Parameter Identification of Electromagnetic Unit in

Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Zhongxiao Cong, Pengcheng Li, Hongwei Xu, Peng He, Lin Du
Chaoxiang Liu State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment &
Guizhou Electric Power Corporation Metering Center, System Security and New Technology
Guiyang, China Chongqing University
Chongqing, China

Abstract— Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) is composed capacitor voltage divider. The intermediate transformer is
by a capacitive divider unit and an electromagnetic unit. In order equivalent to a 13 ~ 20kV electromagnetic voltage
to simulate CVT’s performance, it is necessary to establish the transformer. In order to accurately simulate the CVT, all the
equivalent model of CVT and obtain all the equivalent electrical parameters in the CVT equivalent model need to be
parameters. The equivalent parameters of the capacitive voltage obtained. Equivalent capacitance divider parameters can be
divider unit can be measured; however, the electromagnetic unit measured directly through the test, but the electromagnetic
is a sealed chamber, and its parameters are hard to obtain unit as sealed in the tank, so it is difficult to directly get the
directly. The paper proposes a 220kV CVT circuit model equivalent of the electromagnetic unit parameters through the
incorporates divider insulation parameters, and the CVT
test measurement. At present, there is no clear method
measurement errors under different loads are obtained by the
load error characteristic test. For the electromagnetic model is
and conclusion for the modeling of CVT electromagnetic unit
fixed and parameters are uncertain, the load error data is fitted and the calculation of equivalent parameters. In this paper, a
by the genetic algorithm and LM algorithm. The equivalent 220kV CVT circuit model considering the insulation
electrical parameters of CVT electromagnetic unit are obtained, parameters is established and a CVT error test platform is set
and the equivalent CVT circuit model is constructed by up. The CVT measurement error under different secondary
combining the parameters of the capacitive voltage divider. loads is obtained through the test of the load characteristics of
the real CVT. The parameter identification method based on
genetic algorithm and L-M algorithm, the error data are fitted
Keywords—capacitive voltage transformer; electromagnetic unit; to obtain the equivalent parameters of the CVT
equivalent circuit model; insulation parameters; load error electromagnetic unit. Based on the capacitance divider
characteristic test parameters obtained from the test, a complete CVT circuit
I. INTRODUCTION model is constructed.
Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) is an important II. THE CIRCUIT EQUIVALENT MODEL OF CVT
measurement and protection device for power system, mainly CVT can be divided into capacitive voltage divider and
composed of capacitor voltage divider and electromagnetic electromagnetic unit. Considering the impact of internal and
unit. Capacitor divider is composed of porcelain sets and a external insulation factors on the measurement accuracy of
number of capacitors in series and filled with CVT insulating capacitive voltage transformer, the 220kV CVT circuit model
oil. The electromagnetic unit is composed of an intermediate is shown in Fig.1.
transformer, a compensation reactor, and a damping device
installed in a sealed fuel tank. Compared with the traditional In CVT capacitor voltage divider model, C11、C12、C2
transformer (PT), the main circuit of the CVT has no are the equivalent capacitances of each section of the voltage
electromagnetic unit which avoids the grid resonance divider capacitor, the impact factors are the breakdown of
phenomenon caused by the saturation of the core in the capacitor, temperature changing, aging, etc. R11、R12、R2 is
conventional PT, and the capacitor voltage dividing unit can the insulation resistance of each section of the voltage divider
double as carrier communication coupling capacitors, so it has capacitor, characterizing the dielectric loss of the voltage
been widely used in the high-voltage power grid [4-6]. divider capacitor, the influencing factors are temperature
The CVT's electromagnetic unit consists of a changing and internal moisture, etc. As the surface leakage
compensating reactor, an intermediate transformer, and a
damping device housed in a sealed fuel tank. Compensation current of porcelain sets exists, so we can use R1w 、R2w to
reactors often use "C" -shaped core, the core has an adjustable characterize the surface resistance of each section of the
air gap, and then filled with cardboard and fixed after voltage divider capacitor, the impact factors including
adjusting the measurement error [7], the role is to compensate environmental humidity and the degree of contamination, etc.
for the capacitor voltage divider equivalent capacitance caused In electromagnetic unit, Lk and Rk are the equivalent
by the measurement error, The theoretical calculation formula inductance and resistance of compensation reactor. LT1 and RT1
is Lk=1/(ω2C0), where C0 is the equivalent capacitance of the are the leakage inductance and resistance of intermediate

978-1-5386-4424-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

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 transformer in the primary side. Lm and Rm are the excitation
inductance and resistance of the intermediate transformer. LT2’
and RT2’ are the leakage inductance and resistance of
intermediate transformer in the secondary side converted to
the primary side. Ld and Rd are the equivalent inductance and
resistance of the CVT secondary load converted to the primary
side.

Us

Fig. 2 The equivalent model of CVT

After the capacitor voltage divider buck, the system
voltage Us is input to the electromagnetic unit, and the output
voltage converted to the primary side of the intermediate
transformer can be calculated as,
U 2'
Z2
U 2' = U s × ×
Z1 + Z 2
Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit model of 220kV CVT (1)
Z m × ( R2 + jω L2 + Z d ) Zd
×
III. PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OFELECTROMAGNETIC UNIT IN Z 0 × ( Z m + R2 + jω L2 + Z d ) R2 + jω L2 + Z d
CVT Where, Zd is the impedance of the secondary load, which
is calculated as:
A. parameter identification principle of electromagnetic unit
Z d = Rd + jω Ld (2)
in CVT
Zm is the impedance of the intermediate transformer
Fig.1 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of 220kV excitation branch, which is calculated as,
CVT. Since the external insulation resistance of CVT is
Z m = Rm + jω Lm (3)
generally large, its influence can be ignored in the parameter
identification of the electromagnetic unit. The equivalent Z0 is the input impedance of the electromagnetic unit, its
circuit model of CVT without considering the external expression is,
insulation resistance is shown in Fig. 2. Z × ( R2 + jω L2 + Z d )
Z 0 = R1 + jω L1 + m (4)
The capacitor divider C11 、 C12 、 R11 、 R12 belong to Z m + R2 + jω L2 + Z d
high-voltage arm capacitor, the equivalent capacitance is CH, Z1 is the equivalent impedance of the high-voltage arm
the insulation resistance is RH, C2 、 R2 belong to the low capacitor, which is calculated as shown in (5), where tan δ H is
voltage arm capacitor, the equivalent capacitance is CL, the the dielectric loss tangent of the high-voltage arm capacitor,
insulation resistance is RL. Equivalent capacitance and Z1 = 1 / (ω C H tan δ H + jω C H ) (5)
insulation resistance can be transformed through the dielectric
loss tanδ, the equation is R=1/(ωCtanδ). Z2 is the parallel impedance of the low-voltage arm
In order to simplify the calculation, the electromagnetic capacitor and the electromagnetic unit, which is calculated as
shown in (6), where tan δ L is the dielectric loss tangent of the
unit-related parameters Lk、Rk、LT1、RT1、Lm、Rm、LT2´and
low- voltage arm capacitor
RT2´ can be combined and finally we will get 6 unknown
parameters. Lm and Rm are the excitation inductance and Z 2 = Z 0 / (1 + jωCL Z 0 + ωCL tan δL Z 0 ) (6)
resistance of the intermediate transformer, L1 is the sum of the As the CVT output voltage transfer function is fixed,
equivalent inductance of compensation inductor and the when the secondary load or parameters of the electromagnetic
leakage inductance of intermediate transformer in the primary unit changes, the magnitude and phase error will be changed
side, R1 is the sum of the equivalent resistance of accordingly. Therefore, the error characteristics of CVT under
compensation inductor and the intermediate transformer in the different loads can be obtained through CVT load test, and
primary side, L2 and R2 are the equivalent inductance and then we can use the genetic algorithm and L-M algorithm to fit
resistance of the CVT secondary load converted to the primary the parameters of the electromagnetic unit which can meet the
side. load error characteristics of the electromagnetic unit best, the
optimal solution is the equivalent parameter of
electromagnetic unit in CVT.
The process can also be described by mathematical
expressions. The test results show that the magnitude error ε
and the phase error δ under different secondary loads can be
considered as multivariate functions on the parameters of
electromagnetic units. The objective is to get the optimal

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parameters L1´,R1´,Lm´,Rm´,L2´,R2´ through genetic algorithm
and L-M algorithm and make the CVT magnitude error ε´and TABLE I. CVT error with 0.8 power factor load
the phase error δ´ calculated based on L1´,R1´,Lm´,Rm´,L2´,R2´ Load capacity Magnitude error Phase error（’）
is minimized. （VA） （%）
0 0.177 2.40
ε = f ( L1 , R1 , Lm , Rm , L2 , R2 ) (7) 1.25 0.174 2.42
2.5 0.168 2.51
δ = g ( L1 , R1 , Lm , Rm , L2 , R2 ) (8) 5 0.162 2.74
10 0.143 3.24
20 0.102 4.15
ε ' = f ( L1' , R1' , L'm , Rm' , L'2 , R2' ) (9) 30 0.064 5.12
40 0.020 6.05
δ ' = g ( L1' , R1' , L'm , Rm' , L'2 , R2' ) (10) 50 -0.018 6.97
Objective function: 60 -0.058 8.02
70 -0.093 8.79
n
ε i − ε i'

80 -0.136 9.65
min( ) (11) 90 -0.175 10.6
i =1
εi 100 -0.217 11.4
n 110 -0.256 12.2
δ i − δ i'
min(  δi
) (12)
120
130
-0.287
-0.330
13.1
13.9
i =1 140 -0.361 15.2
150 -0.411 16.0
B. CVT load error test
According to (1) - (4), the measurement error of CVT is
related to the insulation parameter of capacitive voltage C. Electromagnetic unit parameter fitting
divider. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the equivalent According to the measured CVT load error
capacitance and dielectric loss of high and low voltage arms in characteristics, CVT load error test data is fitted by using
CVT through insulation preventive test. electromagnetic unit parameter identification method based on
Connecting the high voltage lead of the HV9001 genetic algorithm and L-M algorithm, and the equivalent
dielectric loss tester and the high voltage terminal of the CVT, parameters of CVT electromagnetic unit are obtained.
and selecting the "self-excitation method", the high and low The fitting objective function is as shown in (11) and
voltage arm equivalent capacitance of CVT and the dielectric (12). During the fitting process, setting the maximum number
loss are measured by raising the voltage to 2kV. of iterations of the genetic algorithm in the fitting process is
CH=11.89nF, tan δ H = 0.01% , CL=67.47nF, tan δ L = 0.08% . 5000 times and the iterative accuracy is 10-40. Setting the
maximum number of iterations of the least squares algorithm
CVT load error test platform diagram shown in Fig.3, the in the fitting process is 400 times and the iterative accuracy is
standard PT and capacitive voltage transformer connected in 10-60.
parallel transformer calibrator. By adjusting the modular The genetic algorithm can obtain the approximate
multi-purpose load box to change the secondary CVT load solution of the electromagnetic unit parameters by encoding,
capacity size. Compare the CVT of the tested CVT with the generating initial population, computing fitness, selection,
output voltage of the 220kV standard PT with a transformer crossover, mutation and other operations, and then using the
calibrator to get the CVT magnitude error and the phase error "trust-region-reflective" method in the "least squares
under different load capacities. algorithm" to obtain the precise parameters of the
electromagnetic unit. Parameters of 220kV CVT
electromagnetic unit are shown in Table 2
TABLE II. Parameters of CVT electromagnetic unit
Parameters of CVT Value
electromagnetic unit
Rm/Ω 1896.17
Lm/H 10206.35
R1/Ω 198.26
L1/H 128.32
R2/Ω 17107.23
Fig. 3 Error test of 220kV CVT with different secondary load L2/H 2.43

The power factor of the secondary side of the CVT is Calculating CVT magnitude error and phase error under
fixed at 0.8, and the measurement error of the CVT under different secondary load according to the parameters of CVT
different capacities is obtained by changing the secondary electromagnetic unit obtained from the fitting. As shown in
side's capacity as shown in Table 1. It can be found that when the solid line in Figure 4 and Figure 5, the actually measured
the power factor of the load is 0.8, the CVT magnitude error CVT magnitude error and phase error are shown as open
increases in the negative direction as the load capacity circles in the figures. From Fig.5 and Fig. 6, it can be seen that
increases, and the phase error increases in the positive the fitted curve basically agrees with the experimental data.
direction.

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The correlation coefficients for the magnitude error and phase electromagnetic unit parameters were found to be accurate.
error are obtained as R1 = 0.9998, R2 = 0.9996, R = 0.9998.
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