1.

Write in a table glands of the endocrine system, hormones and function of each
hormone

GLANDS HORMONES FUNCTION

Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone, Antidiuretic hormone:
corticotropin-releasing Regulates the amount of water
hormone, gonadotropin- in the body, controlling the
releasing hormone, amount of water the kidneys
oxytocin, prolactin- reabsorb while filtering blood
controlling hormones, waste.
thyrotropin-releasing corticotropin-releasing
hormone hormone activates the synthesis
and release of
adrenocorticotropic hormone as
a response to stress, addiction
or depression.
gonadotropin-releasing
hormone commands the
pituitary gland to produce and
secrete the luteinizing hormone
and follicle-stimulating
hormone which causes
production of testosterone,
estrogen and progesterone.
Oxytocin facilitates childbirth,
the “love drug”, introduces
feelings etc.
Prolactin-controlling hormones
controls the growth of
mammary alveoli which
produce milk.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
controls the body’s metabolic
rate, heat generation,
neuromuscular function and
heart rate.
Pituitary ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, ACTH stimulates and releases
TSH, Oxytocin and ADH cortisol from the cortex
FSH helps controlling the
menstrual cycle and stimulates
egg production in the ovaries
LH triggers important processes
in the reproductive system
GH stimulates the production
 and secretion of growth
hormone into the bloodstream
PRL milk production and the
development of mammary
glands
TSH regulates the production of
hormones by the thyroid gland
ADH helps regulating the
amount of water in the body
Thyroid Thyroid hormones, Triiodothyronine vital role in the
triiodothyronine T3, and body’s metabolic rate, heart
thyroxine T4 & calcitonin and digestive functions, muscle
control, brain development and
function and bone
maintenance.
Thyroxine crucial role in heart
and digestive functions,
metabolism, brain
development, bone health and
muscle control.
Calcitonin lowers calcium levels
in the blood
Thymus Thymopoietin and Regulate development and
thymulin, thymosin selection of an immune-
competent repertoire of T cells
and stimulate antibody
production by B cells
Adrenal Cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA Cortisol regulates the body’s
and androgenic steroids response to stress, helps control
Epinephrine and the body’s use of fats, proteins
Norepinephrine and carbohydrates or the
metabolism
Aldosterone regulates salt and
water levels in the body
DHEA helps produce other
hormones such as testosterone
androgenic steroids they
increase the synthesis of
proteins in cells forming better
cellular muscle tissues,
stimulates bone growth and
appetite
Epinephrine increases cardiac
output and raises glucose levels
in the blood.
Norepinephrine increases the
force of skeletal muscle
contraction and and the rate
and force of contraction of the
heart.
Pancreas Insulin and glucagon Controlling the amount of
 glucose in the bloodstream
Ovary/testis O: oestrogen and O: reproduction
progesterone T: hormone production for
T: Testosterone and sperm reproduction
Kidney Vitamin D and Also regulates metabolism
erythropoietin
Parathyroid Parathyroid Regulates calcium levels in the
bloodstream
Pineal Melatonin Receives information about the
state of the light-dark circle
from the environment and
convey this information to
produce and secrete melatonin

2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Information sent in form of electrical impulses Information sent in form of chemical biological
messenger’s impulses called hormones
Information travels through neurons Information travels in the circulatory system

Information travels extremely fast Information travels relatively slow

Information is headed to one organ or effector Information may be used by several organs or
effectors
Electrical signals have an effect that ends Hormones have a longer duration
immediately

3. The following table ilustrates the endocrine diseases. Complete the table below

DISEASES CAUSES GLAND EFFECTS

Diabetes Excess of glucose Pancreas Damage to small and
in blood large blood vessels,
problems with the
eyes, kidneys, feet
and nerves.
Hypoglycaemia Enlargement of the Pituitary or Lack of coordination,
pancreas cells with adrenal glands, chills, clammy skin
produces excess of pancreas, kidneys and sweating,
insulin in the or the liver tingling or numbness
bloodstream of the mouth,
blurred vision,
headache and
confusion.
Goitre Lack of iodine in The thyroid gland Coughing, tight
the diet or by feeling in the throat,
thyroid nodules, an changes to the voice
enlargement of the such as hoarseness,
thyroid gland difficulty swallowing,
difficulty breathing.
Hyperthyroidism Grave’s disease The thyroid gland Rapid
followed by toxic heartbeat(palpitatio
nodular goitre. ns), feeling shaky or
nervous, weight loss,
increased appetite,
diarrhea and more
frequent bowel
movements, vision
changes, thin, warm
and moist skin and
menstrual changes.
Hypothyroidism Lack of or The thyroid gland Fatigue, increased
abnormal sensitivity to cold,
development of constipation, dry
the thyroid in the skin, weight gain,
utero and puffy face,
genetically hoarseness and
inherited defects muscle weakness
in the synthesis of
the thyroid
hormone
Thyroid cancer Genetics and The thyroid gland Nodules, changes in
radiation exposure the voice,
or sudden changes hoarseness and
in one’s DNA cells difficulty swallowing.
osteoporosis Lack of calcium. ovaries Weakened bones,
makes bones brittle,
where a fall or low
tension may cause
fracturing of the
bones quite often
occurring in hips,
wrist or the spine.