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Particle Model of Matter-Summary Notes

1) Density is defined as mass per unit volume and depends on the spacing between particles in a substance. Solids and liquids generally have higher densities than gases due to their more compact structure. 2) Changes of state such as melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation are physical changes where mass is conserved. They involve absorbing or releasing energy without changing the chemical properties of the substance. 3) Heating a substance increases its internal energy by increasing the kinetic and potential energy of its particles. This energy can cause changes of state or increases in temperature depending on the amount of energy added.

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83 views

Particle Model of Matter-Summary Notes

1) Density is defined as mass per unit volume and depends on the spacing between particles in a substance. Solids and liquids generally have higher densities than gases due to their more compact structure. 2) Changes of state such as melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation are physical changes where mass is conserved. They involve absorbing or releasing energy without changing the chemical properties of the substance. 3) Heating a substance increases its internal energy by increasing the kinetic and potential energy of its particles. This energy can cause changes of state or increases in temperature depending on the amount of energy added.

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Khalid Mehmood
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© © All Rights Reserved
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AQA GCSE Physics

Topic 3: Particle Model of Matter


Notes
(Content in bold is for Higher Tier only)

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Density
mass
- The density is defined as the mass per unit volume density =
volume

𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌 =
𝑉𝑉
Where the density ρ, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3, mass, m, in kilograms, kg and volume, V,
in metres cubed, m3

Density depends on the spacing of the atoms in matter

- Solids and liquids have similar densities as the space between


particles does not change significantly Solid
o Usually liquids have a lower density than solids (main
exception is ice and water)

- Gases have a far lower density


o The spacing between atoms increase x10, as the particles
have lots of energy to move, so volume increases greatly and Liquid
therefore the density decreases greatly compared to
solids/liquids

Remember if questions involve change in state and ask for new


volume/pressure, the mass is the same!

Changes of State Gas

- Mass is conserved during a change of state.


- If 20g of liquid evaporates, the gas produced will also weigh 20g

Sublimation

Melting Evaporating

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensing

These physical changes are reversible, and not chemical changes


- They are not chemical because the material retains its original properties when reversed

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Internal Energy
- Energy which is stored by particles (atoms and molecules) within a system
o the energy takes the forms of:
 Kinetic Energy (vibration of atoms etc.)
 Potential Energy (between the particles)
Heating a System
- Heating increases the energy the particles have
- This increases the internal energy
o This either raises the temperature of the system
o Or produces a change of state

Temperature Changes
Specific Heat Capacity
- The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C.

change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

∆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

Where ∆E is the change in thermal energy, in joules J, specific heat capacity, c in joules per kilogram
per degree Celcius Jkg −1 °C−1, mass m in kilograms kg and temperature change ∆T in degrees
Celcius °C .

Specific Latent Heat


- The amount of energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance without a change in
temperature
o The substance needs to be at the right temperature to change state first
- Specific Latent Heat of fusion is energy to melt/freeze
- Specific Latent Heat of vaporisation is energy to boil/condense

energy for a change of state = mass × specific latent heat


𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿
Where E, is the Energy in joules J, m is the mass in kilograms kg and specific latent heat L in joules
per kilogram J/kg.
- Energy is absorbed when melting and evaporating and energy is released when freezing and
condensing.
- Sublimation is when solid goes straight to gas – “dry ice” (solid CO2 does this)

Graph here shows the temperature of ice:


- At A it is Solid.
- At B, reaches 0°C .
- From B to C there is no temperature change because the
energy is used through melting.
- From C to D it is in liquid state.
- From D to E the water is boiling. This takes longer,
because evaporation takes more energy
- From E to F the gas is heating.

www.kentchemistry.com

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Pressure
- The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion. The temperature of the gas is related
to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
- The higher the temperature, the greater the average kinetic energy and so the faster the
average speed of the molecules.
- When the molecules collide with the wall of their container they exert a force on the wall.
The total force exerted by all of the molecules inside the container on a unit area of the
walls is the gas pressure.
- Changing the temperature of a gas, held at constant volume, changes the pressure exerted
by the gas (known as the Pressure law).

Pressure in Gases (Physics only)

- Changing the volume of a gas affects the pressure

o A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes. The pressure produces a


net force at right angles to the wall of the gas container (or any surface).
o Increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature, can lead
to a decrease in pressure (known as Boyle’s law), this is due to the reduced number of
collisions per unit area.

- For a gas at fixed mass and temperature:

𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡


Where the pressure P is in pascals, Pa and the volume, V, in metres cubed, m3.

- Therefore, increasing the volume of a container will lead to a decrease in pressure.

Increasing the pressure of a gas (Physics only)


Doing work on a gas increases its temperature
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅
𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐃𝐃𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 = 𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 × 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 = × (𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 × 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝) = 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 × 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕
𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚

𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 × 𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯

- Adding more particles to a fixed volume


o Doing work on a gas means compressing or expanding the gas, so changing the
volume
o Pumping more gas into the same volume means more particles are present, so
more collisions occur per unit time with the walls, so pressure increases.
o Energy is transferred to the particles when more gas is added into the fixed
volume, so this heats the gas
- A fixed number of particles for a smaller volume
o The particles collide with the wall which is moving inward
o So the particles gain momentum, as the rebound velocity is greater than the
approaching velocity
o So as the particle has a greater velocity, the pressure increases as the particles
collide with the walls more frequently (time between collisions decreases)

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o And the temperature also increases, as the kinetic energy of each particle
increases.

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