†gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK aviYv

Fundamental Economic Concepts

1
f~wgKv
Introduction
A_©bxwZ n‡jv Ggb GKwU welq †hLv‡b gvby‡li mvaviY A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| A_©bxwZi me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© msÁv w`‡q‡Qb A_©bxwZwe` Gj. iweÝ| Zvi g‡Z,Ó A_©bxwZ Ggb GKwU weÁvb hv Amxg Afve Ges
weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨ `y¯úªvc¨ m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab msµvšÍ gvbexq AvPib e¨vL¨v K‡iÓ| gvby‡li Afve Amxg
| mmxg ev mxwgZ m¤ú` w`‡q wKfv‡e Amxg Afve c~iY Kiv hvq Zv A_©bxwZ e¨vL¨v K‡i| welqwU m¤ú‡K© fv‡jv
Ávb ivL‡Z n‡j †gŠwjK A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv _vKv evÃbxq| GB BDwb‡U wewfbœ †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK welq
†hgb- Afv‡ei AmxgZv, m¤ú‡`i `y®úÖvc¨Zv, wbe©vPbMZ mgm¨v Ges Gme †_‡K m„ó Ab¨vb¨ mywbw`©ó †gŠwjK
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GmKj †gŠwjK mgm¨v wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K©I
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 w`b

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 1.1 : A_©bxwZi msÁv I cÖKvi‡f`
cvV 1.2 : A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vmg~n
cvV 1.3 : Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n
cvV 1.4 : A_©bxwZi A`„k¨nvZ ZË¡

g~L¨ kã A_©bxwZ, e¨wóK A_©bxwZ, mvgwóK A_©bxwZ, cuywRev`, mgvRZš¿, A`„k¨ nvZ BZ¨vw`|
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

A_©bxwZi msÁv I cÖKvi‡f`

cvV-1.1 Definition and Classification of Economics

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• A_©bxwZi msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
• A_©bxwZi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
• e¨emv‡q A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

A_©bxwZi msÁv
Definition of Economics
A_©bxwZ kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Economics hv MÖxK kã Oikonomia ‡_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi A_© M„n e¨e¯’vcbv|
1776 mv‡j GWvg ¯§x_ Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of the
Nations” G A_©bxwZ welqwU‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ welq wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Rvwb Afve Amxg| wKš‘ m¤ú`
mxwgZ| †mB mxwgZ m¤ú` Avevi weKífv‡e e¨envi†hvM¨| mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨envi Øviv Amxg Afve
c~iYK‡í gvby‡li †h Kg©cÖ‡Póv Zvi Av‡jvPbvB A_©bxwZ weq‡q ¯’vb cvq|

Avgiv GwUI Rvwb †h, A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK mgm¨v `ywU| GKwU m¤ú‡`i `y¯úªvc¨Zv Ges wbe©vPb| GB `ywU mgm¨v
Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú‡`i Ach©vßZvB `y¯úªvc¨Zv| c„w_ex‡Z m¤ú` e›Ub mylg
bq| GK †`‡k GKwU m¤ú` †ewk n‡j Ab¨ †`‡k Ab¨ GKwU m¤ú` †ewk _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cÖPzi †Zj
m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| Avevi Px‡b cÖPzi †jŠn m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| ZvB Afve c~i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú` mxwgZ n‡jI Zv
Avevi `y¯úªvc¨ nq| g~jZ: Afve Amxg Avi m¤ú` mxwgZ GB e³‡e¨i Rb¨B m¤ú` `y¯úªvc¨| Aciw`‡K, wbe©vPb
n‡jv wØZxq †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v| Avgiv Rvwb Afve Amxg wKš‘ we‡kl Afve mmxg| Avi †mB mmxg
Afv‡ei g‡a¨ gvbyl‡K ev mgvR‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq †Kvb AfvewU Av‡M c~iY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| A_©vr AmsL¨ mgm¨v
ev Afv‡ei g‡a¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq †Kvb&wU Av‡M c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| GwUB wbe©vPbMZ mgm¨v|

wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` A_©bxwZ‡K wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| A_©bxwZi RbK GWvg ¯§x_ e‡j‡Qb,ÓA_©bxwZ n‡jv
m¤ú‡`i weÁvbÓ| Zvi g‡Z †h kv¯¿ RvwZmg~‡ni m¤ú‡`i DrcwË I KviY we‡kølY K‡i ZvB A_©bxwZ| wZwb
e¯‘MZ m¤ú‡`i K_v Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb|

GKRb wbD K¬vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe` Avj‡d«W gvk©vj e‡j‡Qb,Ó A_©bxwZ n‡jv Ggb weÁvb hv gvby‡li mvaviY
Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv K‡iÓ| wZwb A_©bxwZ‡K mvgvwRK weÁvb wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zvi msÁv ch©v‡jvPbv
Ki‡j eySv hvq gvbyl Zvi AwR©Z A_© Øviv wKfv‡e Afve c~iY K‡i Ges wKfv‡e wewfbœ Afve c~i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A_©
e›Ub K‡i| gvk©v‡ji msÁvq A_©bxwZ GKwU Kj¨vYg~jK kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq|
ZvB ejv hvq, mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Kibxq wewfbœ Dcvq we‡kølYB A_©bxwZ|

A_©bxwZi cÖKvi‡f`
Classification of Economics
A_©bxwZ‡K `ywU `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| welqe¯‘ Z_v e³‡e¨i w`K †_‡K A_©bxwZ `yB cÖKvi, BwZevPK
A_©bxwZ I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ| Avevi ZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K A_©bxwZ `yB cÖKvi , e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ|
wb‡¤œ Gm‡ei we¯ÍvwiZ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 2
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BwZevPK A_©bxwZ
Positive Economics
GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z hv nq ev n‡q _v‡K A_©vr wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ †h¸‡jv wewfbœ mgq N‡U _v‡K †m¸‡jv
BwZevPK e³e¨| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k Pjgvb Gme A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v ev RwUjZv ev¯Íe Z_¨ Ges AwfÁZvjä Ávb
Øviv mgvavb Kiv hvq| Avi ‡hmKj mgm¨v ev¯Íe Z_¨ Ges AwfÁZvjä Ávb Øviv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e †m¸‡jv
BwZevPK A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨ welq| †hgb- A_©bxwZ‡Z gy`vª ùxwZ NU‡Z cv‡i, †eKviZ¡ _vK‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw`|
G¸‡jv DwPZ AbywP‡Zi cÖkœ Øviv we‡ewPZ nq bv|

bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ
Normative Economics
bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ‡Z †mB mKj e³e¨ ¯’vb cvq †h¸‡jv DwPZ AbywP‡Zi cÖkœ Øviv Ave×| A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kvb&wU
nIqv DwPZ Avi †KvbwU nIqv DwPZ bq BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡q _v‡K| GB A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v ev
RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡j Zv ev¯Íe Z_¨ I AwfÁZvjä Ávb Øviv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Yi †cÖwÿ‡Z
hw` ejv nq gy`ªvùxwZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c~‡e© †eKviZ¡ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv DwPZ, Zvn‡j GB e³e¨wU n‡e bxwZevPK
A_©‰bwZK e³e¨| welqwU AviI ¯úó Kiv hvK| hw` gy`vª ùxwZ‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg ev‡o Zvn‡j RbM‡bi ev †fv³vi Kó
nq, Ab¨w`‡K †eKvi‡Z¡i Rb¨ RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gvb K‡g hvq| AZGe gy`vª ùxwZ I †eKvi mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z
n‡e| BZ¨vw` n‡jv bxwZevPK A_©‰bwZK welq|
GLb Pjyb e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| GB `ywU g~jZ A_©bxwZi `ywU kvLv|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ
Microeconomics
e¨wóK k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Micro hv MÖxK kã Micros n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q hvi A_© ÿz`ª| A_©bxwZi
†h As‡k A_©bxwZi ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª welq wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq A_©vr e¨w³, cwievi Z_v dvg© BZ¨vw`i AvPiY
e¨vL¨v Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨wóK A_©bxwZ e‡j| GLv‡b GKRb e¨w³i Pvwn`v, †fvM, mÂq BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡ cvq| GKRb
†fv³v wKfv‡e m‡e©v”P Dc‡hvM †c‡Z cv‡i, GKRb Drcv`K wKfv‡e me©wb¤œ e¨‡q m‡e©v”P gybvdv †c‡Z cv‡i †mB
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z| GLv‡b Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i `vg KZ n‡e, dv‡g© wb‡qvwRZ kÖwg‡Ki gRywi
wKfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq Zv e¨wóK A_©bxwZ we‡kølY †_‡K Rvbv hvq| ZvB ejv nq, e¨wóK A_©bxwZ n‡”Q A_©bxwZi
wekvj we‡k¦i ÿz`ª Av‡jvPbv|

mvgwóK A_©bxwZ
Macroeconomics
mvgwóK k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Macro hv MÖxK kã Macros n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q hvi A_© wekvj ev
e„nr| mvgwóK A_©bxwZ mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| A_©bxwZi welq¸‡jv‡K GLv‡b KZ¸‡jv K¤úvU©‡g›U
ev †m±‡i fvM Kiv nq| †hgb- e¨w³i Av‡qi cwie‡Z© RvZxq Avq, e¨w³MZ Pvwn`vi cwie‡Z© mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v,
e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡bi cwie‡Z© mvgwMÖK †hvMvb, e¨w³MZ m‡qi cwie‡Z© †gvU mÂq, g~j¨¯Íi, gy`vª ùxwZ, †eKvi‡Z¡i
nvi GKwU †`‡ki Avg`vwb- ißvwb BZ¨vw`|

e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨

Difference between Microeconomics & Macroeconomics

e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ wewfbœ cvZ©K¨ we`¨gvb| †hgb:

1. e¨wóK k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Micro hv MÖxK kã Micros n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q hvi A_© ÿz`|ª
cÿvšÍ‡i, mvgwóK k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Macro hv MÖxK kã Macros n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q hvi
A_© wekvj|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 3
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

2. A_©bxwZi †h As‡k A_©bxwZi ÿz`vª wZÿz`ª welq wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq A_©vr e¨w³, cwievi Z_v dvg©
BZ¨vw`i AvPiY e¨vL¨v Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨wóK A_©bxwZ e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K mvgwóK A_©bxwZ mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
3. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z ‡h¸‡jv w¯’i PjK mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z A‡bK mgq †m¸‡jv cwieZ©bkxj PjK|
4. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z AvswkK fvimvg¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwMÖK fvimvg¨
we‡kølY Kiv nq|
5. e¨wóK A_©bxwZi wPÎ †`‡L GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| wKš‘, mvgwóK
A_©bxwZi wPÎ †`‡L †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|

Gfv‡e e¨wóK Ges mvgwóK A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

mvims‡ÿc:
mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨envi Øviv Amxg Afve c~iYK‡í gvby‡li †h Kg©c‡Ö Póv Zvi Av‡jvPbvB A_©bxwZ|
welqe¯‘ Z_v e³‡e¨i w`K †_‡K A_©bxwZ `yB cÖKvi, BwZevPK A_©bxwZ I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ| Avevi ZvwË¡K
w`K †_‡K A_©bxwZ `yB cÖKvi, e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ| BwZevPK I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ we‡kølY
†_‡K A_©bxwZi wewfbœ DwPZ AbywP‡Zi welqmg~n Rvbv hvq|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 4
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vmg~n
cvV-1.2 Economic Systems

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• abZš¿, mgvRZš¿ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• wewfbœ A_© e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v
Economic System
gvby‡li Amxg Afv‡ei g‡a¨ gvbyl‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq †Kvb AfvewU Av‡M c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mxwgZ
m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl Drcv`b KvR ïiæ K‡i| †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Avi †mB †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv nq Zvi Dci wbf©i
K‡i A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vwU Kx ai‡bi| A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v n‡jv Ggb GKwU c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g wK Drcv`b Kiv n‡e,
wKfv‡e Drcv`b Kiv n‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq|
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v g~jZ Drcv`b, wewbgq, e›Ub, †fvM G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wewfbœ ai‡Yi| G mKj mgm¨v wewfbœ ‡`‡k wewfbœfv‡e mgvavb Kiv nq| Zvi wfwˇZ wewfbœ
ai‡Yi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
1. abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
2. mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
3. wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v
4. Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v
wb‡¤œ Gme A_©e¨e¯’vmg~‡ni we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
abZš¿ ev abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
Capitalism or Capitalistic Economic System
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v n‡jv Ggb GK A_©e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _v‡K, Drcv`b, wewbgq, e›Ub I
†fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| G A_©e¨e¯’v‡K cuywRev`x A_©e¨e¯’v ejv nq| GLv‡b evRvi e¨e¯’v miKvwi
n¯Í‡ÿc gy³ _v‡K| GLv‡b Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vwiZ nq| eZ©gv‡b we‡k^ LvwU abZš¿ ev
cyuwRev` †bB Z‡e hy³ivóª, e„‡Ub, A‡óªwjqv cÖf…wZ †`‡k abZš¿ i‡q‡Q hw`I Zv cy‡ivcywi gvÎvq bq| A_©vr
miKv‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc me‡`‡‡kB †`‡ki e„nËi Kj¨v‡Y we`¨gvb|
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨
Characteristics of Capitalistic Economic System
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ G¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
1. m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv: abZ‡š¿ m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv eRvq _v‡K| GLv‡b Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb
†hgb f~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _v‡K| GKRb e¨w³ Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î †hgb
¯^vaxb _v‡K †Zgwb †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI ¯^vaxb _v‡K|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 5
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

2. `vg e¨e¯’v: abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ wba©vwiZ nq Zv‡`i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g|
A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^qswµq g~j¨ e¨e¯’v eZ©gvb _v‡K| `ªe¨g~j¨ wba©vi‡bi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc _v‡Kbv
ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© wbqšÍb K‡i|
3. Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv: abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _v‡K| GLv‡b †µZv
Zvi B”QvgZ `ªe¨ †fvM K‡i _v‡K| Avevi we‡µZvI Zvi B”QvgZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K|
4. gybvdv AR©b: cyuwRev` ev abZ‡š¿ Drcv`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gybvdv AR©b| c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i
Drcv`K me©wb¤œ e¨‡q Drcv`b mv‡c‡ÿ m‡e©v”P gybvdv jv‡fi †Póv K‡i| Avi †fv³v †Póv K‡i Zvi mxwgZ
Avq Øviv m‡e©v”P Dc‡hvM jvf Ki‡Z|
5. mvgvwRK †kÖwYwefvM: abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq mgv‡R abx, ga¨weË I `wi`ª †kÖwY m„wó nq| Gi KviY
m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv e¨w³MZ _vKvq gvbyl Zvi Kg© I †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx m¤ú‡`i gvwjK nq| Avi ZvB
mgv‡R ‰elg¨ †`Lv †`q| GB A_©e¨e¯’vq kÖwgK †kvl‡Yi wPÎI cvIqv hvq|
6. miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc gy³: GB A_©e¨e¯’vq miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc _v‡K bv| †`‡k e¨w³MZ wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
wb‡qvM wba©vwiZ nq Ges gRywi wba©vwiZ nq kÖwg‡Ki Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi mgZvi gva¨‡g| A_©vr `ªe¨g~j¨
wba©vi‡bi cvkvcvwk gRywi wba©vi‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc _v‡K bv| Z‡e we‡kl‡ÿ‡Î `ªe¨g~j¨
AwZwi³ e„w× †c‡j †hvMv‡bi gvÎv e„w× K‡I mnvqZv K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v n‡jv Ggb GKwU A_©e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‰bwZK
Kg©Kv‡Û e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv I ¯^vaxbZv _vKvi cvkvcvwk miKvwi wbqš¿b Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| Z‡e evRvi e¨e¯’v mPj
ivLvi †Póv I mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
Socialistic Economic System
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi wVK D‡ëv aviYvwUB n‡jv mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v| 1917 mv‡j føvw`wgi BwjP †jwbb mv‡eK
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b Z_v ivwkqvq mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv K‡ib| †h A_©e¨e¯’vq m¤ú‡`i miKvwi gvwjKvbv eRvq _v‡K
Ges A_©bxwZi mKj wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq †K›`ªxqfv‡e Zv‡K mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j| G A_©e¨e¯’v‡K
wb‡`©kbvg~jK A_©e¨e¯’vI ejv nq| GLv‡b `ªe¨g~j¨ wba©vi‡b ¯^qswµq evRvi e¨e¯’vi †Kvb f~wgKv _v‡K bv| †`‡ki
Drcv`b I e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq wbqš¿b cÖwZqgvb nq| eZ©gv‡b BD‡iv‡ci GKgvÎ mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi †`k
†cvj¨vÛ| GQvov wKDev, Pxb Gme †`‡k mgvRZš¿ Pvjy Av‡Q|

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨

Characteristics of Socialistic Economic System
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi gZ mgvRZ‡š¿iI KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v
Kiv n‡jv-
1. m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq gvwjKvbv: mgvRZ‡š¿ †`‡ki mKj m¤ú‡`i gvwjK ivóª| Drcv`‡bi mKj Dcv`v‡bi gvwjK
_v‡K ivóª| wK `ªe¨, wKfv‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Zvi mewKQzi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡e miKvi Z_v
ivóª| GLv‡b e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi welqwU KíbvZxZ|
2. ‡K›`ªxq wm×všÍ: mgvRZ‡š¿ mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ †K›`ªxq cwiKíbvq m¤úbœ nq| GLv‡b Drcv`b,
wewbgq, e›Ub, `ªe¨ g~j¨ wba©viY me wKQzB †K›`ªxqfv‡e n‡q _‡K| ‡`‡ki Dbœqb Z_v RbM‡bi Av_©-
mvgvwRK Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i iv‡óªi Dci|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 6
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

3. mvgvwRK Kj¨vY: mgvRZ‡š¿ RbM‡bi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wkÿv , wPwKrmv, wbivcËv BZ¨vw`
wbwðZ K‡i miKvi| Gme †ÿ‡Î miKvi mKj AmgZv `~i K‡i mvgvwRK Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi c‡_ AMÖmi
nq|
4. `vg e¨e¯’v: mgvRZš¿ ev wb‡`©kbvg~jK A_©e¨e¯’vq `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ ¯^qswµqfv‡e nq bv| GLv‡b miKvi
wm×všÍ †bq †Kvb `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ KZ n‡e| †Kvb `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡e Avi †Kvb `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡e bv|
5. ‡kvlYnxb mgvR: mgvRZ‡š¿ e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq m¤ú` bv _vKvq gvby‡li g‡a¨ †kÖwY ˆelg¨ _v‡K bv|
cyuwRcwZi m„wó nq bv| ZvB kÖwgK †kvlY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †kvl‡Yi wPÎ cvIqv hvq bv|
6. gy`ªvùxwZi Abycw¯’wZ: mgvRZ‡š¿ `ª‡e¨i `vg †K›`ªxqfv‡e wba©viY I wbqš¿b Kivq gy`vª ùxwZi m¤¢vebv Kg
_v‡K| RbM‡bi Av‡qi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L miKvi `ªe¨ g~j¨ wba©viY K‡‡i _v‡K|

wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v
Mixed Economic System
wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v Ggb GKwU A_©e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b Drcv`b, e›Ub I †fvM BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î evRvi e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mv‡_
miKvwi wbqš¿b eRvq _v‡K| ‡h A_© e¨e¯’vq m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq I e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi
D‡`¨vM cvkvcvwk weivRgvb _v‡K Zv‡K wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j| GLv‡b abZš¿ I mgvRZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ GKwU mvgÄm¨
weavb Kiv nq|
wgkÖ A_© e¨e¯’vq abZ‡š¿i b¨vq m¤úwËi e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv, e¨w³ D‡`¨vM I gybvdv AR©‡bi ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| Avevi
KZ¸‡jv e„nr I †gŠwjK wkí KviLvbv Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨emv-evwYR¨ miKvwi wbqš¿‡b _v‡K| G welqwU Avevi
mgvRZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨|
wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’vi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Aa¨vcK m¨vgy‡qjmb e‡jb, Ó wgkÖ A_©bxwZ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU A_© e¨e¯’v‡K
eySvq †hLv‡b Drcv`b I †fvM Kvh© msMwVZ Kivi ‡ÿ‡Î evRvi e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mv‡_ miKvwi wbqš¿b e¨e¯’vi
mswgkÖb N‡U‡Q|Ó
mgvRZš¿ I abZš¿ Df‡qiB ÎæwU i‡q‡Q| G‡`i †Kv‡bvwUB A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jvi c~Y© mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
GRb¨ c„w_ew‡Z †Kv‡bv †`‡kB weï× abZš¿ ev mgvRZš¿ jÿ Kiv hvq bv| wewfbœ †`k Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cyuwRev` Ges mgvRZ‡š¿i gvSvgvwS GKwU A_©e¨e¯’v‡K †e‡Q †bq| Avi GB A_©e¨e¯’v‡KB wgkÖ
A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, wgkÖ A_©bxwZ n‡”Q Ggb A_©bxwZ ‡hLv‡b abZš¿ I mgvRZš¿ mn Ae¯’vb
jÿ Kiv hvq Ges †hLv‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dfqfv‡e ivóªxq Ges e¨w³MZ A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvavb Kiv
nq|

mvims‡ÿc:
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v n‡jv Ggb GKwU c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g wK Drcv`b Kiv n‡e, wKfv‡e Drcv`b Kiv n‡e Ges Kvi
Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq| abZ‡š¿ m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv eRvq _v‡K|
GLv‡b Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb †hgb f~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K
mgvRZ‡š¿ †`‡ki mKj m¤ú‡`i gvwjK ivóª| Drcv`‡bi mKj Dcv`v‡bi gvwjK _v‡K ivóª| Avi wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v
Ggb GKwU A_©e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b Drcv`b, e›Ub I †fvM BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î evRvi e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mv‡_ miKvwi wbqš¿b
eRvq _v‡K|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 7
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n
cvV-1.3 Factors of Production

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• Drcv`b Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

Drcv`b
Production
mvaviYZ ‡Kv‡bv wKQz ˆZwi ev m„wó Kiv‡K Drcv`b e‡j| wKš‘, A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`‡bi A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q
†Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i AvKvi AvK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb Dc‡hvM ev Afve c~i‡Yi ÿgZv m„wó Kiv|
gvbyl cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †Kv‡bvwKQz m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbyl †Kej cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡`i iƒcMZ, ¸YMZ, cwigvYMZI
Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó Kivi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv
`ª‡e¨i AvKvi AvK…wZ cwieZ©b Kiv‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b e‡j| D`vniYmiƒc ejv hvq, eb †_‡K KvV †K‡U gvbyl
AvmevecÎ ˆZwi K‡i, G‡Z gvbyl cÖK…Z c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv wKQz m„wó K‡i bv eis bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i gvÎ| G‡ÿ‡Î
Kv‡Vi AvKvi , AvK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i ïay Kv‡Vi Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq|

wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` wewfbœfv‡e Drcv`‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡a¨ Aa¨vcK gvk©vj e‡j‡Qb-
ÓG e¯‘ RM‡Z gvbyl cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë e¯‘‡K AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Giƒc cybwe©b¨vm K‡i hv‡Z Zv‡K
AwaKZi Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx Kiv hvq|Ó
ZvB ejv hvq, Drcv`b n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl cÖK…wZcÖ`Ë wewfbœ m¤ú`‡K Zv‡`i AvKvi
AvK…wZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i |

Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb/ DcKiY

Factors of production
‡Kv‡bv wKQz ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j †hmKj DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb nq †m¸‡jv‡K Drcv`‡bi DcKiY e‡j| †hgb- GKwU
wewìs ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j BU, evwj, wm‡g›U, iW BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jv wewìs ˆZwii DcKiY| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
Drcv`‡bi DcKiY G¸‡jv bq| G¸‡jv g~jZ wewìs ˆZwii KvuPvgvj| A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`‡bi DcKiY PviwU| h_v:
1. f~wg
2. kÖg
3. g~jab
4. msMVb
wb‡¤œ Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. f~wg: f~wg ej‡Z mvaviYZ Rwg‡K eySvq| wKš‘, A_©bxwZ‡Z f~wg ej‡Z Rwg, evwo, wewìs mn mKj cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨en«Z nq| GgbwK gvwUi De©iv kw³, AvenvIqv, e„wócvZ, cvwb,
evZvm, m~‡h©i Av‡jv, eb, b`-b`x BZ¨vw` m¤ú`I f‚wgi AšÍMZ
© | GwU Drcv`‡bi Avw` I †gŠwjK Dcv`vb|
f‚wgi e¨vcv‡i Aa¨vcK gvk©vj e‡jb, Óf‚wg ej‡Z Rwg‡Z I cvwb‡Z, evZv‡m, Av‡jv‡Z Ges Zv‡c gvby‡li
mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ †hme c`v_© I kw³ cÖK…wZ gy³ n‡¯Í `vb K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i me¸‡jv‡KB eySvq|Ó

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 8
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

2. kÖg: kÖg n‡jv Drcv`‡bi wØZxq Dcv`vb| Drcv`‡b gvby‡li ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK me ai‡bi cwikÖgB kÖg| GwU
Drcv`‡bi GKwU Avw` I Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
Aa¨vcK gvk©vj e‡jb,Ó cwikÖg n‡Z cÖvß Avb›` jv‡fi D‡Ïk¨ Qvov m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK Aci †Kv‡bv DcKv‡ii
D‡Ï‡k¨ kvixwiK ev gvbwmK cwikÖg‡K kÖg ejv nq|Ó ZvB ejv hvq, kvixwiK ev gvbwmK †h‡Kv‡bv cwikÖg hv Øviv
A_© DcvR©b Kiv nq Zv‡K kÖg e‡j|
3. g~jab: g~jab Drcv`‡bi Z…Zxq Dcv`vb| gvby‡li ˆZix m¤ú‡`i †h Ask AwaK Drcv`‡b e¨envi Kiv nq
Zv‡K g~jab e‡j|
‡Pcg¨v‡bi g‡Z,Ó g~jab n‡jv m¤ú` hv Avq m„wó K‡i A_ev Avq DcvR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i A_ev Giƒc Ki‡Z
Awf‡cÖZ|Ó
myZivs, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci kÖg I D×vebx kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †hme `ªe¨mvvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv nq Ges
†h¸‡jv cybivq Drcv`b Kv‡R ev AwZwi³ Avq m„wói Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K g~jab e‡j|
4. msMVb: msMVb n‡jv Drcv`‡bi me©‡kl Dcv`vb| Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K mgš^q Kivi Rb¨
msMVb cÖ‡qvRb| msMV‡bi `vwqZ¡ whwb cvjb K‡i Zv‡K msMVK e‡j| msMVK `ÿ n‡j Drcv`b jvfRbK
nq| Avevi msNVK e¨_© n‡j Drcv`b ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|
Aa¨vcK wgjIqvW© e‡jb,Ó Kg© I Kg©xi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨c~Y© cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©B n‡jv msMVb|Ó
Aa¨vcK nvwb e‡j‡Qb,Ó †Kv‡bv mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ ev D‡Ïk¨vejx mgvavbK‡í we‡kl Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^q
mvab cÖwµqv‡K msMVb e‡j|Ó
eZ©gv‡b msMVb Drcv`‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|

Gfv‡e ms‡ÿ‡c Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev DcKi‡Yi msÁv I ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|

mvims‡ÿc:

gvbyl cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †Kv‡bvwKQz m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbyl †Kej cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡`i iƒcMZ, ¸YMZ, cwigvYMZI
Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`‡bi DcKiY PviwU|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 9
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

A_©bxwZi A`„k¨ nvZ ZË¡

cvV-1.4 Invisible Hand Theory of Economics

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• A`„k¨ nvZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• evRvi A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z `v‡gi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

A`„k¨ nvZ
Invisible Hand
A_©bxwZi RbK GWvg ¯§x_ Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ “Wealth of Nations” G A`„k¨ nvZ K_vwUi D‡jøL K‡ib| A`„k¨ nvZ
ej‡Z g~jZ miKvi ev †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Lei`vwi‡K bv Kiv‡K eySvq| G cÖwµqvq evRvi Pvwn`v I evRvi †hvMvb
Øviv DcKiY I `ªe¨mvgMÖxi `vg wba©vwiZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi Dci GgbwK `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi Dci
†Kv‡bv evwn¨K n¯Í‡ÿc _vK‡e bv| GLv‡b e¨w³¯^vaxbZv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv nq| e¨w³ ¯^v‡_© Drcv`b, wewbgq, e›Ub
I †fvM m¤úvw`Z nq|A`„k¨ nvZ aviYvwU gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z weivR K‡i| KviY, gy³evRvi e¨e¯’vq mKj
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejx ¯^qswµqfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq| GLv‡b †fv³v Zvi mxwgZ Avq Øviv Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P Kivi †Póv
K‡i| Avevi Drcv`K ev dvg© Zv‡`i e¨q me©wb¤œKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gybvdv m‡e©v”P Kivi †Póv K‡i| gy³evRvi e¨e¯’vq
c‡Y¨i evRvi `vgB A`„k¨ nvZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| A_©vr A`„k¨ nvZ n‡jv ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v|

evRvi A_©bxwZi ‰ewkó¨

Characteristics of Market Economy
evRvi A_©bxwZ ev gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. m¤ú` e¨envi I Drcv`b wm×všÍ: gy³ evRvi e¨e¯’vq Drcv`K †mLv‡bB Drcv`b Ki‡e †hLv‡b Zvi
gybvdv nq| †hmKj †ÿ‡Î ÿwZi AvksKv i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b Drcv`K Drcv`b Ki‡e bv| Kv‡RB †hLv‡b
m¤ú` e¨envi Ki‡j jvf n‡e †mLv‡b Drcv`K Zvi m¤ú` wb‡qvM ev e¨envi Ki‡e|
2. e¨vw³¯^vZš¿ev`: e¨w³¯^vZš¿ev` ej‡Z eySvq e¨vw³i A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û miKvi †Kv‡bv n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡e
bv| A_©vr e¨w³ †hgb GKRb †fv³v nIqvi ¯^vaxbZv ivL‡e Avevi GKRb Drcv`K nIqviI ¯^vaxbZv
ivL‡Z cv‡i|
3. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv: evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z `iKlvKwli my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g `vg
wba©vwiZ nq †hLv‡b c~Yc
© ÖwZ‡hvwMZv eZ©gvb _v‡K|
4. gvwjKvbv I gybvdv: evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z †`‡ki m¤ú` e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq Lv‡K| GLv‡b e¨w³gvwjKvbvi
Aax‡b Drcv`b Ges Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvwjZ nq| GLv‡b we‡µZv c‡Y¨i †hvMvb g~‡j¨i †P‡q Kg
g~‡j¨ cY¨ weµq Ki‡j Zvi ‡jvKmvb nq Avi wecixZ Ae¯’vq gybvdv nq|
5. mxwgZ miKvwi Kvh©µg: evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Ah_v n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i bv|
miKvi mvaviYZ cÖwZiÿvmn wewfbœ Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡R Zvi Kvh©µg mxgve× iv‡L|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 10
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z `vg e¨e¯’vi f‚wgKv

Role of Price System in Market Economy
cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z `vg e¨e¯’vB A`„k¨ nv‡Zi KvR K‡i| Avi evRvi A_©bxwZ ej‡Z Aeva cyuwRev`x mgvR‡K
eySvq| Avi GLv‡b `vg e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx c‡Y¨i †hvMvb cwiewZ©Z nq| Avi Pvwn`v I
†hvMv‡bi NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Z fvimvg¨ `vg I Drcv`b wba©vwiZ nq|
wb‡¤œ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z `vg e¨e¯’vi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab: Drcv`‡Ki gybvdv wbf©i K‡i c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v I Drcv`b e¨‡qi
Dci| c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v †ewk n‡j gybvdv †ewk nq Ges Drcv`K †ewk Drcv`‡b DrmvwnZ nq| `v‡gi
cwieZ©b Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b NUvq Ges Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡b Drcv`K wm×všÍ ‡bq wK cwigvY Drcv`b †m
Ki‡e| Gfv‡e `vg e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g †µZv Zvi Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P K‡i Ges we‡µZv Zvi gybvdv m‡e©v”P
K‡i|
2. Avq e›Ub: `vg e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g mgv‡R †fv³vi wbKU †_‡K Avq Drcv`‡Ki wbKU Avevi Drcv`‡Ki wbKU
†_‡K †fv³vi wbKU ¯’vvbvšÍwiZ nq| Gfv‡e mgv‡R Avq cÖevn Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges Avq e›Ub w¯’wZkxj
_v‡K| mvg‡Ri Avq wKfv‡e DcK‡Yi gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ ew›UZ n‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡e Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi
†ÿ‡Î `vg e¨e¯’vi f‚wgKvi Dci|
3. Drcv`‡bi AvKvi-AvK…wZ wba©viY: Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î wK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡e A_©vr cY¨ wKfv‡e Drcvw`Z
n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i `vg e¨e¯’vi Dci| G‡ÿ‡Î †h †`‡k kÖg †ewk mnRjf¨ †m †`‡k †ewk kÖg Avi †h
†`‡k gyjab †ewk mnRjf¨ †m †`‡k Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î †ewk g~jab e¨envi n‡e| A_©vr Drcv`K PvB‡e Kg
e¨q m¤úbœ Dcv`vb Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î †ewk e¨envi Ki‡Z|

mvims‡ÿc:

A`„k¨ nvZ aviYvwU gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z weivR K‡i| KviY, gy³evRvi e¨e¯’vq mKj A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejx
¯^qswµqfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi Dci GgbwK `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi Dci †Kv‡bv evwn¨K
n¯Í‡ÿc _vK‡e bv| GLv‡b e¨w³¯^vaxbZv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv nq| e¨w³ ¯^v‡_© Drcv`b, wewbgq, e›Ub I †fvM
m¤úvw`Z nq|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 11
weweG †cÖvMÖvg e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU g~j¨vqb
1| A_©bxwZi msÁv w`b| e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| D`vniYmn BwZevPK I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZi msÁv w`b|
3| abZš¿ Kx? abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v ej‡Z wK eySvq? mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6| A`„k¨ nvZ Kx? evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z `vg e¨e¯’vi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Kiæb|
7| evRvi A_©bxwZ Kv‡K e‡j? evRvi A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 12