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Vector Calculus

1. The derivative of a vector-valued function represents its instantaneous rate of change. A partial derivative is the derivative of a multi-variable function with respect to one variable while holding others constant. 2. A scalar field assigns a scalar value to each point in a region, while a vector field assigns a vector. The gradient of a function is a vector field obtained by applying the vector operator to the scalar function. 3. The divergence of a vector field measures the extent to which it behaves like a source or sink at each point, with positive divergence indicating a source and negative a sink. The curl describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field.

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Mratunjay Pandey
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55 views

Vector Calculus

1. The derivative of a vector-valued function represents its instantaneous rate of change. A partial derivative is the derivative of a multi-variable function with respect to one variable while holding others constant. 2. A scalar field assigns a scalar value to each point in a region, while a vector field assigns a vector. The gradient of a function is a vector field obtained by applying the vector operator to the scalar function. 3. The divergence of a vector field measures the extent to which it behaves like a source or sink at each point, with positive divergence indicating a source and negative a sink. The curl describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field.

Uploaded by

Mratunjay Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. orderThe derivative of a vector-valued function can be understood to be an


instantaneous rate of change as well; for example, when the function represents the
position of an object at a given point in time, the derivative represents its velocity at
that same point in time.
2. In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative
with respect to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to
the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary). Partial derivatives are
used in vector calculus and differential geometry.
3. A scalar field is an assignment of a scalar to each point in region in the space. E.g. the
temperature at a point on the earth is a scalar field. • A vector field is an assignment
of a vector to each point in a region in the space.
4. : a set of vectors that is defined in relation to a function such that each point of the
function is associated with a vector from the set.
5. The gradient of a function, f(x, y), in two dimensions is defined as: gradf(x, y) = Vf(x, y)
= ∂f ∂x i + ∂f ∂y j . The gradient of a function is a vector field. It is obtained by applying
the vector operator V to the scalar function f(x, y). Such a vector field is called a
gradient (or conservative) vector field.
6. In physical terms, the divergence of a vector field is the extent to which the vector
field flux behaves like a source at a given point. It is a local measure of its
"outgoingness" – the extent to which there are more of the field vectors exiting an
infinitesimal region of space than entering it.
7. In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal
circulation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The curl at a point in
the field is represented by a vector whose length and direction denote the magnitude
and axis of the maximum circulation.
The curl is the vector valued derivative of a vector function. As illustrated below, its
operation can be geometrically interpreted as the rotation of a field about a point. and
convenient for turning surface integrals over a portion of a sphere into a path-integral
over a curve on a sphere.
8. When you integrate a vector-valued function, you integrate the horizontal and vertical
components separately. The result of integration will be a new vector-valued function,
or, if you compute a definite integral, a new vector
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9. n qualitative terms, a line integral in vector calculus can be thought of as a measure of
the total effect of a given tensor field along a given curve. For example -- dr where F(x,
y, z) = [P(x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)] = (z, x, y), and C is defined by the parametric
equations, x = t2, y = t3 and z = t2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Parametric equations: x = t2, y = t3 and z =
t2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Therefore, the line integral for the given function is 3/2.
10. In Vector Calculus, the surface integral is the generalization of multiple integrals to
integration over the surfaces. Sometimes, the surface integral can be thought of the
double integral. For any given surface, we can integrate over surface either in the
scalar field or the vector field.
11. In mathematics (particularly multivariable calculus), a volume integral (∭) refers
to an integral over a 3-dimensional domain; that is, it is a special case of multiple
integrals. Volume integrals are especially important in physics for many applications,
for example, to calculate flux densities.
12. The Gauss divergence theorem states that the vector's outward flux through a closed
surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence over the area within the
surface. The sum of all sources subtracted by the sum of every sink will result in the
net flow of an area.
13. The Stoke's theorem states that “the surface integral of the curl of a function over a
surface bounded by a closed surface is equal to the line integral of the particular
vector function around that surface.” Where, C = A closed curve. S = Any surface
bounded by C
14. Green's Theorem states that a line integral around the boundary of the plane region D
can be computed as the double integral over the region D. where the path integral is
traversed anti-clockwise.
15. Helmholtz' Theorem. Let F(r) be any continuous vector field with continuous first
partial derivatives. Then F(r) can be uniquely expressed in terms of the negative
gradient of a scalar potential φ(r) & the curl of a vector potential a(r), as embodied in
Eqs.
16. The delta function is a generalized function that can be defined as the limit of a class of
delta sequences. The delta function is sometimes called "Dirac's delta function" or the
"impulse symbol" (Bracewell 1999).

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