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UNIT 2 1. GRAMMAR: THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE A. THE USE OF THE

INFINITIVE WITH TO

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 UNIT 2
1. GRAMMAR: THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE
A. THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE WITH TO
The infinitive can be used with to (see table 3)

Table 3. The use of the infinitive with to

THE TO-INFINITIVE
IS USED EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

Я працюю, щоб
1) to express purpose I work to support my family.
утримувати родину.
2) after certain verb and Він пообіцяв повернутися
He promised to be back at 10
adjectives (see tables о 10 годині.
o'clock.
3.1; 3.2)
3) after question words
Has she told you where to Вона сказала тобі, де їх
(where, how, what, who,
meet them? зустрічати?
which, but not after
but: Why leave so early? Чому уходити так рано?
"why")
4) after would
like/would love/would I'd love to go for a walk. Я б хотіла прогулятися.
prefer
It's a pleasure to work with Приємно працювати з
5) after nouns
you. тобою.
Він занадто низенький,
6) after too/enough He's too short to reach the
щоб дотягнутися до
constructions top shelf.
верхньої полки.
7) with it + be + З твого боку було мило
It was nice of him to
adjective + of + object пам'ятати про мій день
remember my birthday. народження
8) with ‘only' to Вона подзвонила тільки,
She called me only to say
express unsatisfactory щоб сказати, що
that she would be late.
result запізнюється.
 16
Table 3.1
V+ INF (TO V)

afford agree appear arrange expect forget hope learn need offer plan prefer prepare
pretend promise refuse seem swear tend want wait wish
V+OBJECT+INF (TO V)

advise allow appoint ask beg believe cause choose command consider dare desire
enable encourage expect find forbid force help hire instruct invite know need order
permit persuade request remind require select teach tell think urge want warn
Table 3.2

angry dangerous difficult easy expensive fun glad good great happy hard important
impossible necessary possible sad wrong, etc.

REMEMBER
The infinitive as parenthesis is used with to
to tell/speak the truth правду кажучи
to put it mildly
м'яко кажучи
to say the least of it
to cut a long story short коротше кажучи
to make matters worse як на лихо, як на біду
so to speak так сказати

Exercise 15. Read the text. Explain the use of the to-infinitive.
It's too difficult to write a good, clear resume. It is necessary to describe your most
relevant work. Employers are busy people. You need to present your abilities in your
resume. Don't begin your sentences with "I': Use past tense verbs like: managed,
designed, created, and developed. It is not enough to say you improved something. Be
specific. How did you improve it? Before making copies of your resume, it is important
to check the grammar and spelling. Employers would like to see if you have good
communications skills. Ask a friend or teacher to read and give an opinion about your
 17
resume.
It isn't necessary to include references. Don't include personal information such as
marital status, age, race, family information, or hobbies. Be honest. Employers know

B. THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

The infinitive can be used without to (see table 4)
Table 4. The use of the infinitive without to
THE TO-INFINITIVE
EXAMPLE TRANSLATION
IS USED
1) after modal verbs can / You must be back at 12 Ти маєш повернутися о
may / must / should o'clock. 10 годині.
2) after had better/would Краще я залишусь
I'd rather stay in tonight.
rather/to do nothing but вдома.

3) after
make/let/see/hear/feel/have I made him apologize. Я змусив його
+ object вибачитися.
but: in the passive form: He was made to Його змусили
be made/be heard/be seen + apologize. вибачитися.
to -infinitive
 18
REMEMBER
1) HELP is followed by a to-infinitive or an infinitive without to.
She helped me (to) wash the dishes. Вона Допомогла мені вимити посуД.
2) KNOW= TO BE AWARE (усвідомлювати)
In this meaning to know is used in the Present or Past Indefinite and is followed
by the to-infinitive
We all know it to be possible. Ми всі знаємо, що це можливо.
3) KNOW= TO EXPERIENCE (знати з досвіду)
In this meaning to know is used in the Present or Past Perfect and is followed by
the infinitive without to
I have never known him speak like this.
Я ніколи не чув, щоб він так розмовляв.
4) If two infinitives are joined by "and", the "to" of the second infinitive can be
omitted.
I want to eat something and (to) have a rest.
Я хочу щось з'їсти та віДпочити.
5) In the construction: All he does is sleep and eat (Все що він робить - це
спить та їсть) the infinitive is used without to

Exercise 16. Fill in the gaps either with the bare infinitive or the full one.
1. Don't let him postpone the meeting. 2. She was heard negotiate
with our competitors. 3. I would rather phone him right now. 4. Will you
help me fill in this form? 5. I want to know why worry about it? 6.
Why don't you let her arrange the party? - Because she's still not sure which
catering company hire. 7. We've never known him behave like this.
8. I'd prefer you give the answer immediately. 9. This slope is too dangerous
for us .......... climb. 10. Can you imagine! She pretended not see me when I
passed her in the street. 11. I couldn't do it myself so I got Mike ............. help me. 12.
Ever since he lost his job, he's done nothing but ............ slouch around the house. 13.
He doesn't speak English well so he's difficult ............... understand. 14. We dare not
.......... tell him what has happened. 15. She'd better ................ stay here for a while.
 19
16. I persuaded him ............. think and ............ give it a second chance. 17. You left
without saying a word! Did you mean me ............ solve your problems? 18. He was
made .......... show all his assets. 19. This fence is ............... keep strangers out of the
garden. 20. I believe it's very unfair of her ............ find fault with me. 21. We were
made ........... promise that we would keep her secret.

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences below with appropriate forms of the infinitive in
brackets.
A. She's too haughty ............ (admit) her mistakes. 2. She did nothing but ................
(crab) all day. 3. We've got a project ............... (complete). 4. You'd better ................
(not, to argue) with her. 5. We are lucky .............. (to meet) you that day. 6. It is his
goal ............. (to appoint) to the position of a chief accountant. 7. She appears .............
(to work) at the moment. 8. I'd rather ............... (to discuss) this matter in private. 9. I
wonder why she............ (to pretend, not, to listen) when I was talking. 10. I'm eager
.......... (to talk) to him immediately. 11. Eve was heard .............. (to eavesdrop) on her
colleagues. 12. I've never known him .......................................... (to raise) his voice to
subordinates. 13.
When I was short of cash she helped me .............. (to find) a place where ............. (to
earn) some. 14. We all knew Mary ............... (to waste) her time and money on this
venture. 15. What made you ............ (to behave) in such a way? 15. Why not .............
(to calm down) and ............. (to discuss) how ............... (to settle) this controversial
issue. 16. Her fiance didn't let her ............ (to get in touch) with her friends. 17. Jacky
was anxious ......... (not, to catch red-handed). 18. I prefer ............... (to read a book)
rather than ............ (watch a movie). 19. Fortunately, this is the last box ............... (to
take) aboard. 20. All you do is ............ (to grumble) and ............. (to whine). I'm sorry
.......... (to invite) you ..............(to join) me.
B.
1. Finally I persuaded foreign businesses ............. (invest) in my project. 2. He was
warned ........... (not eat) in this restaurant. 3. It is vital .............. (get) medical aid to
the area as soon as possible. 4. The director chose Emma ................ (star) in his new
film. 5. The police have been instructed ........... (search) every car in the area. 6. He
urged his brother ............ (look for) a new flat. 7. Big houses are expensive ............
 20
(maintain). 8. She seems ........... (train) hard these days. 9. She just pretended .............
(listen) to me. In fact she was busy sending messages. 10. I don't want ..............
(speak) about. 11. We were encouraged ........... (learn) several foreign languages. 12.
I think I'd like ............ (stay) at home this evening rather than .............. (go) out. 13.
His family invited me ............... (spend) the weekend in London. 14. Becky hasn't
come yet. She must............ (forget) about our appointment. 15. The financial support
from her parents helped Miranda ............. (start) her own business. 16. It was such a
pleasure ............ (introduce) to this outstanding person. 17. She claims ............. (meet)
Brad Pitt, but we don't really believe it. 18. I chose her pictures .............. (exhibit) in
my art gallery. 19. He fell into disgrace for daring ............. (criticize) the head-chef of
the Waldorf-Astoria. 20. Marta pretended ............... (not; hear) his remark. 21. The
Queen desires
(meet) the new Prime Minister.
Exercise 18. Say what you think the person in the picture is
doing. Use to-infinitive or bare infinitive.
Example: 1. They seem to be discussing something. 2. They
might be arguing about something.
 21
Exercise 19. Larry had a lot of things to do yesterday. These are the places he went
to. Why did he go there?
Example: He went to the post office to post a letter.

Exercise 20. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive.
conquer be keep attack lay
intercept become think take inflict
avoid admit give

Warrior Queen
The most successful pirate of all time was a woman named Hsi Kai. She commanded
more men and ships than any other pirate in history. Stunningly beautiful, she was also
a wily negotiator and an organizational genius. Captured by
the notorious pirate Ching Yih she was meant (1) .................... much more than just
another concubine. She persuaded her future husband (2) ............ her a 50 % share of
his wealth. Upon his death in 1807 she was smart enough (3) ...................... complete
control of his fleet. She commanded more than 50 thousand men and women and
more than a thousand ships defeating every naval force sent (4) ................ her. It was
wise of her (5) ............ down very strict rules for her pirates, with harsh punishment
 22
(6) .......... on those who broke them. One of the Chinese admirals was heard (7)
.......... : “The pirates are too powerful (8) ................ by arms”. But by 1810 Britain,
Portugal and China were so fed up that they arranged (9) .................... Hsi Kai. (10)
.......... massacre the emperor of China appealed to her feminine side offering her (11)
.......... of peace and possible offspring. She wasn't expected (12) ...............................
interested in children but she knew a good deal when she saw one. Hsi Kai and 17
thousand of her men retired undefeated and were allowed (13) ................ all of their
plunder. She lived another 30 years and died wealthy - nobody ever got the better of Hsi
Kai.

Exercise 21. Translate into English.

1. Ніхто не може пояснити, чому він поїхав так раптово. Мабуть, щось змусило
його так зробити. 2. Не може бути, що ти вклав гроші у їх сумнівний бізнес. Ти
був таки справжнім дурнем, що погодився. 3. Є якась потреба розповідати Ніку
про те, що трапилось? Адже він зайшов тільки, щоб привітатися. 4. Було
необережно з твого боку знову згадати цю історію. Ти недостатньо кваліфікована,
щоб ризикувати своїм становищем. 5. Що могло змусити їх відмовитися від вже
назначеної зустрічі? - Краще б тобі займатися своїми справами і не бути такою
допитливою. 6. Вони попередили мене не торкатися цієї теми, але в усьому
іншому дозволили робити все, що завгодно. 7. Офіційні представники влади
заборонили акціонерам входити до приміщення, але дозволили адвокатам
переглянути документи фірми. 8. Ця прикраса надто дорога для мене, щоб її
купити. - Так, а ти надто сором'язлива, щоб позичити гроші в мене. 9. Вони були
розчаровані, що не побачили тебе. Це ж дуже важливо підтримувати родинні
стосунки. 10. Ніхто не очікував, що ти так швидко закінчиш цю справу. - Так, вони
не вважали мене достатньо розумною, щоб вирішити все самостійно і в той же час
не розкрити нашої таємниці. 11. Краще я більше не буду з ним зустрічатися. - Але
ж він людина, з якою дуже цікаво поговорити! - Можливо, та коли я зайшла до
кімнати, він зробив вигляд, що переглядає якісь папери. - Ніколи не знала, що він
може поводитися таким чином. 12. Мої привітання. Ви були єдиною людино, яка
здала цей іспит. Я
 23
допоможу вам визначитися із подальшими діями. 13. Ми ще досі не вирішили
куди поїхати влітку. - Я раджу вам не поспішати та обміркувати все ретельно. Я
хочу, щоб ви були задоволені відпочинком. 14. Софі дуже неохоче погодилася з
нашими умовами, але, м'яко кажучи, в неї не було особливого вибору, адже всі
бачили, як вона розповсюджувала плітки. 15. Розумно з твого боку не вірити їм.
Для тебе зараз важливо зібратися із силами та змусити їх визнати свою провину.
16. Я віддаю перевагу подорожі на поїзді замість того, щоб літати літаком.
Минулого року ми мали летіти до Лондону, але приїхали в аеропорт тільки щоб
дізнатися про відміну рейсу. 17. Зараз майже неможливо знайти кваліфікованого
фахівця. Втім твої рекомендації надали нам можливість найняти найкращого в цій
галузі. 18. Справа погіршувалась ще тим, що за таких
погодних умов було ризиковано їхати на машині, тож доводилось йти пішком.
19. Джордж має схильність виносити свої сімейні справи, так би мовити, до
широкого загалу. 20. Ти мав намір, щоб я зробив все замість тебе? Тоді тобі
варто було попередити мене про свої плани заздалегідь. 21. З тих пор, яки ми
приїхали сюди, він тільки і робить, що вихваляється своїми минулими
перемогами.

2. CONTEXT: THE ORIGIN OF SUPERSTITIONS

EXPANSION ACTIVITIES
READ
Exercise 22. Translate the text paying attention to the forms of

the infinitive.
Lucky horseshoes
There are several explanations as to why horseshoes are thought to be lucky.
Best known is the legend about St. Dunstan who was noted for his skill in shoeing
horses. One day, the devil himself, in disguise, was seen to call on him “for repairs”,
presenting his single hoof. But St. Dunstan must have recognized the “evil one”
because/for he fastened him tightly to the wall. Then he set to work so roughly that
 24
the devil roared for mercy. St. Dunstan, however, did not let him go until he had
promised not to enter a home on which a horseshoe was fixed.
Another tradition associates the horseshoe superstition with an early and widely
held belief in witches. All over the world and until late in the Middle Ages, people
thought that witches were very dangerous to cope with. Though people pretended to
have immunity from their evil spells while outdoors, it was assumed that they could do
harm in the home. People believed that witches were afraid of horses, for which reason
they rode on a broomstick. It followed that a horseshoe at the door of the house would
be a protection as the witches would be too frightened to enter such house.

The horseshoe must have always been considered lucky. Its shape was that of the
crescent moon, in which primitive people tended to see a sign of good fortune. The
horseshoe cannot be hung just any way. It must be fixed with its points upward, lest the
luck run out.
TALK
Exercise 23. Discuss these questions with a partner.
1. Superstitions can be defined as, "irrational beliefs, especially with
regard to the unknown" (Collins English Dictionary). Do you agree?
2. How do you feel about superstitions? Why? Are you superstitious?
3. What lucky things have happened to you recently?
4. What unlucky things have happened to you recently?
5. Do you carry a lucky charm? What do you do if you want to have good luck?

Exercise 24. Match A with B. Discuss the meanings of the proverbs. Think of
circumstances or stories which might illustrate the truth of the proverb.
A B
A bird may be known by its song. Погано тим вівцям, де вовк пастухом.
A blind man would be glad to see. За зламану угоду руки ламають.
Give never the wolf the wether to keep. Видно пана по халявах.
Never write what you dare not sign. Побачимо, сказав сліпий.
 25
A FIVE-MINUTE
ACTIVITY
Exercise 25.
Jumbled sentences.
Procedure: Pick a sentence with the infinitive out of your
course book, and write it up on the board with the words in jumbled order:

to early the week to during have go sleep

Your groupmates should write down the original sentence: I have to go to sleep early
during the week or During the week I have to go to sleep early.
Variation 1: Dictate the jumbled sentences instead of writing them up; the students
write them down as you dictate and then suggest the solutions orally.
Variation 2: Write on the board words with letters in jumbled order. It is best to
have the words all associated with one given theme. (fbseiel)

WRITE
Exercise 26. Write about a problem you once had or have
now. Tell what you did (or are doing to help yourself solve
this problem or how others helped you (or are helping you).

OUTSIDE ACTIVITIES
Exercise 27. Watch a movie “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”
The story of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a very famous one. Some

people believe that there is a 'Jekyll' and a 'Hyde' in everybody. Imagine that
there are two very different sides to your own character, and write a short description of each.
(The 'Hyde' character in you does not have to be a criminal or a murderer!)

INTERNET ACTIVITIES
Exercise 28. Find an article about horseshoe superstition on
the Internet. Print the article and circle some interesting facts.
Share your findings with the group.
 26

UNIT 3
1. GRAMMAR: THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
There are following infinitive constructions in Modern English:
• the for-to Infinitive Construction
• the Absolute Infinitive Construction
• the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction
• the Subjective Infinitive Construction

1.1 THE FOR-TO INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

The construction for +object + to V can be used to give the infinitive a special
subject.
EXAMPLE TRANSLATION
Якщо я би запитала, це було б зрадою з
For me to ask would be treason.
мого боку.
It wasn't easy for her to say that Нелегко їй було сказати, що вона написала
she had written that letter. того листа.
It's necessary for the goods to be
Необхідно, щоб товар спакували.
packed.
This is for you to decide. Це рішення приймати тобі.
The first thing for you to do is to Перше, що тобі необхідно зробити, це
find out where John is. вияснити де Джон.
Для мене занадто прохолодно, щоб
It's too cold for me to bathe.
купатися.

Exercise 29. Translate into English.

1. Ось папери, які вам необхідно проглянуто до початку засідання. 2. На цей раз
він залишився дома, щоб Джун залагодила цю справу сама. 3. Найкраще, що ти
зараз можеш зробити це чекати. 4. Вже час голові оголосити про початок
засідання. 5. Правила закладу призначені для того, щоб співробітники їх
дотримувалися. 6. Це цілком в його стилі запізнюватися на зустріч. 7. Не тобі
судити мої вчинки. 8. Зараз було б помилкою для тебе сваритися із новим
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