HUMAN BODY - a collection of glands: exocrine What is the difference between the endocrine gland

glands and endocrine glands. and the exocrine gland?

What is the difference between the endocrine gland Exocrine gland is a gland whose secretions are
and the exocrine gland? released externally through ducts (into the skin,
intestinal lumen, mouth, etc.).
Endocrine gland is a gland whose secretions (called
hormones) are collected by the blood and reach the EXOCRINE:
tissues through the circulation.
• They have ducts
ENDOCRINE: • They deliver their products directly to a
specific site
• They are ductless
• They use the bloodstream Exocrine Glands
• They secrete hormones
• Exocrine glands release their secretions into
Endocrine Glands a duct that carries them out the body.
• Endocrine glands release hormones directly Main endocrine glands of the human body:
into the bloodstream.
▪ the pineal gland (or pineal body)
HORMONES ▪ the hypophysis (or pituitary)
▪ the thyroid gland
• released by the thyroid, parathyroid, and ▪ the parathyroids
other glands, under the general direction of ▪ the endocrine part of the pancreas
the “Master” Pituitary gland ▪ the adrenal gland
• Chemically, hormones are either: ▪ the gonads (testicles or ovaries)
Steroid or steroid-like hormones such as:
Sex hormones & Adrenal cortex hormones ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Non-steroid hormones such as: Amines, Pituitary Gland
Proteins, Peptides, and Glycoproteins
✓ Lies at the base of the brain in the sella
turcica
✓ Consists of two distinct portions:
. I. Anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis)
II. Posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis)
✓ Known as the “Master” gland since it
controls the functions of many other
endocrine glands.
✓ Composed of two lobes: the anterior
and posterior lobes
✓ Both lobes are controlled by the
hypothalamus
✓ “The Master Gland”
✓ Primary function is to control other
glands.
✓ Produces many hormones.
✓ Secretion is controlled by the
hypothalamus in the base of the brain.

✓ The two segments are:

 Thyroid Gland
POSTERIOR PITUITARY: ANTERIOR PITUITARY:
• produces oxytocin and • produces thyroid-stimulating ✓ The thyroid gland has two lateral lobes and lies
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hormone (TSH) just below the larynx
• Oxytocin (the natural form of • growth hormone (GH)
pitocin)
✓ It produces three hormones:
• adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
• stimulates gravid uterus • follicle-stimulating hormone o T4 (thyroxine)
• causes “let down” of milk from (FSH) o T3 (triiodothyronine)
the breast. • luteinizing hormone (LH) o Calcitonin
• ADH (vasopressin) causes the • prolactin ✓ Lies in the anterior neck just below the larynyx.
kidney to retain water. • Primarily regulates other ✓ Two lobes, located on either side of the trachea,
endocrine glands
• TSH stimulates the thyroid
connected by a narrow band of tissue called the
gland to release its hormones, isthmus.
thus  metabolic rate ✓ Sacs inside the gland contain colloid
• Growth hormone (GH) ✓ Within the colloid are the thyroid hormones:
 glucose usage thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)
 consumption of fats ✓ When stimulated (by TSH or by cold), these are
as an energy source
• ACTH stimulates the adrenal released into the circulatory system and  the
cortex to release its hormones metabolic rate.
• FSH & LH stimulates ✓ “C” cells within the thyroid produce the
maturation & release of eggs hormone calcitonin.
from ovary.
✓ Calcitonin, when released, lowers the amount of
calcium in the blood.
✓ Inadequate levels of thyroid hormones =
hypothyroidism, or Myxedema.
✓ Myxedema symptoms: Facial bloating, weakness,
cold intolerance, lethargy, altered mental status,
oily skin and hair
✓ Increased thyroid hormone release causes
hyperthyroidism, commonly called Graves’
disease.
✓ Signs and symptoms: insomnia, fatigue,
tachycardia, hypertension, heat intolerance,
weight loss
✓ Long term hyperthyroidism: Exopthalmos-
bulging of the eyeballs
Parathyroid Glands

• The parathyroid glands are on the

posterior surface of the thyroid gland
• There are typically four parathyroid glands
• It secretes one hormone:
• PTH (parathyroid hormone or
parathormone)
• small, pea-shaped glands, located in the
neck near the thyroid
• regulate the level of calcium in the body
• produce parathyroid hormone -  level of • The Adrenal Cortex secretes 3 classes of
calcium in blood hormones, all steroid hormones:
• Hypocalcemia can result if parathyroids are o glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids
removed or destroyed. o androgenic hormones
• The parathyroid gland produces the o glucocorticoids
parathyroid hormone. • The adrenal cortex accounts for 95% of
• Regulates the amount of calcium in the adrenal cortex hormone production
blood.  the level of glucose in the blood
• Located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid • Released in response to stress, injury, or
gland. serious infection - like the hormones from the
adrenal medulla.
• Mineralocorticoids: work to regulate the
concentration of potassium and sodium in the
body.
• Prolonged  in adrenal cortex hormone
results in Cushing’s Disease.
Adrenal Glands Signs & Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease:
• The adrenal glands are closely associated ✓  in blood sugar levels
with the kidneys ✓ unusual body fat distribution
• The gland sits like a cap on each kidney ✓ rapid mood swings
• Hormones are secreted from two different • Sodium can also be retained by the kidney,
areas of the gland, the adrenal cortex and resulting in hyponatremia.
the adrenal medulla Causes:
• Numerous hormones are secreted by the ✓ dysrhythmias
adrenal glands
✓ coma
• 2 small glands that sit atop both kidneys. ✓ Death
• Each has 2 divisions, each with different
functions. ✓ Removal of tumor.
• the Adrenal Medulla secretes the
catecholamine hormones norepinephrine
and epinephrine (closely related to the
sympathetic component of the autonomic
nervous system).
• The adrenal glands are a pair of glands
composed of two sections.
✓ The cortex
✓ The medulla
 • Also, glucagon stimulates the liver to
manufacture glucose -
• gluconeogenesis.
• Insulin is rapidly broken down by the liver and
must be secreted constantly.
• Delta Cells () produce somatostatin, which
inhibits both glucagon and insulin.

Other Endocrine Glands

Pancreas Pineal Gland

• The pancreas has two major types of • Secretes melatonin

secretory tissue
• This is why it is a dual functioning organ as • The pineal glands produce the hormone
both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland melatonin
• Three hormones are secreted from the islet Thymus Gland
cells/ Islets of Langerhans
▪ Alpha cells secrete glucagon • Secretes thymosins
▪ Beta cells insulin
▪ Delta cells secrete somatostatin • Promotes development of certain
• specialized tissues in which the endocrine lymphocytes
functions of the pancreas occurs
• Important in role of immunity
• include 3 types of cells:
1. alpha ( ) Reproductive Organs
2. beta ()
3. delta () • Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone
• each secretes an important hormone. • Testes produce testosterone
• Alpha () cells release glucagon, essential for
controlling blood glucose levels. • Placenta produces estrogens, progesterone,
• When blood glucose levels fall,  cells  the and gonadotropin
amount of glucagon in the blood .
• The gonads are the organs responsible for
• The surge of glucagon stimulates the liver to
release glucose stores (from glycogen and producing sex cells
additional storage sites). • The Ovaries in women
• Also, glucagon stimulates the liver to
manufacture glucose - • The testes in men
• gluconeogenesis.
• The surge of glucagon stimulates the liver to
release glucose stores (from glycogen and
additional storage sites).
 • Changes in melatonin secretion affect the
Gonads and Ovaries: body clock
• Thymosin production declines increasing
• the endocrine glands associated with risk of infections
human reproduction.
• Female ovaries produce eggs
• Male gonads produce sperm
• both have endocrine functions.
Ovaries:
• located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to
the uterus.
• Under the control of LH and FSH from the
anterior pituitary they manufacture
• estrogen
• protesterone
• Estrogen and Progesterone have several
functions, including sexual development
and preparation of the uterus for
implantation of the egg.
Testes:
• located in the scrotum
• produce sperm for reproduction
• manufacture testosterone -
• promotes male growth and masculinization
• Controlled by anterior pituitary hormones
FSH and LH.
Stress and Its Effects
• Survival depends on maintaining
o homeostasis
• Factors that change the internal
• environment are potentially life-
• threatening
• Sensing such dangers directs nerve
• impulses to the hypothalamus
• This can trigger a loss of homeostasis
13.12: Lifespan Changes
• Endocrine glands decrease in size
• Muscular strength decreases as GH levels
decrease
• ADH levels increase due to slower break
down in liver and kidneys
• Calcitonin levels decrease; increase risk of
osteoporosis
• PTH level changes contribute to risk of
osteoporosis
• Insulin resistance may develop