10 IX September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46625
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue IX Sep 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

A Comparative Analysis of Various Spatial

Modulation Techniques
Rohit Singh1, Dr. Ashutosh Singh2, Dr. A.K. Shankhwar3
1, 2, 3
Electronics Engineering Department, HBTI Kanpur-208002, INDIA

Abstract: Spatial modulation (SM) is an emerging digital modulation technology that fulfills the requirement of higher Spectra
efficiency and high energy efficiency and has a very wide range of applications. The concept used in Spatial Modulation can
further be extended to other domains such as frequency, time, angle or even across multiple domains. The basic idea behind SM
is to convey extra information with the ON/OFF states of transmitting antennas.
In single RF Spatial Modulation, only one antenna is activated at a time. Therefore, it requires only one RF chain which
reduces the cost as compared to MIMO [1] system.
In other variants of Spatial Modulation, more than one antenna may be activated at the same time. Different forms of Spatial
Modulation have been described in this paper. Single RF spatial modulation, generalized spatial modulation, and differential
spatial modulation. A comprehensive comparative analysis has been presented with plots of spectral efficiency against bit error
rate. It has been concluded that spectral efficiency increases up to 15 times in differential spatial modulation as compared to
single RF spatial modulation. Whereas, the energy efficiency increases up to 4 times in generalized spatial modulation as
compared to single RF spatial modulation.
Spatial modulation has low diversity gain because only one antenna is active at a time and it also requires channel state
information at the receiver side for demodulation of the received signal which makes SM costly so a new technique Space-Time
Block Code (STBC) is introduced in spatial modulation which increases diversity gain and reduces overall system cost because
this technique does not require channel state information at receiver side for demodulation of the signal.
Index terms: massive MIMO, spatial modulation (SM) or single RF MIMO, Generalised spatial modulation (GSM), Differential
spatial modulation (DSM), Space-Time Block Code (STBC).

I. INTRODUCTION
The demand of high data rate and high bandwidth increases with the increase in population so researchers mainly focus on other
technology having ultra-high capacity, ultra-low latency, low power consumption, and massive connectivity over scarce wireless
resources [2,3] to full fill requirements of people. Due to very high mobile data traffic researchers are motivated to develop new
transmission technology having maximum achievable throughput and minimizing the development cost so in the beginning of 21st-
century spatial modulation has been developed to full fill requirements but in the early 21st century prelim SM [4] has developed
which do not gain much attention but after 2008 due to development of GSM and DSM [5], SM becomes prominent technology for
wireless communication.
SM often transmits additional information bits through the index of one active transmit antenna. The active antenna index varies
based on the antenna-switching mechanism in accordance with the bits of spatial information. So SM is termed as a new technique
in different modulation technique which conveys additional information through the activation state of transmission antennas.
Particular, only one RF chain is needed at the SM transmitter to activate one of many transmit antennas for a constellation symbol
transmission. So SM considerably decreases downlink communications energy consumption and uplink communications' hardware
costs at the user interface.
For high-mobility wireless communication systems, where the channel correlation is weaker but the inter-channel interference is
free, SM can be a better candidate technology than Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (VBLAST). In GSM k antenna
out of total Nt antenna are chosen for transmission of signal using spatial modulation technique .because k antenna active at a time
so k RF chain are required which increase diversity gain and spectral efficiency. In DSM all Nt antenna are activated at a time and
differential encoded space-time shift keying (STSK) uses Cayley Unitary Transform and conveys information by activation state of
Space-Time Dispersion Matrix.

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II. SINGLE RF SPATIAL MODULATION

Single RF Spatial modulation is a special case of MIMO system in which only one antenna is activated to save energy and the active
antenna index is used to convey additional information based on the antenna switching mechanism[6] for example if we consider
BPSK and the number of transmitter antenna 4 to convey 3 bit of information we have to transfer only 2 bit only and information of
which antenna is used to transfer particular bit is to be transferred to receiver side for demodulation on signal at receiver side
.antenna
Data bit Transmit vector Antenna 1 Antenna 2 Antenna3 Antenna 4
00 [1,0,0,0] on off off off
01 [0,1,0,0] off on off off
10 [0,0,1,0] off off on off
11 [0,0,0,1] off off off on
Table1 Single RF spatial modulation having 4 transmitting antenna

In single RF spatial modulation, we require information of modulation index such as one phase shift keying (PSK) / quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol and we require the index of one active antenna for each Chanel use during transmission.
Spectral efficiency depends on two things modulation index and the number of transmit antenna so
Spectral efficiency is given as
SSM = log2 Nt + log2 M (1)
The first part of Spectral efficiency log2 Nt specifies the modulation index of the active antenna whereas the second part of Spectral
efficiency log2 M bits are used for modulation of constellation symbol.

A. Spatial Modulation System Model

The spatial modulation system model is has Nt , Nr Antennas the on transmitter and receiver side respectively. the data to be
transferred is converted serial to parallel then data sequence is mapped according to SM technique shown above .as constellation
symbol s [7] is carried out by Jth antenna then transmit vector x contains only one non zero elements since only one antenna is
activated at a time transmitter vector x is represented as
x = [0 0 0 0 ……0.s.0……0] (2)
J-1 antenna before Jth antenna and Nr – J Antenna after Jth antenna are not active so they transmit symbol zero.
Now received vector Y can be represented as
Y= Hx +n (3)
Where H is the complex channel matrix, x is the transmitted unit vector and n is the additive noise matrix
Here H is Rayleigh fading channel matrix which is known at receiver side .channel with T transmitter and R receiver then Rayleigh
fading channel matrix is represented as
h11 h12 ….… h1T
h21 h22 ….… h2T
H = … … …. ....
… … … ....
hR1 hR2 …… hRT
.

Precoding matrix P [8] is use to choose the sequence in which transmit antenna activated. precoding matrix represent code word off
available beam forcing vector. If precoding matrix become identity matrix then generalized scheme is reduce to conventional SM.

1) At Receiver Side
ML detector is used to detect signals at receiver side. ML estimator is use to estimate staticall model parameter .when ML detector
is being introduce in SM then it requires information about a number of transmitter antenna and modulation index use in system or
detection of the signal at the receiver side. if we want to reduce the complexity of ML estimator then we have to reduce the number
of transmitter antenna .

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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In SM modulation only one antenna is activated at a time for data transmission therefore only one non zero value is present in the
received signal. Received vector x is
X=[0 0 0 0 ……0.s.0……0] (4)
Where v is complex signal from set of signals s where |s|= Nt , channel matrix is H and transmitted vector is X and received signal
is Y.
Output of ML detector is = arg min ‖Y − HX‖ 2.

B. Space time block code in spatial modulation system

SM achieve high spectral efficiency and require less number of RF chains as compare to MIMO system because only one antenna
is activated at a time in SM .but as only one antenna is activated at a time so SM fail to achieve diversity gain. and second drawback
of SM is that it requires channel state information at the receiver side for signal decoding .both these drawback of SM are overcome
by using STBC ( space time block code )[9] technique in SM .STBC also improves system reliability.

1) System Model
Consider a space-time block code spatial modulation system having Nt , Nr transmit antenna and receive antenna respectively. At
time instant T total k+l bits are fed to transmitter antenna where k are used to select one space constellation S from K space
constellation matrix S=(S1,S2,………….SK) ,K=2k and rest l bits are used for mapping Symbols (xo,x1…….,xL-1) with Q-PSK/ M-
PSK /QAM modulation( l=L log2M) then k+l bits are coded into STBC code word X . finally STBC-SM code word C=XS Then
code word is finally transmitted through any activated transmitter antenna[9] .
Chanel used for transmission is a quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel which remains constant for any time slot T. At receiver side
received signal matrix Y[10] is given as
Y= ƿCH +N (5)

Y= ƿXSH +N (6)
Where H denote Nt ×Nr channel matrix N denote T ×Nr channel matrix and ƿ denotes average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) .
For STBC – SM scheme having 4 transmit antennae and 2 antennas are activated at a time. first time instant 1st ,2nd antenna are
active and 3rd ,4th antenna are off so in this time instant we transmit x1 through 1st antenna x2 through 2nd antenna . In the second
time instant also 1st ,2nd antenna are active and 3rd ,4th antenna are off so in this time instant we transmit − ∗ through 1st antenna
and − ∗ through 2nd antenna. So space constellation code word C0.
− ∗
− ∗
=
0 0
0 0
And if 3rd, 4th antenna are activated and 1st ,2nd antenna are off and we send transmit x1 and x2 in same manner then code word C1

0 0
0 0
C = x −x ∗
x x∗

Similarly if we activate 2nd and 3rd then code word C2 and if we activate 3rd and 4th antenna then code word C4 are as fallows

0 0 x x∗
∗
x −x 0 0
C = C =
x x∗ x −x ∗
0 0 0 0
Since we are activating 2 same antenna at two different time so diversity order is 2 with 4 transmit antenna and to increase
diversity order we use quasi orthogonal STBC (QOSTBC) which covers 4 time slots so diversity get double for 4 transmit
antenna code word in QOSTBC can be built by digitalizing 2 STBC-SM code word .

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0 0
− ∗ ∗
0 0
X=
0 0
0 0 − ∗ − ∗
When Symbol , are transmitted through 1 ,2 transmit antenna then 3rd and 4th antenna are off similarly when Symbol
st nd

, are transmitted through 3rd and 4th antenna then 1st ,2nd transmit antenna are off .
In order to achieve height diversity preceding matrix P is chosen as
√
P= √

Finally new QOSTBC symbols (C , C , C

C ) can be obtained like
,
C X C
=P =P
C X C
Based on symbols ( , , , ) new QOSTBC code is presented as
C C 0 0
−C ∗ C ∗ 0 0
X=
0 0 C C
0 0 −C ∗ C ∗
Hence 4 different symbols symbol ( , , , ) will be transmitted via four different transmit antennas at 4 different time slots.
Now to achieve full diversity ( diversity order is 4 for 4 transmit antenna ) we rotate each constellation matrix by multiply S , S ,
S , S by 1, e , e , e respectively. And second purpose of rotation is that code words don’t overlap with each other. Antenna
Pair
III. GENERALISE SPATIAL MODULATION
Generalise spatial modulation is another case of spatial modulation where more than one antennas are simultaneously activated so
that same PSK / QPSK symbols is transmitted from all active antennas because symbol transmitted from all antennas is the same so
they require same RF chain instead of multiple RF chains .so it reduces cost and ICI [12] does not occur in Generalise spatial
modulation because of single RF chain. Suppose we activate K antennas out of Nt antennas at a time where Nt > K then remaining
Nt – K antennas remain inactive which saves power . for Nt active antenna out of k antennas having modulation index M spectral
efficiency is
Table 2 Spatial constellation matrix for different set of active antenna
Antenna Bits Active Antenna Pair Spatial Constellation Matrix

00 (1,2) , (3,4) 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
∗1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

01 (1,3) , (2,4) 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1

10 (1,4) , (2,3) 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0

11 (2,4) , (1,3) 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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SGSM1 = [ log2 ( Nt /K )] + log2 M [bpcu]. (7)

Spectral efficiency is increase in GSM as compare to single RF spatial modulation but constellation information is limited by one
PSK / QAM symbol so to further increase spectral efficiency new concept is introduce which allows different antenna to carry
different information . For Nt active antenna out of k antennas having modulation index M spectral efficiency in this case is
SGSM2 = [ log2 ( Nt /K )] +k log2 M [bpcu] (8)
In this case as different antenna’s carry different PSK / QAM symbol so for Nt active antenna Nt RF chains are required which
increase cost of system and increase spectral efficiency .So GSM allows to compromise between cost and spectral efficiency. For
K=1 GSM become single RF spatial modulation and for K=Nt fully activated MIMO.

A. GSM System model and Analysis

In first section working of GSM [13] system is shown where we activate Nt antenna out of K antenna’s and taking modulation
index for PSK M =2 and in second section GSM-STBC (generalised spatial modulation with space time block code) is represented
where STBC is applied in GSM to avoid requirement of Chanel state information at output side and to archive height data rate with
low data error’s.

1) GSM System Model

Main challenge among researchers is to achieve height data rate and low latency in communication system so they develop new
technology in 2008 known as GSM which provide height data rate as compare to spatial modulation system in GSM high data rate
is achieve by seeding same consolation symbol for each active antenna proposed system model is shown in figure 1 in GSM among
total available antennas are divided into several group of antenna’s and different group of antenna is activated at different time and
at particular time instant each antenna of particular group sent same constellation symbol .
The proposed system model is designed for Nt =5 and Nu= 2 where Nt ,Nu are number of transmit antenna and number of active
antenna .we make group of 2,2 antennas at the transmitter side for sending same constellation symbol because number of active
antenna is 2 in this way total number of combinations become 2P1 where P1 = log (Nt/Nr) mapping of data is given in 2.2
To map information data bits in spatial and data symbols taking QPSK is illustrated in table 3

GSM Modulator GSM Demodulator

qqq

Maping using Ml decoder De maping Data un-

Data
GSM maping grouping
grouping
table

…10101010101010

Antenna grouping

Figure 1. GSM (generalized spatial modulation) system model [14]

.

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Group of Bits Set of antennas (k) Transmitted symbol (s)

0001 (1,2) +1
0000 (1,2) -1
0011 (1,3) +1
0010 (1,3) -1
0101 (1,4) +1
0100 (1,4) -1
0111 (1,5) +1
0110 (1,5) -1
1001 (2,3) +1
1000 (2,3) -1
1011 (2,4) +1
1010 (2,4) -1
1101 (3,5) +1
1100 (3,5) -1
1111 (4,6) +1
1110 (4,6) -1
Table 3. GSM mapping table for Nt = 5, Nu = 2 [14]

In the example of the grouped bits g(n) = [0 0 0 1], the first three bits 000 refer to the antenna Combination (1,2) and the rest bit 1
refers to the transmitted symbol +1. So, if g(n) = [1 11 0], the antenna combination will be (4,6) and the transmitted symbol will be -
1
To map information data bits in spatial and data symbols taking QPSK is illustrated in table 1
In GSM total P1 bits are used for selecting set of antenna combinations which send constellation symbol at that time and P2 bits are
used for modulation index selection ex M = ……. So total bit which are send through the channel are P1+P2 where P1 = log2 ( Nt /
Nr) and P2= log2 M so total spectral efficiency of GSM system is
SGSM = [ log2 ( Nt / Nr)] + log2 M [bpcu]. (9)
In GSM, modulated signal is transmitted through ray light fading channel H having dimension Nr × Nt where Nr is number of
antenna at receiver side and Nt is number of antenna at transmitter side
At transmitter side input data stream q(n) is divided into bits equal to number of active antenna at particular time instant here
number of active antenna at particular time is 2 so we group incoming data bits in group of 2,2 then send it through ray light fading
channel H .at receiver side output sequence g(n) is mapped using GSM
The received signal at any given time instant is given by
= ′k, + (10)
where is the symbol transmitted through the particular set of antenna combination, ∈ M-QAM ,k = [ k1, k2,…….,k Nu ]∈∅, kN
refers to the index of nth antenna in the set of antennas, k and ∅ refer to the set of antenna combination, and Additive White Gaussian
Noise (AWGN) vector with zero–mean is represented by .
for decoding spatial symbol at receiver side ML algorithm is used and the data symbol are as follows [k, ] = arg
min∑ ⃒ − ℎ , ⃒^2 (11)

B. GSM-STBC Model
STBC is technique that is use to achieve higher data rate higher diversity and low bit error rate .and STBC avoid use off multiple
RF chain in GSM while sending different symbol through different antenna .so problem off high cost and high power is solved by
using STBC technique in GSM system.
Information bits are converted from serial to parallel so that it can be given to 2 different GSM encoders [15] each encoder has Nt
,Nu number of transmit antenna and active antenna respectively at particular time .both GSM encoder will send symbols at time
slot t , t+t1_as shown in figure

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In first-time slot symbol is transmitted through the upper GSM encoder and symbol s is transmitted through the lower GSM
encoder in second-time slot symbol − ∗ is transmitted through upper GSM encoder and symbol ∗ is transmitted through lower
GSM encoder. Let S = [s0, s1]T be the un-coded M-QAM information symbol vector that will be transmitted over two sequential
OFDM symbols, so the Alamouti scheme generates the following code word matrix
s s
X= s∗ s ∗

GSM GSM
encoder Antenna group dncoder
1
Seri
al STC STC
to decode
par Encoder r
GSM
allel
GSM dncoder
Antenna
encoder group 2

Figure 2. GSM-STC (space time coding technique) system model [15]

In Table 4, hm,n indicates the channel between transmitter and receiver, where n is the number of antenna at receiver side , n = 1, 2,
3, 4, and m is the number of antenna at transmitter side , m = 1, 2, 3 .. 10.

Time slot Receiving Antenna 1 Receiving Antenna 2

First time slot r0 = h0s0 + h1s1 + μ0 r2 = h2s0 + h3s1 + μ3
r4 = h4s0 + h5s1 + μ4 r6 = h6s0 + h7s1 + μ6
Second time slot r1 = -h0 ∗ + h1 ∗ + μ1 r3 = -h2 ∗ + h3 ∗ + μ3
∗ ∗
r5 = -h4 + h5 + μ5 r7 = -h6 ∗ + h7 ∗ + μ7
Table 4. The received signal using two antennas at receiver. [15]

Here r0,r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6 and r7 are the complex random variable received at the receiver side including noise and interference. The 2
symbol given to ML decoder after being built from combiner are as fallows

S0=h∗ r0 + h∗ r1+ h∗ r2+ h∗ r3+ h∗ r4+ h∗ r5+ h∗ r6+ h∗ r7

S0=h∗ r0 - h∗ r1+ h∗ r2- h∗ r3+ h∗ r4- h∗ r5+ h∗ r6- h∗ r7

In GSM-STBC technique diversity order from two transmit antenna is similar to the diversity order from the four transmit antenna
model. Which allow us to use two transmit antenna instead of four transmit antenna which saves power and money both.

IV. DIFFERENTIAL SPATIAL MODULATION

Spatial modulation is a technique in which additional information is conveyed through the activation state of transmit antenna. At
the receiver side SM detects spatial information by differencing different channel fading states associated with various transmitting
antenna .so it requires channel state information (CSI) [16] at the receiver side for coherent detection. But the requirement of CSI
increases the deployment cost due to increase of channel estimation complexity. To overcome the requirement of CSI at the
receiver side Space-Time Block Code (STBS) technique is introduce in SM but in STBC 2 or 4 or 8 antenna can be activated at a
time.

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A. Differential Spatial Modulation System model

Total bits to be transfer through DSM [17] is converted from serial to parallel. Then total n bits are divided in two group p1 and p2 .

p1 b its
Different Encoding
Space Permutation
domain
selector
data Nt
S(i)
p2 bits delay DSM Transmitter
S(i-1)
permutation Antenna
Block

Matrix

S(i)
Constellation
Symbol
domain data modulator

Fig 3 Transmitter of DSM system [17]

First p1 group of bit is use for permutation selection to determine permutation p(i) so p1= log (Nt!) is applied to permutation
selector .And second p2 bits are used for symbol modulation so to determine symbol modulation so P = log M bits are applied to
symbol modulator for generating Nt different constellation symbols which are arranged diagonally as fallows diag{ s1(i)
…………..sNt} hence resulting information block is given as
X(i) = diag{ s1(i) …………..sNt} p(i) (12)

Hear diagonal means matrix is in didonal form. Final DSM block matrix is calculated as
S(i) = S(i-1) X(i)
Final DSM block matrix S(i) is Nt×Nt matrix having one non zero element in each column. Using delay as shown in figure DSM
completely avoid requirement of channel state information at receiver side for non-coherent detection.
Differential encoded space time shift keying (DSTSK) schema also known as differential spatial modulation use Cayley Unitary
Transform to convey extra information through the activation state of space time dispersion matrix. DSM is applicable to any
arbitrary number of active transmit antenna. For Nt transmit antenna DSM will transmit Nt × Nt space time block code which is one
permutation of block activation code.

V. CONCLUSION
In MIMO System all antenna are activated at a time so it requires large amount of power and it also require RF chain equals to
number of transmitter antenna which makes system costly and complicate. SM space domain to convey activated antenna index
information which is extra information without requirement of any additional bits to be transferred through channel so spectral
efficiency and energy efficiency both increases in SM as compare to MIMO but there is one drawback that activated antenna must
be in power of 2 eg 2,4,8,16 . In GSM we chose k antenna out of total Nt antenna to activate at a time which increases energy
efficiency and in GSM there is no constrain that activated antenna must be in power of 2 . In DSM all antenna are activated at a time
and differential encoded Space-Time Shift Keying (STSK) uses Cayley Unitary Transform and convey information by activation
sate of space time dispersion matrix in DSM spectral efficiency is increase up to 15 time as compare to SM. Spatial modulation
requires channel state information at receiver side to retrieve signal which make system costly and complicate so space time block
code technique is use which don’t require channel state information to retrieve signal at receiver side.
Graph in figure 4 represent increase in spectral efficency with increase in nummer of transmitting antenna. Graph is ploted using
modulation index M= 4. In GSM k= NT-2 means we activate two antenna less than total transmitting antennas. eg we activate 2
antenna out of 4 and 6 antenna out of 8 transmitting antenna are activated. GSM has low spectral efficency as compare to SM but
GSM has heigh energy efficency as compare to SM . In DSM spectral efficency is increase to 15 times as compare to SM.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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Fig 4 Graph of increase in spectral efficiency with increase in transmitting antenna in SM,GSM,DSM
.
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