MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER HARDWARE and SOFTWARE, DATA PROCESSING
CYCLES

MODULE 1 is composed of Three (3) Lessons.

Lessons 1, is on Introduction to Computing Concepts and Computer.

Lessons 2, is on the Computer Software and Other Computer Operation Components.

Lessons 3, contains topics on Data Processing Cycle.

References is also included in this module.

SLSU 1
 Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING CONCEPTS AND COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPONENTS

At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:

 identify the basic information communication technology concepts;

 discuss the computer hardware components and its functions;
 classify the hardware components into input, output, central processing unit, and storage;

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY refers to the creation, processing, storage, and delivery of information with the procedures and devices that
makes all these possible. This field stands firmly in two legs: the hardware or the computer system, which is the physical electronic
component or components in a system; the software, which refer to the set of programs or instructions that guide the hardware in
the performance of its duties.

PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is not merely a single part; instead it is really a system of many parts working together in performing a specific task.
The physical parts which can be seen and touched are collectively called hardware. Software, on the other hand, refers to the
instructions or a program that tells the hardware what to do.

Components of the Hardware

STANDARD INPUT, are the devices that are attached to the computer which are used to enter data and instructions which then
converts it into binary form so that the computer or hardware can understand. Examples are: bar code reader, paper tape reader,
magnetic ink reader, optical character reader, keyboard, mouse, sensor, scanner, fax machine, magnetic strip card, and
others.

Another most commonly used device is the keyboard which acts as input device. Its
structure is like typewriter. It contains number of keys which have some specific ASCII
values. Like ‘A’ has ASCII value 65. When this is pressed, it is converted into 65 & this 65
is sent to CPU in the form of Binary language (i.e. 1000001). Then operations are done

SLSU 2
on this data.

SLSU 3
OPTIONAL INPUT DEVICES:

This is a pointing device called mouse which contains a roller in its base.
When the mouse is moved on any surface, the pointer on the screen is
also moved. It contains a potentiometer coupled with the roller. The
potentiometer senses the motion of mouse & converts it into digital
value. A mouse may contain two or three buttons. Now a day's optical
mouse is very popular.

http://library.thinkquest.org

This bar code reader is a device which is used to read the code from the products which are
usually in the form of bars. It contains a light sensitive detector which identifies the values
of the bars on the product & converts them into numeric code. This bar reader is used in
Shopping malls in a very large scale.

http://library.thinkquest.org

The scanner is an input device like the

photocopier machine which makes the
electronic copy of the picture or document
which can be further edited.

http://library.thinkquest.org

SLSU 4
 As the name specifies, this digital camera stores the
data digitally, which then can be stored in the
computer & can be stored for a long time. But it has
very limited storage capacity. These are very popular
because of less expensive photographs & speed.

http://library.thinkquest.org

OPTIONAL INPUT DEVICES:

This light pen is a pointing device which contains a photocell mounted at its tip. It
senses the light from the screen when it becomes closer to the screen, & generates
a pulse. So for identifying a particular location on the screen these light pens are very
useful. But this is not in very much use these days.

http://library.thinkquest.org

A magnetic card reader is a device that can retrieve stored information

from a magnetic card either by holding the card next to the device or
swiping the card through a slot in the device. In the picture to the right, is
an example of a magnetic card reader and a good example of the type of
card reader you would see at most retail stores.

http://www.computerhope.com

SLSU 5
 Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is hardware peripheral originally
invented by Emile Berliner in 1877 that allows computer users to input
audio into their computers. In the picture to the left, is an example of a
USB headset from Logitech with a microphone. A popular solution for
computer gaming.

STANDARD OUTPUT DEVICE:

The second component of the hardware is the OUTPUT, devices that are used to convert electrical signals into a form recognizable by
human. Examples are: card punch machine, printer, monitor or screen, plotter, speaker, picture phone, and others.

A monitor is the screen on which words,

numbers, and graphics can be seen. The
monitor is the most common output device.

http://www.wacona.com/output/output.html

SLSU 6
OPTIONAL OUTPUT DEVICES:

Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are
commonly used to print text, images, and photos. In the picture to the left, is
a visual example of
the LexmarkZ605 Inkjet printer. There are many kinds of printers such as: dot matrix,
inkjet, laser, thermal, and LED.

Projectors are often used in meetings and presentations to

help and an example of what a projector may look like.
Projectors used with computers are small devices that are
rarely much larger than a toaster and typically weigh a few
pounds.

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 1. A speaker is a term used to describe the user who is giving vocal
commands to a software program.

2. A hardware device connected to a computer's sound card that outputs

sounds generated by the computer. In the picture to the left, is the Altec Lansing
VS2221 speakers with subwoofer.

Alternatively referred to as a sound

board or an audio card, a sound card is
an expansion card or integrated circuit
that provides a computer with the
ability to produce sounds that can be
heard by the user either
over speakers or headphones. Below is an
image of the Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi
Xtreme Audio sound card and to the right is
the back of the sound card.

SLSU 8
 In the case of the picture above, the first white connection is the digital in
connection. Next, the generic blue sound in connection found on every sound
card and represented by an arrow pointing into sound waves. Next, the
microphone connection is a pink connection with a symbol of a microphone and
sound waves. Finally, this sound card has three sounds out connections: green,
black, and orange. Most generic sound cards will only have one sound out that is
colored green and will be represented with an arrow pointing out of the sound
waves as shown in the picture to the right.

The third hardware component is the PROCESSOR OR CPU. Usually it is a rectangular box attached to the motherboard or system
unit. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important part of these components is the
Processor or central processing unit which performs arithmetic and logic operations on data taken from the memory or storage or any
information entered through any input device. The processor or CPU is composed of: Control unit (CU) that manages and supervises
all the activities in the CPU; the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) which performs arithmetic and logic operations. The register is
the third component of the CPU which is considered as the built-in storage; and fourth one is the bus which is in printed

Processor
/
Vide Memor CPU Memor
o y y
slot Slot Slots

circuit form used as data path.

The last component of the hardware is the STORAGE OR MEMORY where data and instructions are stored. These are classified
into two: Primary and Secondary.

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PRIMARY STORAGE
The primary storage is the memory part of the computer itself. Primary storage includes the Random Access Memory (RAM) and
Read Only Memory (ROM).
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random access memory is used as a scratch pad by the computer processor to store information temporarily. The random access
memory is a volatile memory that loses information as soon as you turn off the computer. However, the access rate of this type of
memory is greater than the read only type of memory. Access rate of the memory is the time required by to get an access to the
memory. Also, RAMs are a bit more expensive than the read only memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Read only memory (ROM) is a type of storage that is used to store information permanently. Either the data is stored in this type of
memory at the time of manufacturing or is stored by the computer user. But the data cannot be changed once written (non-
volatile). The access rate of this type of primary storage is less than that of the RAM. Lastly, the ROMs are not as expensive
as the RAMs.

SECONDARY STORAGE
Hard disks, magnetic tapes and all other storage devices are included in the secondary storage. They are external to the processor
and are used to increase the storage capacity of the computer. The secondary storage is non-volatile and can retain information
even after the computer is switched off. Data is stored in a digital form on the platters that have magnetic surface. Portable hard
disk or external drives are also available.

Blu-ray Discs (BD)

Blu-ray discs are often referred to as BD. These discs are often used by gamers and also for high-definition video storage.
According to the physical dimensions, the blu-ray discs are similar to that of the CDs and DVDs; however, the only difference is
that the capacity of a blu-ray disc is very large as compared to CDs and DVDs. Blu-ray discs are optical storage devices.

Compact Discs (CD)

Earlier, CDs were used to record audio files, but later on they started being used to store every type of information like video,
audio and data. Compact discs (CD) are used to store information over a long period of time. CDs store information optically
and are non- volatile.

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

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DVDs store data in the same manner as that of the CDs. However, DVDs have a greater storage capacity than the CDs. A DVD
has a capacity which is six times greater than the storage capacity of a CD.

USB Flash Drives

USB flash drives are connected to the computer via the USB port of the computer cabinet and use the Universal Serial Bus (USB)
interface to store information. They are rewritable and have in-built flash memory inside them.

SLSU 11
 ACTIVITY 1

A. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. Before you can proceed to
Activity 3, you are requested to answer the questions below by encircling the letter of your preferred choice.

Name: Course & Year: Score:

1. Which of the following is used to indicate the computer monitor?
a.cursor b.light pen c.joy stick d.mouse
2. What general term describes the physical equipment of a computer such as video screen, keyboard, and mouse?
a. hardware b. input c. output d. software
3. Modem is a hardware component used to connect the
a. databse b. speaker c. internet d. Internet browser
4. What is the function of the hard disk?
a. print the text b. saves data and programs c. display pictures calculate numbers
5. A non-standard output device is the
a. keyboard b. mouse c. printer d. monitor
6. The computer memory that loses its data when turned-off is
hard disk b. Random Access Memory c. Read Only Memory d. USB Flash Drives
7. The component of the computer system that represents raw material which will be processed
a. bits b. byte c. data d. information
8. A volatile type of storage is
a. Primary b. Secondary c. RAM d. ROM
9. The computer part which performs arithmetic and logic operations is
a. monitor b. mouse c. processor d. register
10. A medium that is used to carry signals, data, instructions, and information from one location to another is
a. bits b. communication medium c. data medium d. modem

SLSU 12
B. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. The table below provides
computer system components; provide their individual functions on the space provided. Each answer in the function column
corresponds three (3) points.

COMPONENT FUNCTION

1.flash Memory (USB)

2.speaker

3.digital Camera

4.mouse

5.monitor

6.register

7. hard disk

8. register

9. external drive

10. bar code reader

SLSU 13
 Lesson 2: CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE AND OTHER COMPUTER OPERATION COMPONENTS

At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:

 differentiate the kinds of computer software;

 discuss the functions of other computer operation components;
 apply computer software to various taks.

The first classification is the Operating System, which manages and controls all the devices and operations of the entire computer
system. Examples include: Unix, MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, OS/2, JavaOS, MacOs, Solaris, and others. The second classification of software
is Utility Program, this is system software service programs that help the operating system efficiently manage files and do
housekeeping functions. These include programs used for data back up, virus protection, data compression, data security, and file
fragmentation. Examples: Norton Utilities, McAfee Virus Scan, Dr. Solomon’s Antivirus, and the like. The third classification of software
is Language Processors; these programs translate high-level language programs into an object code or machine code. Examples are:
Compiler which translates whole program at one; next, Interpreters, which translate programs one statement at a time; the other
classification is the assemblers, which only translate assembly language program. The last classification is Application Software; the
programs that help solve and meet user problems and needs directly. Examples: Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation,
CAD, Adobe Photoshop, Netscape Navigator, MSN Messenger, and others.

Other Components in the Computer Operation

Although information technology stands firmly in two legs which are the hardware and software, these cannot work without the
People ware or User. This refers to all personnel involved in the computer operations. Examples: System Manager, System Analyst,
Technician, Encoder, System Maintenance, and others. Data is also one component of information technology which acts as facts and raw
material from one or many sources. It may be numeric, characters or words, chart, photographs, animated characters and
objects, sounds, and videos.

Lastly, a Communication Media is the last component of the information technology. This is used to carry signals, data,
instructions, and information from one location to another of the computer. Simply it serves as data path. Examples: wires, cables, fiber
optics, sound and radio waves, satellites, and others. Modem is also another information technology component if you wanted to connect
to the internet. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems
are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.

SLSU 14
 ACTIVITY 2

A. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. Please answer the items to
test your knowledge and skills on Software Classifications. Choose the best answer by encircling the letter of your
preferred choice.

Name: Course & Year: Score:

1. The Microsoft Windows is an example of a/an

a. application program b. information system c. language processor d. operating system
2. MS Word, PageMaker, MS Excel, and Adobe Photoshop are examples of
a. application program b. internet browser c. utility software d. language processor
3. Jen needs to design an invitation letter for his batch luncheon. What type of software would she most likely use?
a. Internet Browser b. Spreadsheet c. Desktop Publisher d. MY SQL
4. For an ICT class report Fred needs to illustrate enrollment trend of SLSU - SAN JUAN with graphs. He would most likely
use which
software?
a.Mail Merge & Drawing b. Graphing & Shapes c. My Sql & Database d. Word Processing & Database
5. John has many files to be saved in his storage, to gather all the excess spaces, he will most likely use a/an
a. anti-virus b. defragmenter c. internet explorer d. spreadsheet software
6. Mozilla and internet explorer are examples of a/an
a. anti-virus b. browser c. compiler d. language processor
7. The students are planning a budget for a school fund raising, Which of the following software do the students use to
create the
budget?
a. adobe photoshop b. dreamwaver c. flash d. spreadsheet
8. The set of instructions or pograms used to command the computer are
a. application software b. hardware c. internet explorer d. software
9. A student wants to present a project in the ICT class. He will most likely use
a. mozilla b. paint c. powerpoint d. spreadsheet
10. An interpreter translates high level programming language by

SLSU 15
a.code b. paragraph c. one line at a time d. once

SLSU 16
B. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. The questions below will
further test your knowledge and skills in Software Classifications. Fill in the blanks with word/s that will complete the
statement.

1. To calculate the sales of a department store, a software is typically used.

2. Photo editing is one of the operations that can be done by a/an .
3. The presence of a browser needs the to surf the internet.
4. Spreadsheets and databases are similar in that they have both rows and .
5. The software that serves as intermediary between the user, hardware, and the application programs is .

C. Classify the items below as to application, operating system, language processor, or utility program by wrting your answer inside the
box labeled answer; this will further test your knowledge and skills on Software Classifications.

1. Answer:
2. Answer:

3. Answer:______

5. Answer:

4. Answer:

SLSU 17
 Lesson 3: COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:

 characterize the types of data;

 differentiate basic and expanded data processing cycles;
 apply the two data processing cycles to real life problems.

Data is defined as any collection of facts or raw materials. Thus, includes alphanumeric which is the combination of letters from an English
alphabet and the special characters such as arithmetic operators, #, @, and many others found in the standard keyboard. Another
type is numeric that refers to the numbers 0 up to 9. The third and fourth types are video and sound or audio. One of the types of
data is chart that plots numbers used to illustrate and inform more effectively. Animated characters or objects are also one of the
data types which move in the screen to entertain and inform. The last classification is photographs and other graphics which can
be stored, edited, and inserted into other applications to illustrate documents or become part of a multimedia presentation.

Data Processing is the manipulation (collection, processing, and distribution of facts and figures) of the above classified data
into a meaningful format called information.

Categories of Data Processing

1. Manual procedures employ tools and materials such as pencils, pens. Forms, carbon paper and filing cabinets.
2. Mechanical use a combination of manual procedures and mechanical equipment. Use devices such as typewriter, sorter, calculator,
tabulator, duplicator, and verifier.
3. Electronic connects different types of input, output, and storage devices to a computer to process data.

Basic Data Processing Cycle

1. Input, the cycle where initial data are prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form will be dependent of
the kind of data processing category that is being used. For example, if computer system is used, the data could be recorded or
encoded using the keyboard.
2. Processing, in this phase the data are changed or combined with another data to produce information. Thus, subject
rating may be calculated from the exam, quiz, project, or oral participation scores.
3. Output, this is the results of the processing step. In the case of the students are their subject ratings. It may be a
summary of monthly sales report, a paycheck, or information to be stored for future reference.
SLSU 18
 PROCESSING OUTPU
INPU
T
T

Expanded Data Processing Cycle

In the Expanded Data Processing Cycle, Origination, Distribution, and Storage are the newly added components as discussed and illustrated below
and in the succeeding page.

1. Origination is a step which refers to the process of collecting the source document that contains the data. For example,
the student test papers to be used in the computation of the student’s grades.

2. Distribution, information or data which were output of the processing will then be distributed to the offices or department
that needs it.

3. Storage, the process of placing the results or output. There are two flow lines between the processing box and the storage
to indicate to the interaction of these two steps. Usually this set of data forms a database file that consists of related where each
record contains related data items.

Additional Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8K1rEhtynC0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRUKUqyQUXQ

SLSU 19
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

Source: Introduction to ICT by La Putt

ORIGINATION

INPUT

PROCESSING
STORAGE

OUTPUT

DISTRIBUTION

SLSU 20
 ACTIVITY 3

A. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. The questions below will
test if you have information about the origin of computer technology. Encircle the letter that suits your choice.

Name: Course & Year: Score:

data processing categories that employs pencils, pens, calculators and filing cabinets is
a. electronic b. mechanical c. on-line d. manual
Storage is a cycle part that is not found in the
basic data processing b. expanded data processing c. on-line d. real time
Parts of the cycle that gives information or data from its output
a. Input b. Output c. Origination d. Processing
The process of collecting source document
a. Input b. Output c. Origination d. Processing
The data processing type that connects input, output and storage is
a. digital b. electronic c. mechanical d. manual
The collection, processing of facts and figures
a. data processing b. input c. storage d. output
Storage has two flow lines between the processing and the
a. input b. output c. register d. storage
A phase that changes the data and combines another data to produce information
a. input b. output c. processing d. storage
A type of data where numbers are plotted to inform more effectively
a. alphanumeric b. animated characters c. chart d. numeric
Results that combines letters from the English alphabet, special characters and numbers
a. alphanumeric b. animated characters c. chart d. words

SLSU 21
B. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. The questions below will test your
knowledge and skills on Data Processing. Fill in the blanks with word/s that will complete the statement.

1. The manual procedure of processing data combines pens, pencils, and .

2. Alphanumeric data is a combination of letters, special characters and .
3. Photographs and other graphics type of data can be inserted into or become part of a
multimedia presentation.
4. Input is the cycle where data is prepared for .
5. The process of placing the results or output of a process .
6. The categories of data processing that combines manual procedures and .
7. In an electronic type of data processing, input, out and are connected.
8. Origination is a step in a cycle where source document is collected that contains the .
9. The electronic data processing category that employs materials such as pens, pencils, calcualtors and .
10. The Distribution cycle that gives the data or information to the offices or .

REFERENCES

A. Books

Andes, Antonio M. Sr., (1999). Simple Word 2000 Fully Illustrated. Philippines:Andes Mountain

Printers. Curtin, Dennis P. et. al., (1998). IT:The Breaking Wave. Singapore:Mc Graw-Hill.

George Reynolds and Ralph Stair. (2009). Introduction to information systems. Singapore:Cengage

Learning Go, Roland. (2000). Microsoft Word Made Simple. Philippines: Strong Waters

SLSU 22
Publishing.

Johnson, et al,.(2000). Keyboarding with Computer Application, CA,USA: Glencoe/McGraw Hill.

La Putt Juny P., (1984). Introduction to computer concepts. Philippines:National Book

Store.

Laudon, Kenneth P., et. Al., (2010). Management information system:managing the digital firm, 11 th ed. Singapore:Prentice Hall.

Shelly, Garry B. et. Al., (2008). Introduction to computers and windows vista essential concepts and techniques.
Singapore:Thompson Learning Asia

B. Electronic Media

Aarti, R., Retrieved June 10, 2017, from http://www.google.com.ph

Bellis, Mary. Retrieved August 15, 2015, from http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhollerith.htm

Bellis, Mary. Retrieved August 14, 2017, from http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa052198.htm

Collins, Michael J. (2002, November). Transactions of the Association of Computational Linguistics (TACL). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~mcollins/

Typing is an essential skill. Retrieved July 21, 2015, from http://www.quickbrownfrog.com/#!

essential Retrieved July 17, 2015, from

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/magcr.htm

Retrieved July 15, 2015, from http://library.thinkquest.org/08aug/01795/Website/input_devices.html

SLSU 23
Retrieved July 17, 2016, from http://www.macworld.com/products/input_devices.html

Retrieved August 01, 2016, from http://www.electway.net/product/Uninterrupted_Power_Supply_1.html

Retrieved August 10, 2015, from http://www.customtyping.com/tutorials/kb/Correct_fingering.htm

Retrieved August 11, 2016, from http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/Using-your-keyboard

SLSU 24
 MODULE 2

METHODS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING, HISTORY, AND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

MODULE 2 is composed of Three (3) Lessons.

Lessons 1, Methods of Electronic Data Processing.

Lessons 2, History of Computers.

Lessons 3, contains topic on the Earliest Computing Devices.

References is also included in this module.

SLSU 25
 Lesson 1: METHODS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:

 characterize the various methods of electronic data processing;
 discuss applications of the electronic data processing methods;
 apply data processing methods to various technological situations.

Different methods are now employed in data processing to increase the timeliness, efficiency, and accuracy of the results. This will
also decrease the time consumption on a process and increase human productivity.

Batch method is a technique that collects all data to be processed and execute all the programs in groups. Data is entered into the
information flow in large volumes or batches. Instead of processing the data as they are received, the processing is done periodically
such as weekly, bi- monthly, monthly. The advantage of this type of method is economical when large volume of data will be
processed. However, it requires sorting prior to processing, it takes a fixed time interval before new batch of data can be added,
inquiries cannot be made between processing intervals, and it requires a sequential file organization.

On-line method employs equipment or devices under the direct control of a computer for data entry or inquiry purposes. The
advantages of this method are: sequential search of file or record is not a necessity and availability of the requested information is
immediate. However, this type requires a unique hardware and software and it is expensive. It will also require software security
provisions to prevent in the access of confidential information from unauthorized persons such as hackers. The best example for this
method is the automatic teller machine (ATM).

Real-time Processing is a method that has an immediate response as a result from an activity or a process. Airline reservation system
and tracking of hotel rooms are the best examples of this type. This form of processing usually uses terminals linked to a
computer via telecommunication lines.

Distributed Processing Method is the most complex among other methods. Generally, this consists of remote terminals that are
connected to a large computer system to help the user conduct inquiries about accounts, process jobs, or other data processing
operations. Its advantages are: central processor idle time is reduced, library of application programs is available when needed, skilled
professionals are available to help users develop their customized applications, and managers can react rapidly to new developments and
problems. However, there also possible disadvantages which include: reliability and cost of facilities and the computing services, input or

SLSU 26
output terminals may be slow and inefficient, and provisions are necessary to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the user programs
and data files especially from a skilled penetrator

SLSU 27
 ACTIVITY 4

A. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. The questions below will test your
knowledge and skills on Data Processing. Fill in the blanks with word/s that will complete the statement.

Name: Course & Year: Score:

1. Real-time processing method has a fast response from .

2. One of the advantages of the batch processing is .
3. The method that requires sequential file organization is .
4. In a distributed processing method, growing library of are available for the users in need.
5. Real-time processing method linked terminals via .
6. The processing method that requires uniquehardware and software and is expensive is called .
7. The terminals of a Distributed type of data processing method is slow and .
8. Distributed method of data processing has library of application .
9. A type of processing method that connects terminals to a computer via .
10. A data processing method that requires a provision to prevent access to confidential information is .

B. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. Below are activities or
operations which the computer can perform. Group them by writing on their corresponding column. This activity will test
your knowledge on the Data Processing Methods.

Monthly payroll computation telecommunication companies electric power plants

Automatic Teller Machine Airline reservation system chatting in facebook or
YM
Telephone companies Hotel reservation system
Emailing monthly sales computation

SLSU 28
BATCH ON-LINE REAL-TIME DISTRIBUTED

SLSU 29
 Lesson 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:

 appreciate the importance of history in the current advancement of computer technology;

 distinguish the various charateristics of each hardware development;
 connect the previous developments with the latest advancements in the information technology field.

History can help to explain the past, relate it to the present and may be predict what will happen in the future. Thus, evaluating
the impact of the earliest development in the world of computers is very useful in leading to even more advanced technologies. In
this lesson, we consider the earliest devices and discuss their relevance to this present time.

Among the most popular computing devices are:

The Abacus is considered as the first manual data processing device which was developed in the China in the twelfth century A.D.
This device has a frame with heads strung on wires or rods and can be used for arithmetic operations by manipulating the beads.
This device is ver popular because of its simplicity and effectiveness.

The next in line was Napier’s bones which was developed by a Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550-1617). The use of “logs” enabled
him to reduce multiplication problem to a problem of addition. The “bones” are set of eleven rods with numbers marked on them
in such a way that by simply placing the rods side by side products and quotients of large numbers are obtained. The stick in this
device is called “bones” because they were made of bone or ivory.

SLSU 30
http://gwydir.demon.co.uk

http://www.computermuseum

Blaise Pascal (1632-1662) was a French mathematician and philosopher. Pascal did
considerable research with regard to the pressure of liquids. He explained
principle that described how a liquid in a vessel carried pressure equally in all
directions. This came to be known as Pascal's Law, and had importance in the
field of hydraulics. Pascal's interest in calculating may have come from a
desire to assist his father with the numerous calculations required in his job
as Superintendent of Taxes. In about 1642, Pascal developed a calculator
called the "Arithmatique" or "Pascaline Calculator." This device handles
numbers up to 999,999.99 and considered as the first mechanical adding
machine.

SLSU 31
 Leibnitz Calculator

Can multiply, devide, add and substract. Mechanical device made of copper
and steel. Carriage is performed with a stepped wheel, which mechanism
is still in use today.

Contrary to Pascal, Gottfred Leibniz (1646-1716) successfully introduced a

calculator onto the market. It is designed in 1673 but it takes until
1694 to complete. The calculator can add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
Wheels are placed at right angles which could be displaced by a special
stepping mechanism.
http://www.thocp.net
The speed of calculation for multiplication or division was acceptable. But
like the Pascaline, this calculator required that the operator using the
device had to understand how to turn the wheels and know the way of
performing calculations with the calculator.
http://www.oughtred.org
Leibnitz Calculator, Germany 1673-1694

During the 17th century, William Oughtred developed the Oughtred’s Slide Rule.
It consists of two movable rulers placed side by side. Each ruler is marked
off in such a way that the actual distances from the beginning of the
ruler are proportional in the logarithms of the numbers printed on the
ruler. By sliding the ruler multiplication and division are possible.

SLSU 32
 Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871

This was the first fully-automatic calculating machine.

British computing pioneer Charles Babbage (1791-1871) first
conceived the idea of an advanced calculating machine to
calculate and print mathematical tables in 1812. This machine,
conceived by Babbage in 1834, was designed to evaluate any
mathematical formula and to have even higher powers of
analysis than his original Difference engine of the 1820s. Only
part of the machine was completed before his death in 1871.
This is a portion of the mill with a printing mechanism.
Babbage was also a reformer, mathematician,
philosopher, inventor and political economist.

www.sciencemuseum.org.uk

Herman Hollerith - Punch Cards

In 1881, Herman Hollerith began designing a machine to tabulate census data

more efficiently than by traditional hand methods. The U.S. Census Bureau had
taken eight years to complete the 1880 census and the 1890 census would take
even longer. Herman Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help
analyze the 1890 US census data. Herman Hollerith's great breakthrough was his
use of electricity to read, count, and sort punched cards whose holes
represented data gathered by the census-takers. His machines were used for
the 1890 census and accomplished in one year what would have taken nearly ten
years of hand tabulating. In 1896, Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating
http://inventors.about.com
Machine Company to sell his invention; the Company became part of IBM in
1924. SLSU 33
The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could
carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
reference to previous results. It had special subroutines for
logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal
place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically
using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial
switches, and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays
classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was
displayed on an electric typewriter. By today's standards,
the Mark I was slow, requiring 3-5 seconds for a
http://inventors.about.com
multiplication

Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series

of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of
computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a giant
roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8
feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000
separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and
ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until
http://inventors.about.com
1959.

THE ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

The ENIAC was developed during the period 1943 to 1946 under the direction of Presper Eckert Jr., and John Mauchly at Moore School of
Electrical Engineering, University of Pennysylvania. It was the first large-scale vacuum tube computer. It could perform 300
multiplications per second; It took only two (2) hours to solve a nuclear physics problem. The ENIAC’s speed of calculation was a

SLSU 34
thousand times faster than the best mechanical calculators.

SLSU 35
THE EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
The EDVAC was a modified version of ENIAC which was developed by a Hungarian-born mathematician John von Neumann in 1946.
The ENIAC and MARK I used decimal arithmetic while this machine uses binary, which made this machine a difference over the
former developments. Another difference is the EDVAC has the stored-program concept capability which means this calculator
stores both instructions and data. According to Neumann, binary arithmetic will make a machine used simple circuitry.

THE EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

The EDSAC was developed in 1949 at Cambridge University and considered as the first machine which uses the stored-program
concept.

ACTIVITY 5

A. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. The questions below will
test if you have information about the origin of computer technology. Encircle the letter that suits your choice.
1. The first manual computing device is
a. abacus b. analytical engine c. Mark 1 d. punch card
2. The Napiers Bones reduces problem in multiplication to
a. addition b. exponentiation c. modulo d. subtraction
3. He is considered as the father of the modern computers
a. Blaise Pascal b. Charles Babbage c. Herman Hollerith d. Nicklaus Wirth
4. The Leibnitz Calculator can add, subtract, devide, and multiply, it is
made of
a.logs and bones b. copper and steel c. two slide rulers d. printed circuits
5. The Punch card developed by Herma Hollerith performs the census in
1890 by
a. one year b. two years c. six years d. eight years
6. The Mark I computer was used by the US Navy
for
a. arithmetic operatioans b. gunnery and c. solve physics d. nuclear development
ballistic problem
7. Three-hundred multiplications per second can be performed by
a. ENIAC b. EDVAC c. MARK 1 d. UNIVAC
8. The EDVAC uses

SLSU 36
 a. binary numbers b. decimal numbers c. hexadecimal d. octal numbers
numbers
9. The first machine that uses stored-program concept is
a. ENIAC b. EDVAC c. EDSAC d. UNIVAC
10. The major innovation during the development of UNIVAC was using the vacuum tubes as a
means of
a.arithmetic calculation b. erasing data c. storing data d. transferring data

SLSU 37
 Lesson 3: COMPUTER GENERATIONS

At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:

 appreciate the importance of advancement in the computer technology;

 distinguish the various developments from one generation to another;
 connect the previous developments with the latest advancements in the computing field.

FIRST (1951 – 1959)

The UNIVAC was developed in 1951. The major innovations then were the use of vacuum tubes as a means of storing data in memory. It
requires 3,500 kilowatts of electricity per day to provide the heat needed to get electrons moving in all of its tubes. No educational
programs precisely met the requirements of the technology when the first-generation computer available.

SECOND (1960 – 1964)

Solid-state components (transistors and diodes) and magnetic core storage formed the basis for the second generation of
computers. A transistor performs the same functionas a vacuum tube, except that electrons move through solid materials. In this period,
computers became much smaller in size, faster, more reliable, and much greater processing capability. Built-in error detecting
devices were installed. The microsecond was becoming the standard unit for measuring a computer’s access to data and instructions. In
programming, different languages began to replace machine language.

THIRD (1965 – 1970)

Integrated solid-state circuitry, improved secondary storage devices, and new input/output devices were the most important advances in
this generation. The computer’s speed increased about 10,000 over the first-generation computers. Arithmetic and logic operations were
being performed in microseconds or even nanoseconds.

FOURTH (1971 – PRESENT)

The major innovations in this period were the development of microelectronics and in the different areas in the computer
technology such as multiprocessing, multiprogramming, miniaturatization, time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual storage. Among the
advance input/output devices employed in fourth-generation computers are optical reader, audio response terminals, and
SLSU 38
graphic display terminals.

SLSU 39
 ACTIVITY 6

A. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. Answer with the correct word/s on
the blank provided to make the statement correct and complete.

Name: Course & Year: Score:

1. The first - generation computers uses .

2. Three-thousand five-hundred (3,500) kilowatts of electricity is necessary to provide heat of the computers.

3. In the second generation of computers is used for storage.

4. Buil-in error-detecting devices is used for computers.

5. In a third-generation computers arithmetic and logic operations are performed in microseconds and .

6. The new advances in the third- generation computers are solid state circuitry, improved secondary storages and .

7. Multiprocessing and multiprogramming are the advances in the computers.

8. The development of the fourth-generartion computers were the .

9. Optical reader is also one of the developments in the computers.

10.The standard unit of measurement in accessing data in the generation of computers.

SLSU 40
B. Instruction: Fill-out your name, course and year level excluding the score on the blanks provided. Below are advancements of computer
technology. Group them by writing on their corresponding column.

Time-sharing multiprogramming use of vacuum tubes

Magnetic core storage multiprocessing virtual storage
Buil-in error detecting devices increased 10,000 over previous generation graphic display terminals
much smaller in size programming languages replace machine language

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH

SLSU 41
REFERENCES

A. Books

Andes, Antonio M. Sr., (1999). Simple Word 2000 Fully Illustrated. Philippines:Andes Mountain

Printers. Curtin, Dennis P. et. al., (1998). IT:The Breaking Wave. Singapore:Mc Graw-Hill.

George Reynolds and Ralph Stair. (2009). Introduction to information systems. Singapore:Cengage

Learning Go, Roland. (2000). Microsoft Word Made Simple. Philippines: Strong Waters

Publishing.

Johnson, et al,.(2000). Keyboarding with Computer Application, CA,USA: Glencoe/McGraw Hill.

La Putt Juny P., (1984). Introduction to computer concepts. Philippines:National Book

Store.

Laudon, Kenneth P., et. Al., (2010). Management information system:managing the digital firm, 11 th ed. Singapore:Prentice Hall.

Shelly, Garry B. et. Al., (2008). Introduction to computers and windows vista essential concepts and techniques.
Singapore:Thompson Learning Asia

B. Electronic Media

Aarti, R., Retrieved June 10, 2017, from http://www.google.com.ph

Bellis, Mary. Retrieved August 15, 2015, from http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhollerith.htm

SLSU 42
Bellis, Mary. Retrieved August 14, 2017, from http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa052198.htm

Collins, Michael J. (2002, November). Transactions of the Association of Computational Linguistics (TACL). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~mcollins/

SLSU 43
 MODULE 3
BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS

After the Lessons Below You Are Expected to:

 switch on and off the computer;

 navigate Word Processing Environment;
 create files and folders;
 store files and folders in the secondary storage;
 use keyboarding techniques.

LESSON 1: BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM OPERATIONS

SWITCHING ON AND OFF THE COMPUTER

Starting the computer

1. Switch on the automatic voltage regulator (AVR). AVR should be inserted to the electricity outlet.

2. Switch on the uninterrupted power supply or AVR (if there is any).

3. Switch the system unit (wait until all system files will be retrieved).

SLSU 44
Using the Mouse http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse

A mouse is a small device use to point, select,

and transfer items on your screen. A mouse
Right
usually has two buttons: a primary
Button
button (usually the left button) and a Left
Button
secondary button (right). When the
mouse is moved with the human hand, a
pointer on the screen moves in the
same direction. When you want to
select an item, you point to the item
and then click (press and release) the
primary (left) button.

After you started Windows 7, the first thing

you can see is the desktop. A desktop
contains several icons or small pictures
My Computer, browse through
usually located on the left side of it.
and manage the computer.
Each icon represents an object, such as
folder or a program. Depending on how Google Chrome or Mozilla
Firefox, open a browser or
your computer is set up.
connect to the Internet.

Recycle Bin, stores deleted

SLSU 45
files and application programs.

Start button, start programs,

 more.

Shutting Off the Computer

1. Click Start button

2. Click Shut down

button.

SLSU 46
 ACTIVITY 7

Instruction: Write true if you think the statement is correct and false otherwise on the blank provided.

1. The function of the My Computer icon is to browse all the disks and other peripherals
installed on your computer.
2. The Recycle Bin stores all the deleted files and folders.
3. There are three functions of the mouse: to point, to select, and to erase.
4. It is not necessary that the AVR will be inserted to the electricity outlet.
5. When the computer is turned off, the AVR is still functional.
6. When the mouse is moved, the pointer on the screen moves in the same direction.
7.The My Documents icon starts programs and customizes your desktop
8. The system unit is functional even if the system files are not fully retrieved.
9. The secondary button (right) of the mouse is typically used when editing and saving a

10. The desktop contains several icons that represent programs and objects.

SLSU 47
 ACTIVITY 8

Instruction: Test your knowledge and skills in the basic operations of the computer by answering the
questions below. Fill in the blanks with word/s that will complete the statement.

1. The mouse is a small device use to point, select, open, and items on the screen.

2. Typically the button of the mouse is used.

3. The voltage regulator the electric current.

4. It is not possible to use your computer when all the will be retrieved.

5. My computer icon on the desktop through and manage disk drives.

6. When ALT+F4 will be used, the need to is the first step in shutting down.

7. A browser is necessary to connect to the .

8. When you want to customize your desktop, icon should be used.

9. A desktop contains several icons that represents an object, , or program.

10. When you want to select an item using the mouse, the mouse pointer first to the item then click.

SLSU 48
 LESSON 2: KEYBOARDING OPERATIONS

What is a Keyboard?
A keyboard is an electronic device that is connected to the computer used to enter data by pressing
its keys. It is used mainly for typing text into the computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has
keys
for letters and numbers, but it has also special keys: The function keys, found on the top row, which
perform different functions depending on there uses; The numerical keypad, located at the right side of
the most keyboards, which allows the user to enter numbers quickly; and the navigation keys, such as
the arrow keys, which allows movement to any parts of the document or webpage.

http://www.customtyping.com

SLSU 49
 How does a computer keyboard work?
Most computer keyboards, like typewrite have letters, numbers, and special keys. But it is more complex and
versatile because these include symbols or even computer commands. Under the keys of most computer
keyboards are two sets of wires – horizontal and vertical. When the computer is on, the keyboards’
microprocessor sends electrical impulses along the vertical wires, scanning for signal. When a key is
pressed, the wires that cross below it touch (below), closing a circuit. This alerts the keyboard microprocessor
that a key has been pressed; the microprocessor then checks the horizontal wires to see which row the
key is in and sends the information to the computer.
For example, when letter A is pressed, the two wires in contact under the key close a circuit, sending a
signal back to the microprocessor. The microprocessor knows which key is pressed because each key
activates only one pair of wires.

How the keys are arranged on a keyboard?

The keyboard is the main way to enter information into the computer. The main objective of every
computer user is to work efficiently. Thus, learning the basics of keyboard operations is deemed
necessary.

http://windows.microsoft.com

SLSU 50
The following are the groupings of the keys on your keyboard based on functions:

1. Alphanumeric keys. These keys include the letters from the English Alphabet, numbers,
punctuations, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.

2. In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys also include
SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, the TAB key, ENTER, the SPACEBAR, BACKSPACE, and DELETE.

SLSU 51
 KEYS FUNCTIONS
Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter.
SHIFT
Press SHIFT in combination with another key to type the symbol shown on
the upper part of that key.

Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK
CAPS LOCK
again to turn this function off. Your keyboard may have a light indicating
whether CAPS LOCK is on.

Press the TAB key to move the cursor several spaces forward. You can
TAB also press the TAB key to move to the next text box on a form.

Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
ENTER In a dialog box, press ENTER to select the highlighted button

Press the SPACEBAR to move the cursor one space forward

SPACEBAR

Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the cursor, or

BACKSPACE
the selected text.

DELETE Erases one character at the right of the cursor.

SLSU 52
3. Function keys. The function keys are used to
perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3,
and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys
differs from program to program.

4. Navigation
keys. These keys
are used for moving
around in
documents or web
pages and editing
text. They include
the arrow keys,
HOME, END, PAGE
UP, PAGE DOWN,
DELETE, and
INSERT.

SLSU 53
 5. Control keys. These keys are
used alone or in combination with
other keys to perform certain actions.
The most frequently used control
keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows
logo key, and ESC.

6. To use the numeric keypad to enter numbers,

press NUM LOCK.

Most keyboards have a light that indicates whether NUM LOCK is on or
off. When NUM LOCK is off, the numeric keypad functions as a second
set of navigation keys (these functions are printed on the keys next to

The numeric keypad arranges the

numerals 0 to 9, the arithmetic operators
+ (addition), - (subtraction), *
7. Numeric keypad. (multiplication), and / (division), and the
The numeric keypad is decimal point as they would appear on a
handy for entering calculator or adding machine.
numbers quickly. The These characters are duplicated
keys are grouped elsewhere on the keyboard, of course,
together in a block like but the keypad arrangement allows you
a conventional to rapidly enter numerical data or
calculator or adding mathematical operations with one hand.
machine.
SLSU 54
 KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

Keyboard shortcuts are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're called shortcuts
because they help you work faster. In fact, almost any action or command you can perform with a mouse
can be performed faster using one or more keys on your keyboard.

In Help topics, a plus sign (+) between two or more keys indicates that those keys should be pressed in
combination. For example, CTRL+A means to press and hold CTRL and then press A. CTRL+SHIFT+A means
to press and hold CTRL and SHIFT and then press A.

Choose menus, commands, and options

You can open menus and choose commands and other options using your keyboard. When you press ALT in
a program with menus, one letter in each of the menu names becomes underlined. Press an underlined
letter to open the corresponding menu. Press the underlined letter in a menu item to choose that
command.

Press ALT+F to open the File menu, and then press P to choose the Print command

This trick works in dialog boxes too. Whenever you see an underlined letter attached to an option in a
dialog box, it means you can press ALT plus that letter to choose that option.

USEFUL SHORTCUTS
ALT+TAB Switch between open programs or windows
ALT+F4 Closes the active item, or exit the active program
CTRL+S Saves the current file or document (works in most programs)
CTRL+C Copies the selected item.

SLSU 55
CTRL+X Cuts the selected item.

SLSU 56
 CTRL+V Paste the selected item
CTRL+Z Undo an action
CTRL+A Select all items in a document or window
F1 Display Help for a program or Windows
Windows logo key + F1 Display Windows Help and Support
ESC Cancel the current task
Application key Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program. This
key is equivalent to right-clicking the selection.

Tips for Using Your Keyboard Safely

Using your keyboard properly can help avoid soreness or injury to your wrists, hands, and arms,
particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here are some tips to help you avoid
problems:

 Place your keyboard at elbow level. Your upper arms should be relaxed at your sides.
 Center your keyboard in front of you. If your keyboard has a numeric keypad, you can use the
spacebar as the centering point.
 Type with your hands and wrists floating above the keyboard, so that you can use your whole arm
to reach for distant keys instead of stretching your fingers.
 Avoid resting your palms or wrists on any type of surface while typing. If your keyboard has a palm
rest, use it only during breaks from typing.
 While typing, use a light touch and keep your wrists straight.
 When you're not typing, relax your arms and hands.
 Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20 minutes.

SLSU 57
 ACTIVITY 9

Name: Course & Year: Score:

Instruction: Test your knowledge and skills in Keyboarding by answering the questions below. Match the
functions in column A with the classifications in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the blank
provided.
A B
1. Opens the File Menu a. ALT + F
2. Combined with a letter to use the uppercase b. ALT + Tab
3. Saves the current file c. Delete
4. Displays help for a program d. Esc
5. Moves the top part of the document e. F1
6. Switches between windows f. CTRL + End
7. Cancels the current activity g. CTRL + Home
8. Copies the Selected item h. CTRL + S
9. Erases the character at the right of the cursor i. CTRL + A
10. Moves to the last part of the document j. CTRL + C
k. Shift
l. Tab key

SLSU 58
 ACTIVITY 10

Name: Course & Year: Score:

Instruction: Write the functions of the following control keys and shortcuts.

KEYS FUNCTION

1. Home

2.Left Arrow

3.Print Screen

4.CTRL + V

5. CTRL + X

6.CTRL + S

7. CTRL + A

8. ALT + F4

9. Scroll Lock

10.Pause/Break

SLSU 59
REFERENCES

A. Books

Curtin, Dennis P. et. al., (1998). IT:The Breaking Wave. Singapore:Mc Graw-Hill.

George Reynolds and Ralph Stair. (2009). Introduction to information systems. Singapore:Cengage Learning Go,

Johnson, et al,.(2000). Keyboarding with Computer Application, CA,USA: Glencoe/McGraw Hill. La Putt

Juny P., (1984). Introduction to computer concepts. Philippines:National Book Store.

Laudon, Kenneth P., et. Al., (2010). Management information system:managing the digital firm, 11th ed.
Singapore:Prentice Hall.

Shelly, Garry B. et. Al., (2008). Introduction to computers and windows vista essential concepts and techniques.
Singapore:Thompson Learning Asia

B. Electronic Media

Aarti, R., Retrieved June 10, 2013, from http://www.google.com.ph

Bellis, Mary. Retrieved August 15, 2013, from
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhollerith.htm Bellis,
Mary. Retrieved August 14, 2013, from
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa052198.htm

SLSU 60