INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS
AND SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION
What is Intellectual/
Scientific Revolution?
Intellectual/ Scientific Revolution refers to series of
events that led to the emergence of modern science and
more current scientific thinking across critical periods in
history. It reveals how society was transformed by science
and technology for it has a lot of improvements in
astronomy, chemistry, mathematics and physics.
It is also the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is
where the scientific beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people were challenged
and opposed. It is the time period when advancements of
science and technology changed people’s perception and
beliefs.
 In the 6th century, Claudius Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model which described the
absolute perception of the universe with the Earth as its center which was thought to be true by most of
the people and was widely accepted at that time.
Copernican Revolution marks the shift from the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe to
the heliocentric model of the universe where the sun is the center of the solar system, as
articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. In his heliocentric model,
Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the idea that the
Earth rotates on its own axis causing day and night. The Earth along with other heavenly bodies rotates
around the sun.

Figure 3.1. Nicholaus Copernicus: Proponent of Heliocentrism.

 Figure 3.2. Comparison of the Geocentric and Heliocentric Theories (https://prezi.com/ew7js5aftabe/copernican-revolution/)

The heliocentric model was hardly accepted by the people, primarily by the church
accusing Copernicus of heresy. He even faced persecution because of this. They held
their stance on their beliefs and refused to accept the heliocentric model of the
universe as the truth.
The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened through the
contributions of the following intellectual persons.

•Tycho Brahe’s careful observation of the star, Cassiopeia. He developed a

compromise between the heliocentric and geocentric models of the
universe.
•Johannes Kepler’s said that all planets move in elliptical orbits and the
sun at the center
•Galileo Galilie’s developed his own telescope and observed Venus
•Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

Heliocentrism was eventually accepted by people and marks the birth of

modern astronomy which resulted in the transformation of society’s
thoughts and beliefs. The Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in
the study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly significant
intellectual revolution.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
This Darwinian Revolution started when Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published
his book “On the Origin of Species” which emphasizes that organisms are the
result of an evolution, a change in the heritable characteristics of biological
population over successive generations. He theorized that species of organisms
arise and develop through the natural selection of small inherited variations that
increase individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Natural
selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where fitness refers to the
ability to survive and reproduce. This theory of evolution has two main points:
(1) all life on Earth is connected and related to each other and (2) this diversity of
life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by
natural selection. An commonly cited example of the evolutionary process can
be seen in the beaks of Galapagos finches. (Figure 3.4)
 Charles Darwin: the Father of Evolution.

Figure 3.4. Adaptation of the beak of Darwin’s Finches

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

According to MacNamara, et al. (2018), the field of psychology was

considered more of an art rather than science and was classified under the
area of philosophy. However, because of Sigmund Freud, the perception
of society to psychology changed. In the 19th century, Freud developed
his theory of psychoanalysis. According to Quinto, et al. (2019),
psychoanalysis is “a scientific method of understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality, springing from
free associations, dreams and fantasies of the individual.” Among his ideas
include the importance of the unconscious, and the concept of id, ego, and
superego. Freud emphasized the understanding of unconscious because
of its importance in human behavior.
Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis

Freud compared the mind to an iceberg.

The Three Parts Psyche.
 SUMMARY

The following learning points summarize what you have learned in this section:

• The Copernican Revolution refers to the paradigm shift of how the

Earth and Sun were placed in the universe. This idea rejected Ptolemaic Model or
geocentric model (earth is the center of the solar system) proposed by Claudius
Ptolemy and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the Solar System
having the Earth revolving around it) proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus

• The Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin states that all species of an

organism arise and develop through the natural selection of small inherited
variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive and reproduce.
His work entitled “On The Origin of Species” changed how people approach
biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on modern science, religion, and
other aspects of the society.
• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known
as the founder of psychoanalysis which, defined as a set of psychological theories
and therapeutic methods with the belief that all people possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. According to his theory, personalities
arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and
aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND NATION-BUILDING
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
IN THE PHILIPPINES:
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

After colonization by Japan, the country focused on building institutions and public facilities such as
schools, hospitals, and transportation systems as well as providing technological training and
human resource development. Human resource development focused on producing engineers,
scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other professionals.

Though limited in resources, the country focused in improving science and technology. One way is
through the use of Overseas Development Allocations (ODA) to help in scientific productivity
and technological capability.

In the sector of education, private institutions remained the main source of higher
education by Filipinos. Still, the number of students pursuing physical sciences, engineering
medicine, and agriculture is inadequate to meet the needs of the country.
Nevertheless, professional organizations such as the Philippine Medical
Association and Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers which aimed to review
and revise the curriculum for their respective fields to improve instruction and
professional training.

Also, many more government agencies were established such as the

Institute of Science, Institute of Nutrition, Science Foundation of the
Philippines, and Commission on Volcanology. However, government support
for science and technology was still inadequate. For example, in 1950, the US
Economic Survey Mission to the Philippines reported that the budget for research
as well as compensation for scientists is still low. Because of this, the Institute of
Science was the reorganized to become the Institute of Science and Technology,
with the additional mandate to improve technological development and explore
natural resources for economic growth.
 By 1957, the state of science and technology in the Philippines was
still declining. Due to this, the Science Act of 1958 was enacted. This
established the National Science Development Board, the Philippine
Atomic Energy Commission, and the National Institute of Science and
Technology.

By 1960s, the Philippine Inventor’s Commission and Philippine Coconut

Research Institute were also established.

Also, by 1964, the Philippine Science High School started its operation
through Republic Act 3661 signed by President Diosdado Macapagal.
 Ferdinand Marcos
During his term, many agencies were established such as the :

• Philippine Textile Research Institute

• National Grains Authority (now the National Food Authority)
• Plant Breeding Institute,
• International Rice Research Institute,
• Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (now the Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development),
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration,
• National Committee on Geological Sciences,
• Philippine National Oil Company,
• National Academy of Science and Technology.
• The current site of the Department of Science and Technology in Taguig was
then proclaimed as the Philippine Science Community.
• It was during Marcos’s term that the National Science Development Board and
its agencies were reorganized into a National Science and Technology
Authority to provide central direction and coordination of scientific and
technological research and development.
• The Marcos regime encouraged the Department of Education and Culture to
promote science education.
• The Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science high schools
were established and salaries of both teachers and administrators were
increased.
Among other manifestations of his support in science
and technology education are listed below:
• SECOND SONA (January 23, 1967): He declared that
science was necessary for the development programs, and thus,
directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses
in public high schools.

• THIRD SONA (January 22, 1968): He recognized that

technology was the leading factor in economic development, and
channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and
science education
• FOURTH SONA (January 27, 1969): He gave a big part of
the war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to
create courses in science and technology and to research. The
government also conducted seminars for public and private high
school and college science teachers, training programs and
scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and
workshops on fisheries and oceanography.

• FIFTH SONA (January 26, 1970): He emphasized that the

upgrading of science curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the
science development program. He also assisted 107 institutions in
undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists to study
nuclear science and technology abroad, and providing basic training to
482 scientists, doctors, engineers, and technicians.

• SEVENTH SONA (January 24, 1972): He spoke about his

major development projects in reforming sectors of education. Such
projects included research and development schools, technical
institutes, science education centers, and agricultural colleges and
vocational high schools.
 Corazon Aquino

• She saw the replacement of NSTA to DOST.

• She also created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology
Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to
achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000. It
was during her term that Executive Order No.128 was signed,
which reorganized the National Science and Technology Authority.
 Fidel Ramos
• The number of science and technology personnel increased, more
Philippine High Schools were established (in Visayas and
Mindanao), and health care services were given importance
through programs such as "Doctors to the Barrio Program."
• His administration also saw the establishment of the Magna Carta
for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439),
Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act
No. 7687), Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act
No. 7459), and The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(Republic Act No. 8293), and the Science and Technology Agenda
for National Development (STAND) was established.
 Joseph Estrada

• Saw the legislation of Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic

Act No. 8749) and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act
No. 8792).
• He also has a full-scale program for cost-effective irrigation
technologies and programs for social and social services for those
in need.
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

• Projects for the environment and science and technology (like the
“Biofuels” act) was given focus to increase economic level.
"Filipinnovation" was also coined to help the Philippines to be an
innovation hub in Asia.
• The STI was developed further by strengthening the schools and
education system such as the Philippine Science High School
(PSHS)..
 Benigno Aquino III

• He conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in

the scientific field.
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Science and Technology

The Department of Science and Technology

(DOST) is the key government institution for
science and technology. DOST has sought the
expertise of the National Research Council of the
Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors in the
society to study how the country can prepare itself
in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. As a result of
the consultation, NCRP is expected to recommend
policies and programs that will improve the
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN
Region.
 The following were the policies that were the
results of the consultation.
1.Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance

a.Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum

b.Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
c.Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
d.Local food security

2.Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics

a.Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities

b.Outright grants for peer monitoring
c.Review of RA 9184
d.Harnessing science and technology as independent mover of development
3.Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

a.Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards

by full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
b.Creating an educational council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical
services and care
c.Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of
information
d.Allowing two percent of the GDP to research
e.Legislating a law supporting human genome project

4.Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

a.Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws

b.Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
c.Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation
d.Formulation of common food and safety standards
Other programs supported by the Philippine government through
DOST include:

1.Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology

2.Providing scholarships for studies of students in science and technology.

3.Establishing more branches of Philippine Science High School System.

4.Creating and developing science and technology parks

5.Establishment of Balik Scientist Program

6.Establishment of National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex

 Philippine-American Academy of
Science and Engineering

The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering identify several

capacity building programs such as:

•Establishment of national centers of excellence

•Manpower and institutional development programs
•Establishment of regional centers to support scientific industries
•Establishment of science and technology business centers
•Strengthening of science education at an early age
Philippine Development Plan

The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 (PDP) is a massive undertaking in

improving the country’s infrastructure, increasing energy access, lowering costs for
citizens, keeping up with economic growth, and staying within the bounds of
global agreements for climate change and sustainable growth. It was approved by
the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board and President
Rodrigo Duterte on February 20th, 2017. The impact will be manifested in the
following outcomes:

The Philippines will be an upper middle-income country by 2022.

Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a lower poverty incidence in rural
areas – from 30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022.
The Philippines will have a high level of human development by 2022.
The unemployment rate will decline from 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent in 2022.
 There will be greater trust in government and in society.
Individuals and communities will be more resilient.
Filipinos will have greater drive for innovation.

The pillars of the said program are:

1. Malasakit: refers to the goal to regain people’s trust in public institutions and each other.
These strategies aim to promote awareness of anti-corruption measures, invigorate the public
sector, increased access to legal aid, and promoting culture sensitive governance.

1. Pagbabago: aimed at reducing inequality by increasing opportunities for growth and

transformation. The popularized term has been ‘inclusive growth’. Universal social protection,
basic education, and other social services will be improved upon while also raising the
country’s status in the global market for more opportunities.

1. Patuloy na Pag-unlad: focuses on economic growth. The Philippines have seen massive
growth in the past decade or so through their change from an agricultural economy to industry
and manufacturing focused powerhouse. The Philippines plan to focus on continued growth of
their technology, R&D, and innovation sectors.

Philippine Congress has also created laws that serve as legal framework for science and
technology.
Some other areas that the country is looking forwards related to
science and technology include:

1. Use of alternative and safe energy

2. Harnessing mineral resources
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness
4. Fighting climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8. Infrastructure development
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines

also contributes to the global advancement of science and
technology. The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries
in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and inventions
made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials
or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment. Among these
inventions are a mosquito ovicidal / larvicidal trap system called OL
trap by DOST for the dengue problem and e-jeepney, which evolved
from the military jeeps left by the Americans after World War II but
utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.
The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to
science and technology . These laws serve as a legal framework
for science and technology in the country. These laws vary
according different themes such as: conservation, health-related,
technology-building, and supporting basic research, among
others. Some laws and policies are in line with international
treaties such as the United Nations(UN);United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)and other
international agencies.
Development of Science and Technology
Policies in the Philippines

National Goals
SCIENCE AND
International Treaty TECHNOLOGY

Legal Frameworks • Policies

• Programs
Social Needs, Issues, • Projects
and Problems
Policies need to be aligned to
national goals, consider
international commitments
based on legal frameworks, and
respond to various social
needs, issues, and problems.
 Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science:
Lee Chua (2000)

1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine
Mangoes
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by
using satellite images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was
elected as officer of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - notable for her research on sea snail venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia culture
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for inventing the meconium drug testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant biotechnology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz - for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for his research in the field of communications technology
Outstanding Filipino Scientist who were also recognized
abroad:

• Ceasar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned

physicist
• Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine
science
• William Padolina – Chemistry and President of
National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)- Philippines
• Angel Alcala - marine science
 SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
John Dewey argued that “education and learning are social and interactive
processes, and thus school itself is a social institution through which social reform can
and should take place. In addition, he believed that students thrive in an environment
where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum, and all students
should have the opportunity to take part in their own learning.” (Talebi, 2015)

Science education in basic science helps students learn important concepts

and facts that are related to everyday life (Carale & Campo, 2003; Meador, 2005; Worth
& Grollman, 2003); includes important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills,
and life skills that are needed in coping up with daily life activities (Chaille & Britain,
2002); develops positive attitude such as the love for knowledge, passion for innovative
things, curiosity to study about nature and creativity (Lind, 1997), and develops a strong
foundation for studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future
 In the field of science education, several science-related programs
and projects were created to develop scientific literacy. These include:

1. Special science classes

2. Special science elementary schools
3. Philippine Science High School System
4. STEM track of the K-12 educational system
5. PICARI project
6. Offering basic science courses in the General
Education curriculum
 Science Schools in the Philippines

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEMS (PSHSS)

VISION: We are the leading science high school in the Asia Pacific Region
preparing our scholars to become globally competitive Filipino scientists equipped
with 21st century skills and imbued with the core values of truth, excellence, and
service to nation.
MISSION: The Philippine Science High School, operating under one System of
Governance and Management, provides scholarship to students with high aptitude
in science and mathematics.
 Objectives

01 Methodolog 02
You could describe the You could describe the
topic of the section here y of the section here
topic

Results
03could describe the Conclusions 04
You You could describe the
Analysis
topic of the section here topic of the section here
 “This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone
important said and can make
the reader get inspired.”

—Someone Famous
 STUDY OBJECTIVES

Mercury Venus Jupiter

Despite being red, Mars Saturn is composed Jupiter is a gas giant
is actually a cold place mostly of hydrogen and and the biggest planet
full of iron oxide dust also helium in the Solar System
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Theory 1 Theory 3
Despite being red, Mars Venus has a beautiful
is a cold place name, but it’s hot

Theory 2 Theory 4
Jupiter is the biggest It’s composed of
planet of them all hydrogen and helium
A PICTURE IS WORTH
A THOUSAND WORDS
SCHEDULE
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Phase 1
Task 1

Task 2

Phase 2
Task 1

Task 2
 METHODOLOGY

Research Analysis
Despite being red, Venus has a beautiful
Mars is a cold place name, but it’s hot

Data Study Comparison

Jupiter is the biggest It’s composed of
planet of them all hydrogen and helium
 TABLE
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
Describe here
your metrics 1
Describe here
your metrics 2
Describe here
your metrics 3
Describe here
your metrics 4
Describe here
your metrics 5
RESULTS ANALYSIS

Venus
Venus has a
beautiful name

Saturn
Yes, Saturn is
the ringed one

Mars
Mars is actually To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,
a cold place change the data and paste the new graph here
 RESULTS ANALYSIS

90% 30%
Mercury Jupiter
Mercury is the Jupiter is the
smallest planet biggest planet

40% 20%
Saturn Earth
Saturn is the Earth is the
ringed one planet we live on
YOU CAN USE A MAP

Venus
Venus has a
beautiful name

Saturn
Yes, Saturn is
the ringed one
 THIS IS A TIMELINE

Mercury Venus Mars Saturn

Mercury is a It has high Mars is a very It’s a gas giant
small planet temperatures cold place and has rings
 REVIEWING CONCEPTS IS A GOOD IDEA

Mars Saturn Jupiter

Despite being red, Mars Saturn is composed of Jupiter is a gas giant
is actually a cold place hydrogen and helium and the biggest planet

Mercury Venus Neptune

Mercury is the closest Venus is the second It’s the farthest planet
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun from the Sun
A PICTURE ALWAYS
REINFORCES THE
CONCEPT

Images reveal large amounts of data,

so remember: use an image instead
of a long text
 CONCLUSIONS

01 02
Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful
planet to the Sun and name, but it’s terribly
the smallest one in the hot and is the second
Solar System planet from the Sun
AWESOME
WORDS
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
REFERENCES

● AUTHOR (1992).
Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (2005).
Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (2008).
Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (2010).
Title of the publication. Publisher
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