prrsmung: ["pr.smuN] P F n. baby carrier (c.w. pung: [p·uN] P F vtr. hurt, injure
from prrnen" baby and smung transportation pup: [pup^] P F adj. short (physical length)
device)
prrte’: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi- pupxì: [pu."p'I] P F n. one-sixth (c.w. from
ty) " pukap six and hapxì part)
prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
baby and" ’ewll
" plant) from pukap six)

Px

pxan: [p'an] P F adj. worthy pxey: [p'Ej] P F num. three

pxasìk: ["p'a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
(vulgar) ved from pxey three)
pxasul: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food pxi: [p'i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
pxaw–: [p'aw] P F adp. around pxim: [p'im] P F adj. erect, upright
pxawngip: ["p'aw.Nip^] P F n. environment (c.w.
pximaw–: [p'i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
from pxaw around and ngip space)
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
pxiset: [p'i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
set now and pxi sharp)
pa’o side)
pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. armband (c.w. pxisre+: [p'i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
from pxaw around and pxun arm) sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxawtxap: [p'aw."t'·ap^] P F vtr. squeeze (c.w. pxiswawam: [p'i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
from pxaw around and txap press) ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
pxay: [p'aj] P F adj. many (used with singular past)
or plural noun forms) pxiswaway: [p'i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multico- cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
lored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and ay future marker)
’opin color) pxiye’rìn: [p'i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
pxek: [p'·Ek^] P F vtr. kick, shove as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
pxel–: [p'El] P F adp. like, as and pxi sharp)
pxelo: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri- pxìm: [p'Im] P F adv. often
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) pxìmun’i: [p'I.m·un."P·i] P F vtr. divide, cut into
pxen: [p'En] P F n. functional clothing (item of) parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
pxesrram: [p'E.sr."am] P F adv., n. three days ago
pxoe: ["p'o.E] P F pn. we three, us three (exclusi-
(derived from" trr day)
ve) (derived from pxe+ trial and oe I)
pxesrray: [p'E.sr."aj] P F adv., n. three days from
pxor: [p'·oR] P F vin. explode
now (derived" from trr day)
pxestampe: [p'E."stam.pE] P F inter. what three pxorpam: ["p'oR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant
men variant of pepstan (c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
pxestepe: [p'E."stE.pE] P F inter. what three wo- pxul: [p'ul] P F adj. formidable, imposing
men variant of pepste pxun: [p'un] P F n. arm
pxesupe: [p'E."su.pE] P F inter. what three people pxuntil: ["p'un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
variant of pepsu arm and til joint)

29
R

ra’un: ["R·a.P·un] P F vtr. surrender, relinquish, rengop: ["rE.N·op^] P F vtr. design (finer detail)
give up (c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning renten: ["REn.tEn] P F n. goggles, (made from in-
ralke: ["Ral.kE] P F adj. meaningless, devoid of sect wings, carved from wood, etc)
content (derived from ral meaning and ke renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern
not) renulke: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. irregular, random
ralnga’: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructi- (derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
ve, something from which a lesson can be lear- hout)
ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain) rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning
ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w. rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live
from ral meaning and peng tell) rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain rived from rey live)
> reyfya: ["REj.fja] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w.
ramtsyìp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from
ram mountain) from rey live and fya’o path, way)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well reykol: [REj."kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, es- (poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
sence, constititution; basic nature of something causitive infix)
resulting from the totality of its properties; of- reym: [REjm] P F n. dry land
ten best translated as personality reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. wish and pay water)
raspu’: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war) reypaytun: ["REj.paj.tun] P F adj. red (“blood
tun") (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red,
raw–: [Raw] P F adp. down to
orange)
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
rikx: [R·ik'] P F vin. move, shift position
se
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow
rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term)
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from
rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] P F n. thunder and
rim yellow)
lightning (derived from rawm lightning and
rina’: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
’rrpxom thunder)
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
rawn: [R·awn] P F vtr. replace, substitute
ripx: [R·ip'] P F vtr. pierce
rawng: [rawN] P F n. entrance, doorway rì’ìr: ["RI.PIR] P F n. reflection
rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe- rì’ìr si: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. reflect, imitate (deri-
ratives, commands only) ved from rì’ìr reflection)
räptum: [ræp."tum] P F adj. coarse, vulgar, soci- rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf
ally unacceptable rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head rìk leaf and ean green)
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture rìkxi: [r·I."k'·i] P F vin. tremble, shake, shiver
rel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. movie, film, rìn: [RIn] P F n. wood
video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move) ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
>
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from ro’a: ["R·o.P·a] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe
rel image and tseo art) or respect
>
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (visual) rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
(derived from reltseo visual art) rol: [R·ol] P F vin. sing
relvul: ["REl.vul] P F n. pen, pencil, lit. åriting rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
stick."(short form of pamrelvul) rong: [RoN] P F n. tunnel
rem: [rEm] P F n. fuel ronguway: [R·o."Nu.waj] P F vin. howl (derived
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp. from rol sing and nguway howl)

30
ronguwayyu: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] P F n. howler (de- rou: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example
rived from ronguway howl) use: rou fa pxir)
ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
(c.w. from ronsem mind and rel image) rurur: [Ru."RuR] P F n. water that is aeriated whi-
ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] P F vtr. imagi- le flowing among the rocks of a very gradually
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel sloping stream (countable)
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] ) thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ropx: [Rop'] P F n. hole (going clear through an ticiple infix)
object) rutxe: [Ru."t'E] P F intj. please

sa: [s·a] P F vin. rise to a challenge sä’eoio: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite
sa’ewrang: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n. mother loom, gi- (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
ant loom (derived from sa’nok mother and sä’eoio si: [sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. take part in
’ewrang loom) a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from sä’eoio ceremony)
sa’atenuk C ) sä’ipu: [sæ."Pi.pu] P F n. something humorous
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona- (derived from ’ipu humorous)
te form of sa’nok mother) sä’o: ["sæ.Po] P F n. tool, utensil
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy säfe’ul: [sæ."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (specific in-
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu stance) (derived from fe’ul worsen)
mommy) säflä: [sæ."flæ] P F n. success (an instance of suc-
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents ceeding) (derived from flä succeed)
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul säfmi: [sæ."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from
father) fmi try, attempt)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry säfmong: [sæ."fmoN] P F n. theft (particular in-
saho: [sa."ho] P F n. prayer (derived from aho stance) (derived from fmong steal, rob)
pray) säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. requirement, demand
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F vin. proceed, go (derived from fngo’ require)
salewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. direction, course säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea (derived from fpìl
(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path) think)
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote säfrìp: [sæ."fRIp^] P F n. a bite (derived from frìp
sang: [saN] P F adj. warm bite)
sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use säfrrfen: [sæ."fr.fEn] P F n. visit (derived from
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat) frrfen visit) "
satu’li: [sa."tuP.li] P F n. heritage (Note: Also säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech, oration
name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora) (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion, säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. handle (derived from
urgh fyep hold in the hand)
say: [saj] P F adj. loyal sähe’a: [sæ."hE.Pa] P F n. a cough, instance of
saylahe: [saj."la.hE] P F adv. ’et cetera’ (derived coughing (derived from he’a cough)
from sì alahe and others) (contraction) sähena: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. container, vessel, car-
sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking rier (derived from hena carry)
ofp. (male) säkanom: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. something acqui-
sä’anla: [sæ."Pan.la] P F n. yearning (derived red, an acquisition, a possession (derived from
from ’anla yearn for) kanom acquire)

31
säkxange: [sæ."k'a.NE] P F n. yawn (derived säplltxevi: [sæ.pl."t'E.vi] P F n. comment (deri-
from kxange yawn) "
ved from säplltxe statement)
sälang: [sæ."laN] P F n. an exploration or investi- säpom: [sæ."pom] P F n. kiss (derived from
gation (derived from lang investigate, explo- pom kiss)
re) särangal: [sæ."Ra.Nal] P F n. a wish (derived
sälatem: [sæ."la.tEm] P F n. change (instance from rangal wish)
of), edit, modification (derived from latem särawn: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. replacement, substitu-
change) te, something that replaces something else (de-
sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] P F n. defeat, an instan- rived from rawn replace)
ce of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat) särengop: [sæ."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (a par-
säleymfe’: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] P F n. complaint (deri- ticular instance of designing) (derived from
ved from leymfe’ complain) rengop design)
säleymkem: [sæ.lEjm."kEm] P F n. protest, in- säro’a: [sæ."Ro.Pa] P F n. feat, accomplishment,
stance of protesting (derived from leymkem great deed
protest) säro’a si: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] P F vin. do great deeds
sälipx: [sæ."lip'] P F n. drop (of a liquid) (derived (derived from säro’a great deed)
from lipx drop) säseyto: [sæ.sEj."to] P F n. butchering tool (deri-
sämok: [sæ."mok^] P F n. a suggestion (derived ved from seyto butcher (in the sense of separa-
from mok suggest) ting or processing the carcass of a dead animal))
sämunge: [sæ."mu.NE] P F n. transportation tool säsìlpey: [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n. hope (particular in-
or device (derived from munge take, bring) stance) (derived from sìlpey hope)
Note: In compounds, the ä and e drop, yi- säspxin: [sæ."sp'in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill-
elding –smung ness (derived from spxin sick)
>
sämyam: [sæm."yam] P F n. hug, embrace (deri- säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp'in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
ved from meyam hug) ment (derived from säspxin illness)
sängä’än: [sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. bout of suffering; säsrätx: [sæ."sRæt'] P F n. annoyance (derived
episode of depression (derived from ngä’än from srätx annoy)
suffer mentally or emotionally) säsrese’a: [sæ.sRE.sE."Pa] P F n. a prediction (de-
sängop: [sæ."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from rived from srese’a prophetize)
ngop create) säsrìn: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing
sänrr: [sæ."nr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing; (derived from srìn temporarily transfer from
" lamp (derived from nrr glow)
light source, one to another)
sänui: [sæ."nu.i] P F n. failure (particular instance sästarsìm: [sæ."staR.sIm] P F n. collection (put
of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter) together intentionally by a person) (derived
sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction from starsìm gather, collect)
(derived from nume learn) säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasure-
sänume si: [sæ."nu.mE s·i] P F vin. teach, in- yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy
struct, give instruction (derived from sänu- (positive sense))
me teaching, instruction) säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. trap (derived from
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived syep trap)
from sänume teaching) sätare: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. connection, relationship
säomum: [sæ."o.mum] P F n. (piece of) informa- (derived from tare connect, relate to)
tion (derived from omum know) sätarenga’: [sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. relevant, per-
säpenghrr: [sæ.pEN."hr] P F n. warning (derived tinent (derived from sätare connection, rela-
from penghrr warn) " tionship)
säpllhrr: [sæ.pl."hr] P F n. warning (derived sätarep: [sæ."ta.REp^] P F n. rescue, an incidence
" "
from pllhrr warn) of rescuing (derived from tarep save, rescue)
säplltxe: [sæ.pl."t'E] P F n. statement (derived sätaron: [sæ."ta.Ron] P F n. hunt (derived from
from plltxe "speak) taron hunt)

32
 >
sätsan’ul: [sæ."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
>
(specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul im- seysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."tsan] P F intj. well do-
prove) ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-
>
sätseri: [sæ."tsE.Ri] P F n. observation, something plished well)
noticed (derived from tseri notice) seyto: [s·Ej."to] P F vtr. butcher (in the sense of
>
sätsìsyì: [sæ."tsI.sjI] P F n. whisper (derived separating or processing the carcass of a dead
from tsìsyì whisper) animal)
>
sätswayon: [sæ."tswaj.on] P F n. flight (an in- si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly) bound verb do, make deriving affix
>
sätsyìl: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb sim: [s·im] P F vin. be near
(derived from tsyìl climb) sì: [sI] P F part. and (connects two things, can
sävll: [sæ."vl] P F n. sign, indication, signal (de- be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
rived from " vll indicate, point at) sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
säwäsul: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. a competition (deri- sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
ved from wäsul compete) hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
>
säwäsultsyìp: [sæ."wæ.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. a con- from sìltsan good and pey wait)
test (derived from säwäsul a competition) sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. point of contention, (thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
source of argument, thing disputed (derived mind)
>
from wäte argue) sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
säwem: [sæ."wEm] P F n. fight (derived from done
wem fight) sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
säwìngay: [sæ.wI."Naj] P F n. proof (particular ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy
instance) (derived from wìngay proof ) skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal
säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t'u] P F n. a showing, an ex- skiempa: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. right side (c.w.
hibition (derived from wìntxu show) from skien right and pa’o side)
säyäkx: [sæ."jæk'] P F n. snub (derived from skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left)
yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) sko+: [sko] P F adp. something as, in the capacity
säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein of, or in the role of, something else
(derived from za’ärìp pull) skxakep: ["sk'a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro-
se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin wa- bably
terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off skxawng: [sk'awN] P F n. moron, idiot
of a floating mountain (countable) skxir: [sk'iR] P F n. wound
sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now skxir si: ["sk'iR "s·i] P F vin. wound (derived
"
and krr time) from skxir wound)
>
semkä: [sEm."kæ] P F n. bridge (derived from skxirtsyìp: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n. cut, bruise, minor
emkä cross) wound (derived from skxir wound)
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate skxom: [sk'om] P F n. chance, opportunity
>
form of sempul father) sla’tsu: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. describe
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father slan: [sl·an] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now personal support) ofp.
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female) slantire: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from
sey: [sEj] P F n. cup or bowl minimally modified slan support and tirea spirit)
from naturally occuring resources slantire si: [slan.ti."RE s·i] P F vin. inspire (deri-
seykxel: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. strong (emotionally, ved from slantire inspiration)
spiritually, not physical), confident slayk: [sl·ajk^] P F vtr. brush, comb
seyn: [sEjn] P F n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or slä: [slæ] P F conj. but
device to facilitate sitting (derived from sä’o släkop: ["slæ.kop^] P F adv. but also (c.w. from
tool and heyn sit) slä but and kop also)

33
slär: [slæR] P F n. cave ath)
slele: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. swim sneyä: ["snE.jæ] P F pn. his own, her own, its own
sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from (derived from sno his self, her self, its self )
slu become and «eyk» causative infix) sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting
sloa: ["slo.a] P F adj. wide sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. begin, start
sloan: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. pour sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting
slosnep: [slo."snEp^] P F n. width (derived from "
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)
snep narrow) >
sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.Pi.tsEN] P F n. beginning,
slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter. what width, starting position, initial location (c.w. from
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) va- sngä’i start and tseng place)
riant of peslosnep sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived
slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with from sngä’i begin)
ne in ambiguous constructions) sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish
slukx: [sluk'] P F n. horn of an animal >
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar-
smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
smaw: [sm·aw] P F vtr. approve of tseng place)
smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known
sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry
(with dative)
sngum si: [sNum s·i] P F vin. worry (derived
sna’o: ["sna.Po] P F n. set, group, pile, clump,
from sngum worry)
stand nfp. >
sngumtsim: ["sNum.tsim] P F n. worrisome mat-
snafpìlfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. philosophy (c.w.
ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry
from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-
and tsim source)
king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’
sngunga’: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj. worrisome,
snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t'a] P F n. course (as
troubling (derived from sngum worry)
a collection of classes) (derived from numul-
txa class (for instruction)) sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex-
snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. alphabet ive, genitive form sneyä)
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym- snokfyan: ["snok.fjan] P F n. personal belongings
bol)) rack (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its self
snatanhì: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. constellation (c.w. and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)
from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a snolup: ["sno.lup^] P F n. personal style or aest-
clump of stars’ hetic, presence (c.w. from sno self and lupra
> style)
snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp^] P F n. star
cluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tan- snomo: ["sno.mo] P F n. private space that one can
hì(tsyìp) star) retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and
snatxärem: [sna."t'æ.REm] P F n. skeleton (c.w. mo space)
from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set snonivi: ["sno.ni.vi] P F n. single-person ham-
of bones’ mock (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi slee-
snayì: [sna."jI] P F n. staircase, series of step-like ping hammock)
levels (derived from yì level, step) snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative
"
snaytu: ["snaj.tu] P F n. loser (derived from connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and
snaytx lose) nrra pride)
snaytx: [sn·ajt'] P F vtr. lose snotipx: [sno."tip'] P F n. self-control (c.w. from
snäm: [sn·æm] P F vin. rot, decay, degrade over sno self and tìhipx control)
>
time Snrrtsyìp: ["snr.tsjIp^] P F n. Alpha Centauri C
snep: [snEp^] P F adj. narrow aka Proxima" Centauri (Colloquial) (derived
snew: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. constrict, tighten from Tawsnrrtsyìp Alpha Centauri C)
snewsye: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. weird, spooky (c.w. snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre- to a ’dim’ person)

34
so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about, sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note: sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth
Being enthusiastic is always transitive in srefey: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr. expect (c.w. from sre+
Na’vi -PF) before and pey wait)
so’yu: ["soP.ju] P F n. colloquial form of txan- srefpìl: [sRE."fp·Il] P F vtr. assume (derived from
so’hayu (fan, enthusiast) sre+ before and fpìl think)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive srefwa: ["sRE.fwa] P F conj. before (derived from
form soaiä) sre+ before and fwa that)
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before
som: [som] P F adj. hot noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid-
somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (deri- day)
ved from som hot and wew cold) srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t'on] P F n. before mid-
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what tem- night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
perature? (more common) (derived from midnight)
somwew temperature) srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel "
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from srer: [sR·ER] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into
sop travel) view
sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. prophetize, prophe-
running water, rain, moist vegetation size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before
spakat: ["sp·a.k·at^] P F vin. drown and tse’a see)
spaw: [sp·aw] P F vtr. believe sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
spä: [sp·æ] P F vin. jump from sre before" and trr’ong dawn)
späpeng: [spæ."p·EN] P F vin. restore oneself (me-
sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
taphorically) (derived from speng restore)
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txon-
spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture ’ong night-fall)
spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance
from spe’e capture)
srey: [sREj] P F n. version
speng: [sp·EN] P F vtr. restore
srìn: [sR·In] P F vtr. transfer from one to another
spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island
(rarely used without prefix)
spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel
srok: [sRok^] P F n. bead (decorative)
spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (deri-
ved from spule propel and mokri voice) sru’: [sR·uP] P F vtr. crush, trample
spulyaney: [spul.ja."nEj] P F n. canoe paddle srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe) srunga’: ["sRu.NaP] P F adj. helpful (derived
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp. from srung help) nfp.
spxam: [sp'am] P F n. mushroom, fungus srung si: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. help (derived from
spxin: [sp'in] P F adj. sick srung help)
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. assistant, helper
or no questions (derived from srung help)
>
sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial) srungtsyìp: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. helpful hint, tip
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. yes (derived from srung help)
srankehe: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. more or starlì’u: ["staR.lI.Pu] P F n. adposition (c.w. from
less, somewhat, yes and no, kind of (c.w. from sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word)
srane yes and kehe no) starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
>
srä: [sRæ] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a stawmtswo: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) hea-
loom ring (derived from stawm hear)
srätx: [sR·æt'] P F vtr. annoy, bother stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch

35
 >
stä’nìpam: ["stæP.nI.pam] P F n. recording (c.w. swawtsyìp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. little moment,
from stä’nì catch and pam sound) second (derived from swaw moment)
stä’nìpam si: ["stæP.nI.pam s·i] P F vin. to record swaynivi: ["swaj.ni.vi] P F n. family hammock
(derived from stä’nìpam recording) (c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleeping
steftxaw: [st·E."ft'·aw] P F vtr. examine, check hammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway
steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole
steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an- swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk» sweylu: ["swEj.l·u] P F vin. should (derived
causative infix) from swey best and lu is)
sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry sweyn: [sw·Ejn] P F vtr. keep, preserve, leave alo-
stiwi: ["sti.wi] P F n. mischief ne, not disturb
stiwinga’: ["sti.wi.NaP] P F adj. mischievous (c.w. swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain) swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
stiwi si: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin. be naughty, do mis- swizawsena: [swi."zaw.sE.na] P F n. quiver (at-
chief (derived from stiwi mischief ) tached to ikran’s saddle) (c.w. from swizaw
stiwisiyu: ["sti.wi.si.ju] P F n. mischief-maker arrow and sähena carrier)
(derived from stiwi mischief ) swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
sto: [st·o] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something) “spirits”
swoasey: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. kava bowl (construc-
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
ted from seed pods, used for drinking intoxica-
stxeli: ["st'E.li] P F n. gift
ting beverages), hand-sized (c.w. from swoa
stxenu: ["st'E.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
intoxicating beverage or “sprits" and sey cup
gift and lonu release)
or bowl minimally modified from naturally oc-
stxenutìng: ["st'E.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. offer (derived
curring resources)
from stxenu offer, n.)
swoasey ayll: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl] P F n. large soci-
stxong: [st'oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk- al kava bowl (c.w. from swoasey" kava bowl
nown (constructed from seed pods, used for drinking
sulìn: ["s·u.l·In] P F vin. be busy (positive sense), intoxicating beverages) and yll communal)
be engrossed in something one finds especially swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
busy) syam: [sj·am] P F vtr. to smell (intentionally)
sum: [sum] P F n. shell (from the ocean) syanan: ["sja.nan] P F n. a single drop or series of
sumsey: ["sum.sEj] P F n. drinking vessel made smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along
of shell (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup or a stream or series of pools (countable)
bowl minimally modified from naturally occur- syar: [sj·aR] P F vin. stick, stick to, adhere
ring resources) syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call
sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add syawn: [sjawn] P F n. blessing
sunkesun: ["sun.kE.sun] P F adv. like it or not syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
(derived from sunu be likeable and ke not) syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable, from syay fate)
bring enjoyment syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor sye’otxang: ["sjE.Po.t'aN] P F n. wind instrument
susyang: [su."sjaN] P F adj. fragile, delicate (c.w. from syeha breath and ’otxang musical
sutx: [s·ut'] P F vtr. track, follow instrument)
swapxì: [swa."p'I] P F n. family member (c.w. syeha: ["sjE.ha] P F n. breath
from soaia family and hapxì part) syeha si: ["sjE.ha s·i] P F vin. breathe (derived
swaran: ["swa.Ran] P F adj. humble, modest, self- from syeha breath)
effacing syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap

36
syeprel: [sjEp."REl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep word)
trap and rel image) syor: [sj·oR] P F vin. relax, chill out
syewe: ["sjE.wE] P F n. fat (substance in meat) syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
syewenga’: ["sjE.wE.NaP] P F adj. fatty (c.w. syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritu-
from syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’ al)
contain) syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,P F n. bioluminescence
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight), (c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
lightweight syusmung: ["sju.smuN] P F n. food tray (c.w.
syokup: [sjo."kup^] P F n. weight (physical) (de- from syuve food and smung transportation
rived from syo light and ku’up heavy) device)
syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, charac- syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
teristic, point, aspect, facet, property not be pluralised)
syonlì’u: ["sjon.lI.Pu] P F n. adjective (c.w. from syuvekel: ["sju.vE.kEl] P F n. famine (derived
syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’u from syuve food)

ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal tarep: ["t·a.R·Ep^] P F vtr. save, rescue (from a
sense with other time words) dangerous or distressing situation)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above tareptu: ["ta.REp.tu] P F n. rescuee, someone who
ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin has been rescued or saved (derived from tarep
ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue save, rescue)
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue) tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. predator animal
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. (c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)
from ta from and fkip– up among) taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
>
ta from and kip– among) taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun-
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) vari- ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of akrrta tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware-
taksyokx: [t·ak."sjok'] P F vin. clap hands (deri- ness of something
ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand) tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike, beat, slap from lam seem)
talun–: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to taw: [taw] P F n. sky
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) on the cause
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive
will do, OK tawrrpa: [ta."wr.pa] P F adj. external (c.w. from
tamìfa: [ta."mI.fa] P F adj. internal (c.w. from ta "
ta from and wrrpa outside)
>
from and mìfa inside) Tawsnrrtsyìp: [taw."snr.tsjIp^] P F n. Alpha
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content, Centauri C aka Proxima " Centauri (derived
there there from taw sky and sänrr light source)
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree) tawsyuratan: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. au-
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan
tanleng: ["tan.lEN] P F n. bark (of a tree) (deri- (bio)luminescence)
ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F n. sky-person, human
skin) (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
tare: ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a re- tawtxew: ["taw.t'Ew] P F n. horizon, skyline (c.w.
lationship with from taw sky and txew edge)

37
täftxu: [t·æ."ft'·u] P F vtr. weave tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft'u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived (c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix) tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k'·o] P F vin. com-
tätxaw: [t·æ."t'·aw] P F vin. return mune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names chat)
tekre: ["tEk.RE] P F n. skull tiretu: [ti."RE.tu] P F n. shaman (derived from ti-
tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive rea spirit and tute person)
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord tì’al: [tI.".Pal] P F n. wastefulness (derived from
tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot ’al waste)
temrey: [tEm."REj] P F n. survival (derived from tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
emrey survive) from ’awm camp)
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. camp (derived
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situ- from ’awm camp)
ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
and fya’o path) tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as ’awpo one individual)
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time)
tì’älek: [tI."Pæ.lEk^] P F n. determination (deri-
teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning ved from ’älek determined)
terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w. ’efu feel)
from tìng give) tì’em: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived
tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade) from ’em cook)
tewng: [tEwN] P F n. loincloth
tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
from ’eylan friend)
se and pleasure
tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
ved from ’eyng answer)
teya si: [tE."ja "s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of
tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (deri-
thing filled) (derived from teya full)
ved from ’i’a end)
teylupil: ["tEj.lu.pil] P F n. teylu-face (vulgar)
tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
(c.w. from teylu beetle larva and pil facial
(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
stripe)
teynga: ["tEjN.a] P F n. that answer (contraction tì’iluke: [tIP."i.lu.kE] P F adj. endless, never-
of tì’eyng a) ending (in a temporal sense) (c.w. from tì’i’a
teyngla: ["tEjN.la] P F n. that answer (agentive) ending, conclusion and luke without)
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a) tì’ipu: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. humor (derived from
teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] P F n. that answer (patientive) ’ipu humorous)
(contraction of tì’eyng–it a) tì’o’: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white from ’o’ exciting)
teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from tì’ong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (deri-
teyr white) ved from ’ong bloom)
tiam: ["t·i.·am] P F vtr. count tì’ongokx: [tI."Po.Nok'^] P F n. birth (derived
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge from ’ongokx be born)
tilì’u: ["ti.lI.Pu] P F n. conjunction (c.w. from til tì’ul: [tI."Pul] P F n. increase
joint, hinge and lì’u word) tìaho: [tI.a."ho] P F n. prayer (in general, abstract
tinan: ["ti.nan] P F n. reading (derived from in- idea) (derived from aho pray)
an read) tìeyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,P F n. leadership (deri-
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit ved from eyktan leader)
tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w. tìfe’ul: [tI."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (in the general
from tirea spirit and fya’o path) or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen)

38
tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n. state, condition, tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full
situation (derived from fkeytok exist) fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
tìfkeytongay: [tI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F n. reality (c.w. tìhan: [tI."han] P F n. loss (derived from han lo-
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true) se)
tìflä: [tI."flæ] P F n. success (in general) (derived tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri-
from flä succeed) ved from hawl prepare)
tìflänga’: [tI."flæ.NaP] P F adj. successful (c.w. tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived
from tìflä success and nga’ contain) from hawnu protect, shelter)
tìflrr: [tI."flr] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (deri- tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] P F vin. protect (de-
ved from " flrr gentle)
rived from tìhawnu protection)
tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from tìhipx: [tI."hip'] P F n. control (derived from
fmetok test) hipx control)
tìfmi: [tI."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi tìhìpey: [ti."hI.pEj] P F n. hesitation (derived
attempt) from hìpey hesitate)
tìfmong: [tI."fmoN] P F n. theft (derived from tìhona: [tI."ho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorableness
fmong steal, rob) (derived from hona endearing)
tìfnawe’: [tI.fna."wEP] P F n. cowardice (derived tìk: [tIk^] P F adv., conj. immediately, without de-
from fnawe’ cowardly) lay
tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of bu-
fnu quiet)
siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)
tìfnunga’: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. quiet (derived
tìkakpam: [tI.kak."pam] P F n. deafness (deri-
from fnu quiet) nfp.
ved from kakpam deaf )
tìfpxamo: [tI."fp'a.mo] P F n. horror (derived
tìkakrel: [tI.kak."REl] P F n. blindness (derived
from fpxamo horrible)
from kakrel blind)
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from ftang stop)
(derived from kan aim)
tìftanglen: [tI.ftaN."lEn] P F n. prevention (deri-
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
ved from ftanglen prevent)
from kem action, deed)
tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] P F vin. stop (someone or
something) (derived from tìftang stopping) tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] P F vin. work
tìftia: [tI.fti."a] P F n. study (derived from ftia (derived from tìkangkem work)
study) tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie-
tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti."a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science, ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf- tìkankxan: [tI.kan."k'an] P F n. barrier to one’s
tia study and kifkey world) goals, source of frustration (c.w. from tìkan
tìftiatu: [tI.fti."a.tu] P F n. researcher (derived goal and ekxan barrier)
from tìftia study) tìkankxanga’: [tI.kan."k'a.NaP] P F adj. frustra-
tìftiatu kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a.tu ki."fkEj.æ] P F n. ting (derived from tìkankxan source of fru-
scientist (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and stration)
kifkey world) tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
tìftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived from kanu smart)
from ftxavang passionate) tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
tìftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx- kawng bad)
ey choose) tìkeftxo: [tI.kE."ft'o] P F n. sadness (derived
tìftxulì’u: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech-making, from keftxo unhappy)
public speaking (derived from ftxulì’u orate, tìkeftxonga’: [tI.kE."ft'o.NaP] P F adj. sad (deri-
give speech) ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] P F n. guidance tìkelu: [tI."kE.lu] P F n. lack (derived from ke
(derived from fyawìntxu guide) not and lu be)

39
tìkemwiä: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] P F n. unfairness, in- tìloho: [tI."lo.ho] P F n. surprise (derived from
justice (derived from kemwiä improper, un- loho be surprising)
fair, wrong, unjustified) tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived beautiful)
from kenong model) tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from tìmal: [tI."mal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived
ke not and teng same) from mal trustworthy)
tìkezin: [tI."kE.zin] P F n. something in an un- tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general
tangled state, untanglement solution (derived sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
from kezin untangled) tìmeyp: [tI."mEjp^] P F n. weakness (derived
tìkezin si: [tI."kE.zin s·i] P F vin. untangle, sol- from meyp weak)
ve (derived from tìkezin untanglement solu- tìmll’an: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. acceptance (derived
tion) from mll’an" accept)
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin tìmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. abstract idea of a sugges-
need) tion (derived from mok suggest)
>
tìktseri: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n. unawareness, lack of tìmu’ni: [tI."muP.ni] P F n. achievement, accom-
notice (derived from tseri note, notice) plishment (derived from mu’ni accomplish,
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de- achieve)
rived from kar teach) tìmungwrr: [tI.muN."wr] P F n. exception (deri-
tìkxey: [tI."k'Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness ved from mungwrr "except)
(derived from kxeyey mistake) tìmungwrr si: [tI.muN."wr s·i] P F vin. make an
tìkxey si: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do exception (derived from " tìmungwrr excep-
wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness) tion)
tìkxìm: [tI."k'Im] P F n. commanding, ordering, tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t'a] P F n. mating, marriage
assigning tasks (derived from kxìm com- (derived from muntxa mated)
mand, order, assign tasks) tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri-
tìkxìm si: [tI."k'Im s·i] P F vin. be above someo- ved from maweypey be patient)
ne in a heirarchy, be someone’s superior (deri- tìmwiä: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. fairness, justice (deri-
ved from tìkxìm commanding, ordering, as- ved from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
signing tasks) tìmyì: ["tIm.jI] P F n. low level (c.w. from tìm low
tìkxuke: [tI."k'u.kE] P F n. safety (derived from and yì level)
kxuke safe) tìn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
tìla’um: [tI."la.Pum] P F n. pretence (derived ved from ’ìn be busy)
from la’um pretend) tìnatxu: [tI.na."t'u] P F n. disapproval (derived
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from from natxu disapprove of )
lam seem) tìnawri: [tI."naw.Ri] P F n. talent (derived from
tìlang: [tI."laN] P F n. exploration (derived from nawri talented)
lang investigate, explore) tìnew: [tI."nEw] P F n. desire (derived from new
tìlatem: [tI."la.tEm] P F n. change (abstract con- want)
cept) (derived from latem change) tìng: [t·IN] P F vtr. give
tìlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
from len happen) true)
tìleym: [tI."lEjm] P F n. call (derived from leym tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
call, cry out, exclaim) (derived from ngäzìk difficult)
tìleymfe’: [tI.lEjm."fEP] P F n. complaining (deri- tìng ftxì: [t·IN ft'I] P F vin. taste (derived from
ved from leymfe’ complain) tìng give and ftxi tongue)
tìleymkem: [tI.lEjm."kEm] P F n. protesting, pro- tìng lawr: [t·IN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, gi-
test (abstract concept) (derived from leym- ve out a tune or melody (derived from tìng
kem protest) give and lawr melody)

40
tìng mikyun: ["t·IN "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de- tìpe’ngay: [tI.pEP."Naj] P F n. conclusion (deri-
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear) ved from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived tìpe’ngayt wrrzärìp: [tI.pEP."Najt wr."z·æ.R·Ip^]
"
from tìng give and nari eye) P F ph. infer (c.w. from tìpe’ngay conclusion
tìngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (deri- and wrrzärìp pull out, extract)
ved from ngong lazy) tìpe’ngayt wrrzeykärìp: [tI.pEP."Najt
tìng ontu: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,P F vin. smell (deri- wr."zEy.k·æ.R·Ip^] P F ph. imply (c.w. from
"
tìpe’ngay conclusion and wrrzärìp pull out,
ved from tìng give and ontu nose)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. abstract idea of a creation extract)
(derived from ngop create) tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
tìng syawn: [t·IN sjawn] P F vin. bless (derived from pe’un decide)
from syawn blessing) tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived
>
tìng tseng: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, gi- from prrte’"pleasurable)
ve ground (derived from tìng give and tseng tìpsaw: [tIp."saw] P F n. clumsiness (derived
ground) from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone)
tìng zekwä: ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] P F vin. touch (inten- tìpxul: [tI."p'ul] P F n. formidableness, imposing-
tionally) (derived from tìng give and zekwä ness (derived from pxul formidable, impo-
finger) sing)
tìra’un: [tI."Ra.Pun] P F n. surrender, relinquish-
tìno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de-
ment (derived from ra’un surrender, re-
tail
linquish)
tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
tìralpeng: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n. translation, inter-
from newomum be curious)
pretation (derived from ral meaning and
tìnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept)
peng tell)
(derived from nui fail, falter)
tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìnvi: ["tIn.vi] P F n. task, errand, step (in an in-
tìranpam: [tI."Ran.pam] P F n. footstep (sound)
struction)
(c.w. from tìran walk and pam sound)
tìnvi si: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F vin. perform a task, run
tìrawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
an errand (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
replacing (derived from rawn replace)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de- tìrengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (the act or art
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced of designing (derived from rengop design)
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech) tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. hunger (derived from tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
ohakx hungry) rol sing)
tìomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (deri-
from omum know) ved from ronsrel something imagined)
tìpalang: [tI."p·a.l·aN] P F n. (social) contact tìsay: [tI."saj] P F n. loyalty (derived from say
(derived from palang contact, communicate loyal)
with) tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
tìpaw: [tI."paw] P F n. growth from ska’a destroy)
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived >
tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived
from pawm ask) from sla’tsu describe)
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived tìslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social
from pähem arrive) or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k'o] P F n. conversation, di- port) ofp.
scussion (derived from pängkxo chat) tìsmaw: [tI."maw] P F n. approval (derived from
>
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k'o.tsjIp^] P F n. little smaw approve of )
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con- tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] P F n. loss (derived from
versation) snaytx lose)

41
 >
tìso’ha: [tI."soP.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
good attitude (derived from so’ha be enthusi- from tstunwi kind)
>
astic about) tìtstunwinga’: [tI."tstun.wi.NaP] P F adj. kind
tìsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som (c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con-
hot) tain) nfp.
tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop >
tìtsukanom: [tI.tsu."ka.nom] P F n. availability
travel) (derived from tsukanom available)
tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from >
tìtsunslu: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. possibility (deri-
spe’e capture) ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
tìspxin: [tI."sp'in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick- >
tìtsyär: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. rejection (derived from
ness (derived from spxin sick) tsyär reject)
tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw >
tìtsyul: [tI."tsjul] P F n. beginning, start (derived
painful) from tsyul begin, start)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so- tìtunu: [tI."tu.nu] P F n. romance (derived from
meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain tunu romantic)
and s«eyk»i make (causative)) tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful from taron hunt)
(derived from tìsraw pain) tìtxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived from txanew greedy)
from srese’a prophetize) >
tìtxantslusam: [tI."t'an.tslu.sam] P F n. wisdom
tìsteftxaw: [tI.stE."ft'aw] P F n. examination (de- (seldom used) (derived from txantslusam
rived from steftxaw examine) wise)
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
tìtxap: [tI."t'ap^] P F n. pressure (physical) (deri-
angry)
ved from txap press)
tìsung: [tI."suN] LN n. addition, post script (deri-
tìtxaw: [tI."t'aw] P F n. punishment (derived
ved from sung add)
from txaw punish)
tìswaran: [tI."swa.Ran] P F n. humility, humble-
tìtxen: [tI."t'En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
ness (derived from swaran humble, modest)
king (derived from txen awake)
tìsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from
tìtxen si: [tI."t'En s·i] P F vin. to wake, to waken,
syor relax)
> wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
tìsyortsyìp: [tI."sjoR.tsjIp^] P F n. break, small
rest or relaxation (derived from syor relax, tìtxula: [tI."t'u.la] P F n. construction, construc-
chill out) ted thing (derived from txula build)
tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from tìtxur: [tI."t'uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
taron hunt) from txur strong)
tìterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] P F n. death (in abstract tìtxurnga’: [tI."t'uR. NaP] P F adj. powerful (deri-
sense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is in- ved from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.
evitable." tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
> from vawm dark)
tìtsan’ul: [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (in
the general or abstract sense) (derived from tìväng: [tI."væN] P F n. thirst (derived from
tsan’ul improve) väng thirsty)
> tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from
tìtseri: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. awareness, notice (deri-
ved from tseri note, notice) ve’kì hate)
> tìvirä: [tI.vi."Ræ] P F n. spread, proliferation (de-
tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
gence (derived from tslam understand) rived from virä spread, proliferate)
>
tìtstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery tìwan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (de-
>
tìtstewnga’: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. courageous, rived from wan hide)
brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave- tìwäsul: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. competition (derived
ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed) from wäsul compete)

42
tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (de- tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
rived from wäte argue) from toruk last shadow)
tìwew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
from wew cold) der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
tìwìngay: [tI.wI."Naj] P F n. proof, proving (ab- ride)
>
stract) (derived from wìngay prove) to tìtseri: [to tI."tsE.Ri] P F ph. than is apparent,
tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived than you are aware of
from wem fight) trr: [tr] P F n. day
"
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and " ’awve first)
yawne beloved)
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
"
trr day and ’ong unfold)
from eyawr correct)
tìyäkx: [tI."jæk'] P F n. lack of notice, snubbing trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
"
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
tìyewn: [tI."jEwn] P F n. expression (derived ter)
from yewn express, convey) trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
tìyo’: [tI."joP^] P F n. perfection (derived from trr day" and ham previous)
yo’ be perfect) trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
trr day" and hay next)
tìyora’: [tI.jo."RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived
from yora’ win) trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
day and" kive seventh)
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de-
trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
rived from yom eat) " mrrve
"
trr day and fifth)
tìzevakx: [tI."zE.vak'] P F n. cruelty (derived
trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
from zevakx cruel)
trr day and" muve second)
tìzevakxnga’: [tI."zE.vak'.NaP] P F adj. cruel (de-
trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
rived from tìzevakx cruelty) nfp.
tìzin: [tI."zin] P F n. a tangle(ment), mass of so-
and –ve ordinal number marker)
mething twisted together (derived from zin
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
day and "puve sixth)
tangled)
tìzin si: [tI."zin s·i] P F vin. tangle, tangle up (de-
trrpxeyve: [tr."p'Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
trr day and" pxeyve third)
rived from tìzin tangle(ment))
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be- >
trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
haves like an adp.) " tsìve fourth)
trr day and
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space trrtxon: [tr.t'on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
tokx: [tok'] P F n. body Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un- tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
derstand! (synonym: tslolam) tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (c.w. from
tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain tun red, orange and ’opin color)
tompakel: ["tom.pa.kel] P F n. drought (derived tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
from tompa rain) tung: [t·uN] P F vtr. allow
tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (de- tungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak) tung allow and zup fall)
tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. sleet (derived tunu: ["tu.nu] P F adj. romantic
from tompa rain and herwì snow) tunutu: ["tu.nu.tu] P F n. object of desire, crush
tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. raindrop (derived (derived from tunu romantic)
from tompa rain and ìlva drop) tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tong: [t·oN] P F vtr. put out, quench tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who variant of pesu

43
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
tuté: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from rived from tute person)
tute person) tutepe: [tu."tE.pE] P F inter. what woman variant
of peste
tutampe: [tu."tam.pE] P F inter. what man vari-
tutsena: ["tut.sE.na] P F n. stretcher (c.w. from
ant of pestan
tute person and sähena carrier)
tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived tuvom: [tu."vom] P F adj. greatest of all, excee-
from tute person) dingly great
tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F vin. lean

Ts
> >
tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F n. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa tsankum: ["tsan.kum] P F n. advantage, benefit,
that and ’u thing) upside, gain (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
>
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. better and kum result)
>
from tsa- that and fya’o way) tsankumnga’: ["tsan.kum.NaP] P F adj. advanta-
>
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning geous (derived from tsankum advantage, be-
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ nefit, upside, gain)
> >
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. bond with, tsantu: ["tsan.tu] P F n. good person, “good guy”
establish a neural connection (derived from (derived from sìltsan good)
>
tsaheylu bond) tsantxäl: [tsan."t'æl] P F n. invitation (derived
> from sìltsan good and ätxäle request)
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- >
nection) tsantxäl si: [tsan."t'æl s·i] P F vin. invite (deri-
> > ved from tsantxäl invitation)
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F n. that (ac- >
tion) (derived from tsa- that and kem action) tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology
> >
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time, that tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] P F vin. apologi-
time (derived " from tsa- that and krr time) se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-
> gy)
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the >
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only)
to) (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)
>
> tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-ri
tsaktap: ["tsak.tap^] P F n. violence
> that (topical) and a subordinator)
tsaktap si: ["tsak.tap s·i] P F vin. be violent, use >
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)
violence (derived from tsaktap violence) >
> tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-t
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject)
> that (patientive) and a subordinator)
> > > >
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F n. there,
even so that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place)
> >
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F n. that person (c.w. from tsa
>
tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. that and tute person)
from tsam war and ’opin color) >
> tsaw: [tsaw] P F pn. that, it (as intransitive sub-
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w. ject)
from tsam war and pongu party) >
tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u
>
tsamsä’o: ["tsam.sæ.Po] P F n. weapon of war that (subjective) and a subordinator)
>
(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool) Tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun; Alpha Centauri A
> >
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived Tsawkenay: [tsaw.kE."naj] P F n. Alpha Centau-
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) ri B (derived from Tsawke sun)
> >
tsan’ul: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. improve, get better tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp.
>
(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase) tsawlapx: ["tsaw.la.p'] P F n. unidelta tree vari-
>
tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing ant of tsawlapxangrr

44
 > >
tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl tskawr: [tsk·awR] P F vin. limp
>
big (in size) and hì’i small (in size)) tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
> >
tsawl slu: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from tsko swizaw: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
tsawl big and slu become) row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
> > >
tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F n. large gathering, tskxaytsyìp: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived
conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me- from tskxepay ice)
>
eting) tskxe: [tsk'E] P F n. rock, stone
> >
tsawn: [ts·awn] P F vtr. gather growing food from tskxekeng: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
>
the forest; pick; harvest (in agriculture) tskxekeng si: ["tsk'E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. exercise,
>
tsawng: [ts·awN] P F vin. shatter, break into pie- train (derived from tskxekeng training)
>
ces tskxepay: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from
>
tsawsngem: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. muscular (de- tskxe stone and pay water)
>
rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle) tskxevi: ["tsk'E.vi] P F n. pebble, small stone po-
> >
tsawtsray: ["tsaw.tsRaj] P F n. small or medium- lished smooth by natural forces (derived from
sized city (c.w. from tsawl large and tsray vil- tskxe rock, stone)
>
lage) tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand
> >
tsä’: [ts·æP] P F vin. squirt tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
> >
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter) tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
>
tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense) (derived from tslam understand and «ol»
> >
tse’atswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight, perfective aspect infix)
>
vision (derived from tse’a see) tsmi: [tsmi] P F n. nectar
> > >
tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids tsmisnrr: ["tsmi.snr] P F n. bladder lantern, nec-
(countable, but only rarely) tar lantern (c.w." from tsmi nectar and nrr
>
tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (de- glow)
>
rived from tseng place) tsmìm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or
>
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place person)
> >
tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
>
from tseng place) tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
>
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where variant of from tsmuk sibling)
>
peseng tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
>
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art tsmuk sibling)
> >
tseotu: ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (generic term) (de- tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived
rived from tseo art) from tsmuk sibling)
> >
tseri: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. note, notice tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup
> >
tsewtx: [tsEwt'] P F adj. dirty tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat
> >
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from
>
tsin: [tsin] P F n. nail, claw tsngawvìk cry and pay water)
> >
tsìk: [tsIk^] P F adv. suddenly, without warning tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop
>
tsìlpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract concept) (c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water,
(derived from sìlpey hope) with partitive marker)
> > >
tsìltsan: [tsIl."tsan] P F n. good (abstract concept), tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep
>
goodness (derived from sìltsan good) tsngem: [tsNEm] P F n. muscle
> >
tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four tsnì: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with
>
tsìpxì: [tsI."p'I] P F n. one-fourth (c.w. from tsìng subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
>
four and hapxì part) tson: [tson] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed requi-
>
tsìsyì: ["ts·I.sy·I] P F vin. whisper rement
> >
tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley
>
from tsìng four) tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. hole, cavity, exca-
>
tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow vation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w.

45
 >
from tsong valley and ropx hole) tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
> >
tsongtsyìp: ["tsoN.tsjIp^] P F n. dimple (derived from yom eat)
>
from tsong valley) tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery
> >
tsonta: ["tson.ta] P F conj. to (with kxìm) (deri- tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. master (derived
ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi- from tsulfä mastery)
>
rement) (contraction of tsonit a) tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
>
tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
>
tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill mastery)
> >
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- tsulfätunay: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
portance (derived from tsulfätu master)
> >
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village tsun: [ts·un] P F vim. can, be able
> >
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible
>
tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
the home of Pandoran fauna >
> tsupx: [ts·up'] P F vtr. scratch harmfully, as with
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife a claw
> >
tstalsena: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. knife sheath (c.w. tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok'] P F vin. rest
from tstal knife and sähena carrier) >
> tswa’: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. forget
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp. >
> tswal: [tswal] P F n. power
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for >
tswalnga’: ["tswal.NaP] P F adj. powerful (deri-
cloudy skies)
> ved from tswal power) nfp.
tstunkem: ["tstuN.kEm] P F n. favor, act of kind- >
tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
ness (c.w. from tstunwi kind and kem ac- >
tswesya: ["tswE.sja] P F n. current
tion) >
> tswesya si: ["tswE.sja s·i] P F vin. flow (derived
tstunkem si: ["tstuN.kEm s·i] P F vin. do a favor
from tswesya current)
(derived from tstunkem favor) >
> > tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
tstunkemtsyìp: ["tstuN.kEm.tsjIp^] P F n. little > >
tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de-
favor (derived from tstunkem favor)
> rived from tswin queue)
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, >
tswìk: [tsw·Ik^] P F vtr. suck
considerate
> >
tstu säpi: ["tstu sæ."p·i] P F vin. close oneself, clo- tswìk kxenerit: [tsw·Ik^"k'E.nE.Rit] P F,D vin.
se by itself, close on its own (c.w. from tstu smoke (lit. to suck smoke) (c.w. from tswìk
closed and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) suck and kxener smoke)
> >
tstu si: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. close (derived from tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfor-
tstu closed) table
> >
tstxo: [tst'o] P F n. name tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
> >
tstxolì’u: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from tsyär: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. reject
>
tstxo name and lì’u word) tsyey: [tsjEj] P F n. snack, light meal
> >
tstxolì’ukìngvi: [tst'o."lIP.u.kN.vi] P F n. noun tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central word is and of great value
> >
a noun) (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and kìng tsyeytsyìp: ["tsjEj.tsjIp^] P F n. tiny bite (deri-
thread) ved from tsyey snack, light meal)
> >
tsu’o: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability tsyìl: [tsj·Il] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire
>
tsukanom: [tsu."ka.nom] P F adj. available, ob- body up)
>
tainable (derived from kanom acquire, get) tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
> >
tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin tsyokx: [tsjok'] P F n. hand
> > >
tsuktswa’: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (de- tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
rived from tswa’ forget) (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
> >
tsukx: [ts·uk'] P F vtr. stab tsyul: [tsj·ul] P F vtr. begin, start

46
Tx

txa’: [t'aP] P F adj. hard tsawl large and tsray village)

>
txal: [t'al] P F n. back (of the body) txantslusam: ["t'an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
txampay: [t'am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
>
txan much and pay water) txantstew: ["t'an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
txampxì: [t'am."p'I] P F n. majority, most, large txan much and tstew brave)
part (derived from txan much) txantur: ["t'an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan: [t'an] P F adj. much txan much and txur strong) ofp.
txanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w. txantxew: [t'an."t'Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w.
from txan much and atan light) from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
txanew: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx- txantxewm: ["t'an.t'Ewm] P F adj. terrifying
an much and new want) (c.w. from txan much and txewm scary,
txanfwerwì: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (de- frightening)
rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì txantxewvay: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. maximal-
wind+snow) ly (derived from txantxew maximum)
txanfwìngtu: [t'an."fwIN.tu] P F n. bastard, lo- txanwawe: [t'an.wa."wE] P F adj. personally me-
ser (vulgar) (derived from txan much and aningful, significant (c.w. from txan much
fwìng humiliation) and wawe significance)
>
txankeltrrtrr: ["t'an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adj. extraordi- txanwetseng: [t'an."wE.tsEN] P F n. personally
nary (derived from txan " " much and keltrrtrr significant or beloved place, heimat (ger.) (deri-
unusual) ved from txanwawe(a) personally meaning-
txankrr: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w. ful, significant and tseng place)
from txan much " and krr time) txap: [t'·ap^] P F vtr. press, press on, apply (phy-
txanlal: ["t'an.lal] P F adj. ancient, very old (c.w. sical) pressure to
from txan much and lal old) txasom: ["t'a.som] P F adj. very hot (derived
txanlokxe: [t'an.lo."k'E] P F n. clan or tribal do- from txan much and som hot)
main, country (c.w. from txan; olo’ great; tri- txasunu: [t'a."s·u.n·u] P F vin. love greatly, enjoy
be, clan and atxkxe land) tremendously (derived from txan much and
txanro’a: [t'an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. be famous (c.w. sunu be likeable) nfp.
from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re- txatx: [t'at'] P F n. bubble
spect) txavä’: [t'a."væP] P F adj. disgusting (derived
txansngum: [t'an."sNum] P F n. desperation; fee- from txan much and vä’ unpleasant to the
ling of great worry (c.w. from txan much and senses)
sngum worry) txaw: [t'·aw] P F vtr. punish
txansngum si: [t'an."sNum s·i] P F vin. feel de- txawew: ["t'a.wEw] P F adj. very cold (derived
sperate (derived from txansngum despera- from txan much and wew cold)
tion) txay: [t'·aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat
txanso’hayu: [t'an."soP.ha.ju] P F n. fan, ent- txayo: ["t'a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
husiast (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be txärem: ["t'æ.REm] P F n. bone
enthusiastic about) txe’lan: [t'EP."lan] P F n. heart
txantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, he- txe’lankong: [t'EP."lan.koN] P F n. heartbeat
avy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa (c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat)
rain) txe’lanti wrrzärìp: [t'EP."lan.ti wr."zæ.RIp^] P F
> " to pull out
txantsan: ["t'an.tsan] P F adj. excellent ph. to greatly move emotionally (lit.:
>
txantsawl: ["t'an.tsawl] P F adj. giant, huge (c.w. the heart) (c.w. from txe’lan heart and wr-
from txan much and tsawl big) rzärìp pull out, extract)
> >
txantsawtsray: [t'an."tsaw.tsRaj] P F n. large ci- txekxumpay: [t'E."k'um.paj] P F n. magma, la-
ty, metropolis (c.w. from txan much and va (derived from txep fire and kxumpay

47
 viscous liquid) txo: [t'o] P F conj. if
txele: ["t'E.lE] P F n. matter (subject) txoa: ["t'o.a] P F n. forgiveness
txen: [t'En] P F adj. awake txokefyaw: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else,
txep: [t'Ep^] P F n. fire otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
txepìva: ["t'E.pI.va] P F n. ash, cinder (derived one path)
from txep fire and ìlva flake) txon: [t'on] P F n. night
txepram: [t'Ep."Ram] P F n. volcano (c.w. from txon’ong: [t'on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun-
txep fire and ram mountain) set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
>
txeptseng: ["t'Ep.tsEN] P F n. place where a fire ’ong unfold)
is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire txon’ongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
and tseng place) the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
>
txeptsyìp: ["t'Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. flame (derived on’ong sunset and maw after)
from txep fire) txonam: [t'o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
txeptun: ["t'Ep.tun] P F adj. orange (“fire tun") from txon night and ham previous)
(c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange) txonay: [t'o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri-
txepvi: ["t'Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep ved from txon night and hay next)
fire) txonkrr: ["t'on.kr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from
txew: [t'Ew] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end txon night and" krr time)
txewk: [t'Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon) txopu: ["t'o.pu] P F n. fear
txewluke: ["t'Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. endless, bound- txopunil: ["t'o.pu.nil] P F n. nightmare (c.w.
less, without limit (c.w. from txew limit, bor- from txopu fear and unil dream)
der and luke without) txopu si: ["t'o.pu "s·i] P F vin. be afraid (derived
txewm: [t'Ewm] P F adj. scary, frightening from txopu fear)
txewnga’: ["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. having a limit, not txopu sleyku: ["t'o.pu slEj."k·u] P F vtr. frighten
without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limit (derived from txopu fear and sleyku
and nga’ contain) produce)
txey: [t'·Ej] P F vin. halt txukx: [t'uk'] P F adj. deep (physically)
txi: [t'i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy txula: ["t'·u.l·a] P F vtr. build, construct
txin: [t'in] P F adj. main, primary txum: [t'um] P F n. poison
txinfpìl: ["t'in.fpIl] P F n. main point (c.w. from txumnga’: ["t'um.NaP] P F adj. poisonous (deri-
txin main and fpìl think) ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)
txintìn: ["t'in.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role txung: [t'·uN] P F vtr. disturb, disrupt, bother, af-
in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi- fect negatively
ty that keeps one busy) txur: [t'uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
>
txintseng: ["t'in.tseN] P F n. base of operations txurtel: ["t'uR.tel] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla- strong and telem cord)
ce) txurtu: ["t'uR.tu] P F n. strongman/woman,
txìm: [t'Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass brawny person (derived from txur strong
txìng: [t'·IN] P F vtr. leave, abandon (physically))

ue’: [·u."·EP] P F vtr. vomit, vomit up ultxarun: [ul."t'a.R·un] P F vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last
run find)
shadow)
ukxo: [u."k'o] P F adj. dry
ultxa si: [ul."t'a "s·i] P F vin. meet with someone
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-
ultxa: [ul."t'a] P F n. meeting txa meeting)

48
ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. meeting participant refer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking)
(derived from ultxa meeting) uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
um: [um] P F adj. loose uolì’uvi: ["u.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. suffix (derived
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream from uo– behind and li’u word)
unil si: ["u.nil s·i] P F vin. dream (derived from
unil dream) uran: ["u.Ran] P F n. boat
uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,P F n. ava- utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree
>
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived
dreamwalker and tokx body) from utral tree)
uniltìrantokxolo’: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] P F utu: ["u.tu] P F n. forest canopy
n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from unil- utumauti: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] P F n. banana fruit
tìrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ (c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit.
clan) canopy fruit)
uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker) uvan: [u."van] P F n. game
> uvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok'] P F n. physical or
uniltsa: ["u.nil.ts·a] P F vtr. dream of, dream
about (derived from unil dream and tse’a athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan game
see) and letokx physical)
unyor: [un."joR] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a flo- uvan si: [u."van "s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (deri-
wery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may also ved from uvan game)

var: [v·aR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to conti- venga’: ["vE.NaP] P F adj. organized, “on top of
nue to perform an action things” (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark and nga’ contain)
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (deri- ventil: ["vEn.til] P F n. ankle (c.w. from venu foot
ved from vawm dark) and til joint)
vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay– foot and zekwä finger)
up to and krr" time)
vewng: [v·EwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be
vä’: [væP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso- responsible for
me vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
väng: [væN] P F adj. thirsty flesh
väpam: ["væ.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unplea- vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. put in order, orga-
sant sound, screech (derived from vä unplea- nize (derived from vezo be in order)
sant to the senses and pam sound)
vezo: [vE."z·o] P F vin. be in order, be organized
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate
(c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should
ve’o: ["vE.Po] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder be)
or chaos), organization
vin: [v·in] P F vtr. request, ask for
vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure,
vingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop
approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
into one’s mind
and fya’o way, manner)
velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] P F vin. give up, surrender, con- virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F vin. spread, proliferate
cede defeat vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
velke: ["vEl.ke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani- vll: [v·l] P F vtr. indicate, point at
"
zed, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organi- voìk: ["vo.Ik^] P F n. behavior, how one conducts
zation and luke without) oneself

49
 >
voìk si: ["vo.Ik s·i] P F vin. behave (derived from vospxìtsìng: [vo.sp'I."tsIN] P F n. April (c.w.
voìk behavior) from vospxì month and tsìng four)
vol: [vol] P F num. eight vospxìvol: [vo.sp'I."vol] P F n. August (c.w.
volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived from vospxì month and vol eight)
from vol eight) vospxìvolaw: [vo.sp'I.vo."law] P F n. September
vonvä’: [von."væP] P F n. butthole, asshole, dick- (c.w. from vospxì month and volaw nine)
head (vulgar) (c.w. from vitra soul and onvä’
vospxìvomun: [vo.sp'I.vo."mun] P F n. October
bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
(c.w. from vospxì month and vomun ten)
vopxì: [vo."p'I] P F n. one-eighth (c.w. from vol
eight and hapxì part) vospxìvopey: [vo.sp'I.vo."pEj] P F n. November
vospxey: [vo."sp'Ej] P F n. March (c.w. from (c.w. from vospxì month and vopey eleven)
vospxì month and pxey three) vospxìvosìng: [vo.sp'I.vo."sIN] P F n. December
vospxì: [vo."sp'I] P F n. month (derived from (c.w. from vospxì month and vosìng twelve)
vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year) vrrìn: ["v·r.·In] P F vin. be busy (negative sense):
vospxì’aw: [vo.sp'I."Paw] P F n. January (c.w. be tired" out and overwhelmed by an activity
from vospxì month and ’aw one) that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be
vospxìam: [vo.sp'I."am] P F n. last month (deri- busy)
ved from vospxì month) vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
vospxìay: [vo.sp'I."aj] P F n. next month (deri- "
vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree)
ved from vospxì month) >
vultsyìp: ["vul.tsjIp^] P F n. stick (derived from
vospxìkin: [vo.sp'I."kin] P F n. July (c.w. from vul branch (of a tree))
vospxì month and kinä seven)
vun: [v·un] P F vtr. provide
vospxìmrr: [vo.sp'I."mr] P F n. May (c.w. from
vospxì month and mrr " five) vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vospxìmun: [vo.sp'I."mun] P F n. February (c.w. vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
from vospxì month and mune two) ved from vur story)
vospxìpuk: [vo.sp'I."puk^] P F n. June (c.w. from vurway: ["vuR.waj] P F n. story poem, narrative
vospxì month and pukap six) poem (c.w. from vur story and way song)

walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w.
walew: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. get over, accept some from way song and telem cord)
fact, reconcile oneself, move on wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wan: [w·an] P F vtr. hide wäsul: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. compete
wapx: [w·ap'] P F vin. sink wäte: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. argue, dispute
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, sig- wätu: ["wæ.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from
nificance wä- against)
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial) wätx: [w·æt'] P F vtr. be bad at
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t'E] P F ph. spoken poem we’ay: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. sour
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing
wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight
(ceremonial register))
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita-
way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (deri-
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
ved from way sing (ceremonial register))
pongu group)
wayä aylì’u: [waj.æ ajlI.Pu] P F ph. words of a
poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way weopx: [wE."op'] P F n. wave (of water)
sing (ceremonial register)) wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
way si: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. sing (derived from weyn: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
way song) win: [win] P F adj. fast

50
win säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) (c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
win si: ["win "s·i] P F vin. rush something, make wotx: [wot'] P F n. totality, whole
something fast (derived from win fast) wrrkä: [wr."k·æ] P F vin. go out, go outside (c.w.
"
from wrrpa outside and kä go)
wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty
wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F adv., n. outside
wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or " ."z·a.Pu]
wrrza’u: [wr P F vin. come out, emerge
frustration, ’damn!’
(derived "from wrrpa outside and za’u come)
wìngay: [w·I."Naj] P F vtr. prove (derived from
wrrzärìp: [wr."z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull out, extract
(c.w. from" wrrpa outside and zärìp pull)
wìntxu show and ngay true)
wìntxu: [w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. show wum: [wum] P F adv. approximately, roughly
wo: [w·o] P F vtr. reach for wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly
>
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal

Y
>
ya: [ja] P F n. air yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. bird’s nest (c.w.
yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived from yayo bird and tsrul nest)
from fkeytok exist) yäkx: [j·æk'] P F vtr. not notice, ignore, snub
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
yak si: [j·ak^ s·i] P F vin. diverge, change direc- ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full
tion, go astray (derived from yak point of di- ye’krr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
vergence) ye’rìn soon "and krr time)
yaney: [ja."nEj] P F n. canoe ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from yehakx: ["jE.hak'] P F adj. satisfied from hunger,
ya air and pay water) full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
from yawne beloved)
ter)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. dip into
from yawne beloved)
> liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
yawntutsyìp: ["jawn.tu.tsjIp^] P F n. darling,
yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok'] P F vtr. put on (clot-
little loved one (derived from yawntu loved
hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-
one)
kx body)
yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart, yengwal: [jEN."wal] P F n. sorrow
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
yeväng: ["jE.væN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by
and yewla disappointment)
drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
yawo: [ja."w·o] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w. ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
from ya air and wo reach for) yewla: ["jEw.la] P F n. disappointment, emotional
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion let-down, failed expectation
yayayrnga’: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (de- yewn: [j·Ewn] P F vtr. express, convey (a thought
rived from yayayr confusion) or feeling)
>
yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something con- yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr yeyfya: ["jEj.fja] P F n. straight line (derived
confusion and tsim source) from yey straight and fya’o path)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant yì: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can al-
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and so be used metaphorically to refer to the le-
ioang animal) vel of anything scalable - anything that can

51
 have levels or degrees, highs and lows, wa- flesh)
ter level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.) yomyo: ["jom.jo] P F n. plate, (for food) (c.w.
yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-
yìmkxa: ["jIm.k'a] P F n. banshee catcher, mouth- rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
binder (c.w. from yìm bind and kxa mouth) yomyo lerìk: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] P F n. leaf plate
yll: [jl] P F adj. communal (c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìk
" ["jl.t'Ep^]
ylltxep: P F n. communal fire or fire pit leafy)
(c.w. from " yll communal and txep fire)
yomzeswa: [j·om."zE.swa] P F vin. graze (ii)
yo: [jo] P F n. surface (c.w. from yom eat and zeswa grass)
yo’: [j·oP] P F vin. be perfect, flawless yora’: [j·o."R·aP] P F vtr. win
yo’ko: ["joP.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo’
yora’tu: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. winner (derived from
perfect and ko’on ring)
yora’ win)
yo’kofya: ["joP.ko.fja] P F n. cycle (c.w. from
yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way) yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its
"
original, unmodified, untampered-with natural
yoa–: ["jo.a] P F adp. in exchange for
yokx: [jok'] P F n. shield state)
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time) yrrap: ["jr.ap^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air
"
and hrrap danger)
yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob- yuey: ["ju.Ej] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give) ofp.
yomvey: [j·om."vEj] P F vin. dine on flesh, be yune: ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
caniverous (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and vey yur: [j·uR] P F vtr. wash

za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived zärìp: ["z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull variant of za’ärìp
from ’ärìp move) zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use)
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. must
zam mì zam: ["zam mI "zam] P F adv. comple- zenke: ["z·EN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
tely, one hundred percent (derived from zam from zene must and ke not)
sixty-four and mì in, on) zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F vtr. remember
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived
zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass
from munge bring)
zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (deri-
zapxì: [za."p'I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from zeswa grass)
ved from hapxì part)
zet: [z·Et^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an
zare’: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from
attitude towards
zapxì front and re’o head)
zevakx: ["zE.vak'] P F adj. cruel ofp.
zasrìn: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. borrow (derived from
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) zey: [zEj] P F adj. special, distinct
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zawprrte’: [z·aw."pr.tEP] P F vin. be enjoyable zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
(derived from za’u " come and prrte’ pleasu- zeykoyu: [zEj."ko.ju] P F n. healer (derived from
rable) zeyko heal)
zawr: [zawr] P F n. animal call zin: [zin] P F adj. tangled
zawsena: ["zaw.sE.na] P F n. quiver (attached to zir: [ziR] P F n. touch, feel, texture
the ikran’s saddle) variant of swizawsena zìm: [z·Im] P F vtr. feel (not intentionally)
zäfi: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. newcomer, some-
longer in a natural state one who has just arrived on the scene

52
 > >
zìmtswo: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) touch (de- zìtsaltrr: [zI."tsal.tr] P F n. colloquial form of
rived from zìm touch) zìsìtsaltrr (yearly" anniversary)
zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
zìsìt year and" krr time) be, work correctly or as nature intended
zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year zong: [z·oN] P F vtr. save, defend
zìsìtay: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. next year (derived from >
zìsìt year) zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
zìsìtsaltrr: [zI.sIt."sal.tr] P F n. (yearly) anniver- (c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
sary (c.w. from zìsìt" year, salew go and trr zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
day) zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
zìskrrmipaw: [zI.skr."mi.paw] P F n. spring ed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
(c.w. from zìsìkrr" season and mipa tìpaw zum: [zum] P F n. object, thing (physical or tan-
new growth) gible)
zìskrrsom: [zI.skr."som] P F n. summer (c.w. zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use)
from zìsìkrr season " and som hot)
> zung: [z·uN] P F vin. crouch
zìskrrtsawn: [zI.skr."tsawn] P F n. autumn, fall
(c.w. from zìsìkrr " season and tsawn harvest) zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zìskrrwew: [zI.skr."wEw] P F n. winter (c.w. zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
from zìsìkrr season " and wew cold) z«us»a’u coming and " krr time)

äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual) äzanluke: [æ."zan.lu.kE] P F adv. voluntarily,

äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. under, below without force or compulsion (c.w. from äzan
force, compulsion and luke without)
ätxäle: [æ."t'æ.lE] P F n. request
äzan si: [æ."zan s·i] P F vin. force, compel (deri-
ätxäle si: [æ."t'æ.lE "s·i] P F vin. request (with ved from äzan force, compulsion)
tsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxäle äzantu: [æ."zan.tu] P F n. domineering person;
request) one who is bossy, authoritarian, or dictatorial
äzan: [æ."zan] P F n. force, compulsion (derived from äzan force, compulsion)

ìì: [I:] P F intj. um, er ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry

ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, following, ìlva: ["Il.va] P F n. flake, drop, chip
according to ìpxa: [I."p'a] RL,P F n. fern

53
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You
two are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”
would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

54
 Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
ned from Eng. English) Eng. gunship)
’Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
" Earth)
from Eng. from Na’vi / Eng. word book)
>
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned LosÄntsyelesì: [lo."sæn.tsjE.lE.sI] P F prop.n.
from Greek Europe) Los Angeles (loaned from Eng. Los Angeles)
>
ewro: ["Ew.Ro] P F n. euro (loaned from Eng. eu- matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
ro) from Hebrew matsa)
>
hametsì: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loa- nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French (loaned
ned from Hebrew chametz) from French Français)
>
Jakesully: [ZEjk'."su:.li] M n. moron, toruk mak- nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German (loa-
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- ned from German Deutsche)
>
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic nìTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Chine-
rules) se language (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
Kelnì: ["kEl.nI] P F prop.n. Köln, Cologne Zhōngwén)

55
Nìyu Yorkì: [nI.ju "jor.kI] P F prop.n. New York tìreyn: [tI."REjn] P F n. train (loaned from Eng.
Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from train)
>
French Paris) Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (loa-
paynäpll: ["paj.næ.pl] P F n. pineapple (loaned ned from German Deutschland)
" >
from Eng. pineapple) Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language)
päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (loa- (loaned from German Deutsch)
ned from Eng. basketball) toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
>
pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng. Eng. doctor)
badge) >
tsyänel: ["tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
pensìl: ["pen.sIl] P F n. pencil (loaned from Eng. from Eng. channel)
pencil) >
tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng.
Eng. giraffe)
blog) >
tsyoklìt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
postì: ["po.stI] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned
from Eng. chocolate)
from Eng. post)
txolar: ["t'o.lar] P F n. dollar (loaned from Eng.
Poston: ["po.ston] P F prop.n. Boston
dollar)
puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
> wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web,
puktsyìp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet
(derived from puk book) www) (loaned from Eng. web)
>
pxir: [p'iR] P F n. beer (loaned from German bi- weptseng: ["wEp.tsEN] LN n. website (loaned
er) from Eng. / Na’vi web place)
skxaypxe: ["sk'aj.p'E] P F n. Skype (loaned from wou: ["w·o.·u] P F vin. be amazing, fascinating
English Skype) (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden (loaned Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
from Swedish Sverige) Italian Jesu)
tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
Eng. ship) from Eng. U.S.A.)

56
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Anurai: ["a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Aonung: [a.o.nuN] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
Metkayina Clan daughter)
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan nous Pandoran sentient race
son) Naranawm: [naR.a."nawm] JC,P F prop.n. Poly-
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi phemus (derived from nari eye and anawm
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n. great; lit. great eye)
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram Nawmtoruktek: [nawm."to.Ruk.tEk^] P F,CdS
mountain and lìng hover) prop.n. Toruk Makto Totem (c.w. from nawm
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN] Toruk great Toruk and tekre skull)
Neteyam: [nE."tEj.am] P F prop.n. Jake and Ney-
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well) tiri’s first born son
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Omatikaya Clan
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of
Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
the Omatikaya
Omatikaya Clan
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Flute Clan (Note: common misspelling as
Eywa’eveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n. Omaticaya, sourced by the ASG)
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])
Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Eyweveng: [Ej."wE.vEN] P F prop.n. Pandora va- Omatikaya Clan
riant of Eywa’eveng
Pongu Pongu: ["po.Nu "po.Nu] D prop.n. party
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to party (irregular use) (derived from pongu a
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi group or party of people) (Note: Name of bar
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi at Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar)
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec- Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
tionate form Kamtsyìp) Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Kekunan: ["kE.ku.nan] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na- Ronal: ["Ro.nal] P F prop.n. Female Na’vi of the
me Metkayina Clan
Kelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
from kelku home and utral tree) Rotxo: ["ro.t'o] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Met-
Li’ona: [lI.Po.na] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name kayina Clan
Lo’ak: ["loP.ak^] P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s se- Satu’li: [sa"tuP.li] P F,D prop.n. Canteen in the
cond born son Valley of Mo’ara (Note: From Disney’s Pan-
Lo’akur: [lo.Pa."kuR] P F,CdS prop.n. Toruk Mak- dora - The World of Avatar)
to Amulet (c.w. from lo’a totem and kur Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
hang) Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
Metkayina: [mEt.ka."ji.na] JC,P F prop.n. Reef Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
People Clan Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river
Mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F prop.n. a valley on Pan- (derived from swotu sacred place)
dora (Note: Also the name of the Disney Swotu Wayä: ["swo.tu "waJ.æ] P F,D prop.n.
Pandora location) sacred place of song (Note: From Disney’s

57
 Pandora - The World of Avatar) Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Tawkami: [taw."ka.mi] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na- Tuktirey: [tuk."ti.Rej] P F prop.n. Jake and Ney-
me (c.w. from taw sky and kame see) tiri’s daughter
Tipani: ["ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Txärpawk: ["t'æR.pawk^] P F,CdS prop.n. Palu-
Tonowari: [to.no."wa.Ri] JC,P F prop.n. male lukan Bone Horn (c.w. from txärem bone and
Na’vi of the Metkayina Clan pawk horn, wind instrument)
>
Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high Txewì: ["t'E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
priestess, interpreter Txilte: ["t'il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
>
Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
>
Tsireya: [tsi."rEj.a] P F prop.n. female of the Met- Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
kayina Clan Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F
>
Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
>
Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma- and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)
tikaya Clan Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
>
Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of
name for the Omatikaya Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

58
E Flora and Fauna
Flora

’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] P F n. leaf pitcher plant paysyul: ["paj.sjul] P F n. water lily (c.w. from
(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move) pay water and syulang flower)
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
" water and ’ewll plant)
’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus (c.w. from pay
(derived from ’ewll " plant) penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral) danger)
apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from pxayzekwä: [p'aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips
apxa large and ngrr " root) (c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)
atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre- pxiut: ["p'i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
at tree from pxi sharp and utral tree)
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise pxiwll: ["p'i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp" and ’ewll plant)
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue) pxorna’: ["p'oR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
pxorna’lor: ["p'oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
fkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
from fkxake itch and " ’ewll plant) exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
plant
rumaut: ["Ru.ma.ut^] P F n. cannonball fruit tree
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl] P F n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
(c.w. from rum ball and mauti fruit)
rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
sutx follow)
ball and utral tree)
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower
from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant)
smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
fyìpmaut: ["fjIp.ma.ut^] P F n. squid fruit tree ned plant
(c.w. from fyìp tentacle and mauti fruit)
sngukx: [sNuk'] P F n. grub plant
hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant somtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
"
kllpxiwll: [kl."p'i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from (c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
" "
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant) syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person
koaktutral: [ko."ak.tut.Ral] P F n. goblin thistle trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
(c.w. from koaktu old person and utral tree) tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived sky and utral tree)
from kxayl high) >
tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi- tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, pro-
ral) tection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri- and ’ewll plant)
ved from mìn turn) tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant
mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] P F n. roosterhead plant (c.w. from tompa rain " and ’ewll plant)
pa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp'am] P F n. octoshroom,
(c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant) great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
>
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu- great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
" >
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewll tsawksyul: ["tsawk.sjul] P F n. sun lily (c.w.
plant) from tsawke sun and syulang flower)

59
 >
tsawlapxangrr: ["tsaw.la.p'a.Nr] P F n. unidelta and ’ewll plant)
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx) plant (c.w. from" vä’ unpleasant and fahew
>
tstxa’a: ["tst'a.Pa] P F n. canalyd smell)
>
tsyorina’wll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ " seed and ’ewll from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)
plant) vozampasukut: ["vo.zam.pa.suk.ut^] P F n.
tumpasuk: ["tum.pa.suk^] P F n. celia fruit tree grinch tree, thousand berry tree (c.w. from vo-
(c.w. from tun red-orange and pasuk berry) zam 512, equivalent in use to 1,000 and pa-
txll’u: ["t'l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd suk ut(ral) berry tree)
txumpaywll: " ["t'um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small ani-
thistle, poison water plant " (c.w. from txum mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
poison and paywll water plant) and hì’ang insect)
>
txumtsä’wll: [t'um."tsæP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
poison-squirting plant (c.w. " from tsä’ squirt from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna
> >
’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead nantangtsyìp: ["nan.taN.tsjIp^] JC,P F n. dog
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm (earth animal); lit. little nantang (derived
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) from nantang viperwolf )
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
fpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] P F n. medusa palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus loquial [pa."lu.kan])
>
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis palulukantsyìp: [pa.lu."lu.kan.tsjIp^] JC,P F n.
cat (earth animal); lit. little palulukan (deri-
fyuatx: [fju."at'] P F n. anemonoid
ved from palulukan thanator) (colloquial
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee >
[pa."lu.kan.tsjIp^])
ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC,P F n. forest banshee
riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
ilu: ["i.lu] P F,D n. large plesiosaur-like sea crea- skuka: ["sku.ka] P F n. sagittaria
ture (from Disney’s Pandora Guide to the srakat: ["sRa.kat^] P F n. dinicthoid
Flora and Fauna of the Valley of Mo’ara) syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso- talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
nous arachnid from ioang animal)
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
lanay’ka: [la."najP.ka] P F,ASG n. slinger toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
mawup: ["ma.wup^] P F,CdS n. turtapede dow
> >
nalutsa: [na."lu.tsa] P F n. large armored whale- tsiki: ["tsi.ki] P F n. reef tick
>
like sea creature tspìng: [tspIN] P F,CdS n. austrapede
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer- yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf zize’: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

60
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak'] P F ph. be hungry
’ivong nìk’ong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] P F ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t'æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì
smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release its prey”, it’s a foregone conclusion
etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,P F ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] P F ph. this is Ìstaw
fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] P F ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not enough;
one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts.
fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against
someone’s or something’s nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltxì: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] P F ph. say hello, Ìstaw
ka wotx: [ka wot'] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isn’t that so? right? no?
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didn’t)
kenten mì kumpay: ["kEn.tEn mI "k'um.paJ] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a fan lizard in gel”, a
sense of being in an environment where you’re prevented from acting naturally or doing what you
want to do
ke pxan: [kE p'an] P F ph. I’m not worthy
ke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] P F ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand
ke zene win säpivi: [] P F ph. take your time, don’t rush
kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
kunsìpìri txana " tìmeyp
" lu tsyal a mìn.: [] P F ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.

61
 >
kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t'E] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important "
loreyu ’awnampi: [lo."RE.Ju Pawn."ampi] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a touched helicoradian”, ex-
treme shyness
ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
maitan: [ma."i.tan] P F ph. my son (form of address)
maite: [ma."i.tE] P F ph. my daughter (form of address)
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga läpivawk nìno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. don’t worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oeyä lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F ph. to you the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga zola’u ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where did you come from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k'E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] JC,P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,
you’re going down!
nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: []
oe ’olongokx mì P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] P F ph. my name is Txewì
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpìl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
Sasya!: [sa."sJa] P F ph. I’ll rise to the challenge! I can do it!
säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
Siva ko!: [si."va ko] P F ph. Rise to the Challenge! Courage! You can do it!

62
smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
Soleia!: [so.lE.i."a] P F ph. Congratulations! Nice going! You met the challenge! You did it!
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] P F ph. are you good at Na’vi?
srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nìprrte’: [] P F ph. looking forward to it
srefwa sngap zize’: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)
stum ke: [stum kE] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)
taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a
totally botched situation, chaos
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F ph. in my opinion
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F ph. forever, until the end of time
"
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time?
tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k'Ej "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re wrong
tìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] P F ph. to my knowledge
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re right
tokx eo tokx: ["tok' "E.o "tok'] P F ph. face to face, in person
tolätxaw nìprrte’: [tol."æ.t'aw nI"prtEP] P F ph. welcome back
tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] P F ph. " what does X mean?
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
>
Tsun pehem?: [tsun pe.hem] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: What can one do?
txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt cannot
sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you need to
decide.
>
txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t'o kE nI."yoP tsa."kr nI."yol] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you
can’t be flawless, at least be brief" "
txon lefpom: [t'on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night
X-(ì)ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?
Yewla!: ["jEw.la] P F conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!
za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome
"

63
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

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H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«asy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I
will hunt the yerik.
äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.
äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive verbal infix in position 0 (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix in position 0 (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused him to
die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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ìsy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
ìyev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (va-
riant of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(variant of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si
intriguing
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru
tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame.
I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of ä) (GEN .): Oel yeiom
Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may
look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

66
–a–: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
–e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
fì–: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?
What’s the condition of the river today?
fne–: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra–: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
fray+: [fRaj] P F (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of
these houses are beautiful.
kaw–: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.
–kel: [kEl] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun
zene tute Kälìforniayä payit sivar nìnän. Because of the drought, Californians have to use less
water.
–lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna–: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
–nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
–o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?
–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p'E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna–: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.
–ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk–: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa’ The moment was unforgettable

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le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
–nga’: [NaP^] P F adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.
nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)
sä–: [sæ] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
>
tsuk–: [tsuk^] P F (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed); widely productive, can be attached to vir-
tually any transitive verb, although also useful on intransitive verbs; deriving affix Fìioang
lu tsukyom. This animal is edible / can be eaten.
>
–tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform
the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatly
impressed all the warriors.
–tu: [tu] P F person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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I The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 15.4.3 - Add Txopunil

• 15.4.2 - Fix IPA for talioang

• 15.4.1 - Updated kenong

• 15.4 - Added all new vocabulary from naviteri.org, December 31, 2021

• 15.3 - Updated part of speech for all verbs that did not previously have transitivity defi-
ned

• 15.2 - Fixed part of speech for kekem

• 15.1 - Fixed the IPA of several entries

• 15.0 - Added all new vocabulary from naviteri.org after April 2020, fixed IPA and/or part
of speech for various words

• 14.4 - Added new words from naviteri.org from October 27, 2019 to April 21, 2020

• 4.3 - Added new words from naviteri.org, July 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019

• 14.2 - Added new words from naviteri.org, August 31, 2019

• 14.1 - Removed Non-Frommerian Illegal words section

• 14.0 - Added 40 new words from naviteri.org, June 6, 2019 and several minor fixes (up-
date by Tirea Aean)

• 13.9 - Many small fixes; Added all new vocabulary from language-updates forum, navi-
teri.org August 31, 2018 and October 30, 2018

• 13.8 - Added vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 31, 2018, lesar si from 2012, fixed tons of
IPA (thanks Wllìm!)

• 13.71 - Added uolì’uvi from forever ago (thanks Tirea!)

• 13.7 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, March 31, 2018 and April 30, 2018

• 13.63 - Added kxì from naviteri.org, February 28, 20187

• 13.62 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2017

• 13.61 - Added Kate Winslet’s character Ronal to the proper nouns section

• 13.6 - Added new vocabulary from the October naviteri.org posts, new character names,
linguistic terms

• 13.51 - Added Swota Wayä to proper nouns, from Disney

• 13.5 - Added new vocabulary used in Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar

• 13.421 - Corrected inconsistencies in the source field.

69
• 13.42 - Minor typo corrections and fixed IPA for LosÄntsyelesì. Also added tìng ontu
and tìng ftxi since they didn’t make it into the dictionary the first time, for some bizarre
reason.

• 13.41 - Added mo’ara from Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar

• 13.4 - Added new Avatar lead character name and clan, Tomowari and Metkayina

• 13.332 - Disambiguated the definition of takuk. Also changed fmetok to vtr. Getting more
precise all the time!

• 13.331 - Disambiguated the definition of pongu.

• 13.33 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, February 28, 2017.

• 13.32 - Moved Na’vi clan names to Proper Nouns block.

• 13.31 - Fixed silly typos for pllhrr and säpllhrr. Thanks elf!

• 13.301 - Typo/format corrections for several words. No visible changes to the .pdf

• 13.3 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2016 and January 2, 2017.

• 13.294 - Corrected stress for nìolo’

• 13.293 - Corrected infix IPA for ue’

• 13.292 - zong changed to vtr. Thanks, Plumps!

• 13.291 - Various minor corrections suggested by Plumps and eejmensenikbenhet.

• 13.29 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, June 30, 2016. Some important new words in
this one.

• 13.284 - Corrected accent for lefpomtxok and kelfpomtokx Plumps. Wou!

• 13.283 - Corrected IPA for säplltxe and säplltxevi. Plumps again. ;)

• 13.282 - Added derivatives of nguway

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